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Sinusoidal Source Electrical Ciruits AC Notes

This document discusses sinusoidal sources and phasors. It defines a sinusoidal source as a voltage or current that varies sinusoidally with time according to common sinusoidal equations. Phasors are introduced as complex numbers that represent both the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid. Various phasor representations are covered, including rectangular and polar forms. Example problems are provided to demonstrate how phasors can be used to analyze sinusoidal waveforms, including calculating time periods, voltage values at given times, and times when voltage equals zero.

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Tiffany Fate Anoos
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324 views5 pages

Sinusoidal Source Electrical Ciruits AC Notes

This document discusses sinusoidal sources and phasors. It defines a sinusoidal source as a voltage or current that varies sinusoidally with time according to common sinusoidal equations. Phasors are introduced as complex numbers that represent both the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid. Various phasor representations are covered, including rectangular and polar forms. Example problems are provided to demonstrate how phasors can be used to analyze sinusoidal waveforms, including calculating time periods, voltage values at given times, and times when voltage equals zero.

Uploaded by

Tiffany Fate Anoos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sinusoidal Source

Sinusoidal Source

- A source (voltage or current) that varies sinusoidally with time.

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷)
𝟐𝝅 𝟏
𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 = 𝑻=𝒇
𝑻

Where:

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝜃, 𝛽 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

From Trig Identities:

𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 + 𝟗𝟎°)

𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜷 − 𝟗𝟎°)

The Phasor:

- A complex number that carries both the amplitude and the phase angle information of any
given sinusoidal function
- A sinusoidal wave can be represented by a Phasor

The Domain:

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽)

Polar Form

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝑽𝒎 /𝜽
Rectangular Form

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝒂 ± 𝒋𝒃

Where:

𝑉𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒)

𝜃 = 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑗𝑏 = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑽𝒎 = √𝟐 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒


𝒂
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 =
𝑽𝒎

𝒂 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝒋𝒃 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

From Pythagorean theorem:

𝑽𝒎 = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒋𝒃𝟐
𝒃 𝒃
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒂
PHASORS
Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors which are more convenient to work with than
sine and cosine functions.
Phasor

- it is a complex number that represents the amplitude and the phase of a sinusoid
Let’s review first our complex number:
Complex umber z in:

1. Rectangular Form 𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚
2. Polar Form 𝒛 = 𝒓 /∅
3. Exponential From 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋∅
• 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚
• 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
• 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔∅ 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
Example Problem 1:

How long does it take for a waveform 𝑣(𝑡) = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛377𝑡 to complete 1⁄4 cycle?

𝑣(𝑡) = 200𝑠𝑖𝑛377𝑡

𝑇 = 1⁄4

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
1
sine, 𝑓 = 𝑇

2𝜋
𝜔=
𝑇
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
2𝜋
𝑇=
377
𝑇 = 16.667𝑚𝑠
16.667
4𝑇 =
4
𝑻 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟕𝒎𝒔
Example Problem 2:

Given a sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 10°) volts, what is the magnitude of the voltage
at 𝑡 = 3.24𝑚𝑠?

𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 10°)

𝑣 @ 𝑡 = 3.24𝑚𝑠

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

𝜔𝑡 = (377 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐)(3.24 𝑥 10−3 )


180
𝜔𝑡 = 1.221 𝑥
𝜋
𝜔𝑡 = 69.958°

𝑣(𝑡) = 200cos (69.958° + 10°)

𝑣(𝑡) = 200cos (79.958°)

𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟕𝟒 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔


Example Problem 3:

Given a sinusoidal voltage 𝑉 = 200cos (377𝑡 + 30°) volts, what is the smallest positive value
of t which the voltage V will be equal to zero?

𝑉 = 200 cos(377𝑡 + 30°) 𝑡 =? 𝑉=0


180
0 = 200cos (377𝑡 ( ) + 30°)
𝜋
180
cos (377𝑡 ( ) + 30°) = 0
𝜋
180
377𝑡 ( ) + 30° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
𝜋
180
377𝑡 ( ) + 30° = 90°
𝜋
180
377𝑡 ( ) = 60°
𝜋
60𝜋
377𝑡 =
180
𝜋
𝑡=
3(377)

𝒕 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝒎𝒔

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