Scribd
Upload
202 views5 pages

JEE Main 2022 Maths Revision Notes On Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

This document discusses complex numbers and quadratic equations. It defines complex numbers as expressions of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers. Quadratic equations are equations of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. The discriminant, D = b^2 - 4ac, determines the nature of the roots. If D > 0, the roots are real and distinct, if D = 0 the roots are real and equal, and if D < 0 the roots are complex. The roots and their relation to the coefficients and graph of the quadratic function are also described.

Uploaded by

Nihal home study learning channel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
202 views5 pages

JEE Main 2022 Maths Revision Notes On Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

This document discusses complex numbers and quadratic equations. It defines complex numbers as expressions of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers. Quadratic equations are equations of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. The discriminant, D = b^2 - 4ac, determines the nature of the roots. If D > 0, the roots are real and distinct, if D = 0 the roots are real and equal, and if D < 0 the roots are complex. The roots and their relation to the coefficients and graph of the quadratic function are also described.

Uploaded by

Nihal home study learning channel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

A complex number, represented by an expression of the form a + ib (a, b are real),


If z = a + ib, then real part of z = Re (z) = a and Imaginary part of z = Im (z) =
b.
 If Re (z) = 0, the complex number is purely imaginary.
 If Im (z) = 0, the complex number is real.

POLAR REPRESENTATION
Let OP = r, then x = r cos, and y = r sin
 z = x + iy = r cos+ ir sin, = r(cos + i sin). This is known
as Trigonometric (or Polar) form of a complex Number. Here
we should take the principal value of .
For general values of the argument
z = r[cos (2n + ) + i sin(2n + )] (where n is an
integer)

PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE
 (z )  z
 z  z z is real
 z  z z is purely imaginary
zz
 Re ( z )  Re ( z ) 
2
zz
 Im ( z ) 
2i
 z1  z 2  z1  z 2
 z1  z 2  z1  z2

 z1  z1
    ( z 2  0)
 z2  z2

PROPERTIES OF MODULUS

1
 | z |  0  | z | = 0 iff z = 0 and | z | > 0 iff z 0.
  | z |  Re (z)  | z | and  | z |  | z |.
 | z | = | z | = | z | = | z |
 z z  | z |2
 | z1z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
In general |z1z2z3 …… zn| = |z1| |z2| |z3| …..|zn|
z1 |z |
  1 ( z 2  0)
z2 | z2 |
 |z1 z2|  |z1| + |z2|

ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBERS

 Z = 1 + i = (1, 1) and is marked by point K(1, 1) lies in first quadrant.


 |Z| = 2 and arg Z = /4.
 If Z = 1 – i = (1, – 1), then K lies in the fourth quadrant and |Z| = 2 and arg Z
= – /4.
3
 If Z = – 1 + i = (–1, 1), then K lies in the second quadrant and arg Z = .
4
3
 If Z = – 1 – i, arg Z = – .
4

PROPERTIES OF ARGUMENTS
 Arg (z1z2) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or  1)
In general Arg (z1z2z3 ….. zn) = Arg (z1) + Arg (z2) + Arg (z3) + …… + Arg
(zn) + 2k
(where kI)
 z1 
 Arg   = Arg z1 Arg z2 + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or 1)
 z2 
z
 Arg  2 Arg z + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or 1)
z
 Arg (zn) = n Arg z + 2k (k = 0 or 1 or 1)
 z2   z1 
 If Arg    , then Arg    2k   where kI.
 z1   z2 
 Arg z =  Arg z
 If arg (z) = 0 z is real.
2
De MOIVRE’S THEOREM
For any rational number n, the value or one of the values of (cos   sin ) n is
(cos n  sin n) . The following may also be noted:
(a) (cos   i sin ) n  (cos n  sin n)  (cos   i sin ) n
(b) (cos   i sin ) n  (cos n  sin n)  (cos   i sin )  n

CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY


Consider the cubic (3rd degree) equation
x 3  1  cos 0  i sin 0  cos 2k  i sin 2k
 2k   2k 
x  3
1  (cos 2k  i sin 2k)1/ 3  cos    i sin  
 3   3 
Y

1 3i
B
 
2 2

2/3 2/3 A
X X
2/3 1+0i

C
1 3i
2   
2 2
Y

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0), a, b, c are real numbers, is


called a quadratic equation.
The quantity D = b2 4ac is called the discriminant of quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a  0). …(1)
The roots of the quadratic equation, generally denoted by  and  are
b D b D
 and  .
2a 2a

3
NATURE OF THE ROOTS
1. Suppose a, b, cR and a 0. Then the following hold good:
(a) The equation (1) has real and distinct roots if and only if D> 0.
(b) The equation (1) has real and equal roots if and only if D = 0.
(c) The equation (1) has complex roots with non-zero imaginary parts if and
only if D< 0.

RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS AND


SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ROOTS
b
Let  and  be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then  +  =  and
a
c
 =
a
b c
(a) if both roots are positive, then  +  =  0 and    0
a a
b c
(b) if both roots are negative, then  +  =  0 and  = > 0
a a

GRAPH OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0, a, b, cR)


It can be written as
 b 
2
D 
y  f ( x )  a  x    
 2a  4a 2 
2
 D  b 
 y    a x   where, D is the discriminant.
 4a   2a 
This equation is of the form
(x)2 = 4k (y) which represents a parabola with vertex at (, )
b D
i.e.,  ,  in this case.
 2a, 4a 
If a> 0, the parabola is concave upwards and if a< 0 the parabola is concave
downwards.

QUADRATIC INEQUATIONS
The inequation of type ax2 + bx + c 0 or ax2 + bx + c 0 etc, (a 0) a, b, cR
are known as quadratic inequations.

4
SOME RESULTS ON ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
(i) Factor theorem: If  is a root of the equation f (x) = 0, then f(x) is exactly
divisible by (x) and conversely, if f(x) is exactly divisible by (x) then 
is a root of the equation f (x) = 0 and the remainder obtained is f(), which is
zero.
(ii) Every equation of an odd degree has at least one real root.
(iii) If x =  is root repeated m times in f(x) = 0, (f(x) = 0 is an nth degree
equation in x)
then f(x) = (x)m g(x), where g(x) is of degree (nm).

Rolle’s Theorem:
This theorem is applicable to polynomials. It says that if f(x) is a polynomial
in the interval [a, b] and f(a) = f(b), then there is at least one point between a
and b where f (x) = 0.

You might also like