What I Know

Direction. Identify what is being described in each item. Choose the best answer
from the pool of choices inside the box. Write your answer on the blank
before each number.
Linear Model 1. It is a simple one way communication model.
Lasswell’s Model 2. An example of Linear Model of Communication.
Models 3. Systematic representations of the communication process.
Non-Verbal 4. Gestures and body language are example of feedback.
Speaker 5. Aristotle’s communication model is a centered model.
Interactive Model 6. A two way communication model which is mostly used for
newmedia like internet.
Encoding 7. The process of converting the message into codes
understandable for the receiver.
Transactional Model 8. A model of communication which is the exchange of
messagesbetween sender and receiver take turns.
Decoding 9. The process of changing the encoded message into
understandable language by the receiver.
Field of Experience 10.Things that influence the understanding of message like culture,
beliefs,experiences, social background and values.

Lesson

2 Models of Communication

Communication is a complex process. It is difficult to determine with whom or where

a communication encounter begins and ends. Thus, it is very helpful to consider different
communication models.

A model is used to depict any idea, thought, or concept in a simpler way through
diagrams, pictorial representation, etc. Models of Communication simplify the process by
providing a visual representation of the various aspects of a communication encounter.

What’s In
PROCESS ELEMENTS
1. Generating 1. Speaker
2. Encoding 2. Message
3. Receiving 3. Encoding
4. Decoding 4. Channel
5. Providing Feedback 5. Decoding
6. Receiver
7. Feedback
8. Context
9. Barrier
Discussion of Activity 1
Communication models are the metaphorical, simplified, and systematic
representations of the communication processes which form general perspectives
on communication.

A. LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION is a one-way communication model. The

message flows in a straight line from the sender to the receiver. There is no concept of
feedback. The only task that a receiver does here is to receive the message. Different
models that follow the linear model of communication are:
• Lasswell’s model was developed by communication theorist Harold D.
Lasswell (1902-1978) in 1948. It was developed to analyze mass
communication, this model is used for interpersonal communication or group
communication to disseminate message to various groups in various
situations.

• Aristotle’s Model is mainly focused on speaker and speech. Aristotle’s communication

model is a speaker centered model. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the
audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This
model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and create propaganda at that
time so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or interpersonal communication

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication

• Shannon-Weaver model was created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an
article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical Journal
with Warren Weaver.
• It is known as the mother of all communication models, the Shannon- Weaver model
(1949) depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five
elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of message
from the signal); and a destination.

Oral Communication in Context p.5

 • Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model. In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender- Message-
Channel-Receiver (SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model
of Communication (1949). He described factors affecting theindividual components in
the communication making the communication moreefficient.

B. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL gives the sender and receiver an equally

importantrole in communication. Transactional model relates
communication with social reality, cultural up-bringing, and relational
context (relationships). Non-verbal feedback like gestures, body
language, is also considered as feedback in this model. Different
models that follow transactional model of communication are:
Barnlund’s Transactional Model is a multi-layered feedback system proposed by Dean
Barnlund in 1970 which articulates that sending and receiving of messages happens
simultaneously between people. This is a continuous process where sender and receiver
interchange their places and both are equally important. The message passing takes place
with constant feedback being provided from both parties. A feedback for one is the message
for the other.

• Helical Model of Communication inspired by a helix in 1967 was proposed by

Frank Dance. A helix is a three-dimensional spring-like curve in the shape of a
cylinder or a cone. Helical model introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication process and relational interactions are very
important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of
communication and it progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary
increase.
• Helical Model of Communication inspired by a helix in 1967 was proposed
by Frank Dance. A helix is a three-dimensional spring-like curve in the shape
of a cylinder or a cone. Helical model introduces the concept of time where
continuousness of the communication process and relational interactions are
very important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical
model of communication and it progresses with age as our experience and
vocabulary increase.

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• Mosaic Model of Communication was proposed by Sam Becker in “The

Prospect of Rhetoric” (1968). According to him, the classical models of
communication are not very useful in contemporary communication. The
model explains the complexity of human communication. It also describes the
randomness of the origin of messages and communication as a dynamic
process. The model is believed to reduce the limitations of the linear models.
The model stresses the meaning of messages.

Every person lives and exists in the web of communications which

reciprocally makes the person unique. Messages construct humans and
humans construct messages. The message depends on the information
source, culture, social situations, and the environment. The constructed
message is just a small step to the formation of a complicated communication
environment which is known as a “Mosaic”.

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B. INTERACTIVE MODEL OR CONVERGENCE MODEL is similar to the
transactional model as they are both two-way communication models. But, the
interactive model is mostly used for new media like the internet. Here, people can
respond to any mass communications like videos, news, etc. People can
exchange their views and ideas. Different models that follow the interactive model
of communication are:

Schramm’s Interactive Model is the most commonly taught and widely used
theory of communication proposed by Wilbur Schramm in the late 1940s. The
Schramm model views communication as a process that takes place between
a sender (transmitter) and a receiver.
According to the Schramm's model, coding and decoding are the two
essential processes of effective communication. He also emphasizes that
the communication is incomplete unless and until the sender receives
feedback from the recipient. This model shows how meaning is transferred
from one person or group to another. Also, he added Field of experience
which is based on individual beliefs, values, experiences, and learned
meanings both as an individual or a group.

Oral Communication in Context p.6

 What’s More

Independent Activity 1

Direction. Below the table are statements about models of communication, write
the statement inside the box that fits the given communication model.

Linear Model Transaction Model Interactive Model

o It is mostly used for new media like the internet where people can respond to any
mass communications like videos, news, etc.

o It is used for interpersonal communication in which sender and receiver

interchange roles.

o It is a one-way communication that is used for mass communication and

feedback is not present.

Independent Assessment 1

Direction. Write COMMUNICATION if the statement is true and MODEL, if not.

MODEL 1. In linear model of communication, feedback is present.

COMMUNICATION 2. The concept of noise is present in the Shannon-Weaver model.
COMMUNICATION 3.The Aristotle’s communication model is a speaker centered model.
MODEL 4. Linear model gives sender and receiver equally important role in
communication.
COMMUNICATION 5. In Barnlund’s model, both sender and receiver must
understandthe code sent by the other.
COMMUNICATION 6. Transactional model of communication is the
exchange ofmessages between sender and receiver.
COMMUNICATION 7. Coding and decoding are the two essential processes
of aneffective communication in Schramm’s model.
MODEL 8. Helical model introduces the concept of space where
continuousness of the communication process takes place.
COMMUNICATION 9. Interactive model deals with exchange of ideas and
messagestaking place both ways from sender to receiver and
vice versa.
MODEL10. Transactional model is used for new media where people can
respond to any mass communications like videos, news, etc
Independent Assessment 2
Direction. Identify what model of communication is being described. Fill the
missing letters to get the correct answer in each item.

S_ a n_ _n W_ _v _r 1. It depicts communication as a linear or one-way process

consisting of five elements.
L_ s s w_ l_ 2. It was developed to analyze mass communication and is
used for interpersonal or group communication.
I_ t_ r_ c_ _v_ 3. It is similar to transactional model as they are both two
way communication model.
T_ a_ s_ c t_ o_ al 4. Sending and receiving of messages happens
simultaneously between people.
M_s a_ c 5. It describes the randomness of the origin of messages
and communication as a dynamic process.

Assessment

Direction. Read and answer each item. Write the letter of the best answer in
your notebook.

1. It is a one-way communication model where the message flows in a straight line

from sender to the receiver.
A. Convergence C. Linear
B. Interactive D. Transactional
2. What is missing in a linear communication model?
A. Barrier C. Message
B. Feedback D. Receiver
3. It is known as the mother of all communication models, that depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process.
A. Helical Model C. Schramm’s Interactive Model
B. Mosaic Model D. Shannon-Weaver Model
4. It is used for new media like internet where people can respond to any mass
communications like videos, news, etc.
A. Interactive model C. Shannon-Weaver Model
B. Linear Model D. Transactional Model
5. It introduces the concept of time where continuousness of the communication
process and relational interactions are very important.
A. Aristotle Model C. Mosaic Model
B. Helical Model D. Shannon-Weaver Model
 6. The concept of is present in the Shannon-Weaver model.
A. Audience C. Information
B. Control D. Noise
7. How many elements are present in Aristotle model of communication?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 7
8. What is the other name for Interactive Model of Communication?
A. Convergence C. Resurgence
B. Divergence D. Vengeance
9. The Transactional Model was proposed by .
A. Aristotle C. Helic
B. Barnlund D. Schramm
10. The acronym S-M-C-R stands for _.
A. Sender-Message-Channel- Receiver
B.Sender-Message-Context- Receiver