(October 19, 2021)

Tenses and Aspects of the Verb

a) Simple

C.

D.
b) Perfect

 Work (regular word – adding -d or -ed only)

 Fly (irregular word – changing the spelling)

1. Present Simple
- Currently
- Routine/Habitual action
- Facts that are always true
2. Past Simple
- The action has been done
- Finished action and time
3. Future Simple 1. Present Perfect
- Actions or states that begin and end in - Adding ‘has’ and ‘have’
the future. These events have not - Katatapos lang nung action
happened yet, but will happen - An action that was completed in the
sometime in the future. very recent past, expressed by ‘just’
- Adding the word ‘will’
 - An action when the time is not
important.
2. Past Perfect
- It is used to make it clear that one
event happened before another in the
past.
- Naunang natapos ang isang action
before nagkaroon/natapos ang isa pang
action

1. Present Progressive
- ‘Is’ or ‘are’ + verb + ‘ing’
- Is used when we talked about
something which is happening now.
2. Past Progressive
- ‘was’ + verb + ‘ing’
- Is used to describe an ongoing activity
in the past. It is often used to set the
3. Future Perfect scene for another action.
- Adding ‘will’ + ‘have’ + past - Used when telling a story
participle 3. Future Progressive
- Two actions that will be happening in - ‘will’ + ‘be’ + verb + ‘ing’
the future - The future progressive tense is used to
- To talk about something that will be say that something will be in progress
completed before a specific time in the at a particular moment in the future.
future. - Distant future – matagal pa mangyari
- Near future – malapait na mangyari

c) Progressive
4. Perfect-Progressive
B.

C.

D.

1. Present Perfect-Progressive
- Is used to show that an action started
in the past and has continued up to the
present moment.
- The action started before and still
continuing until now.
2. Past Perfect-Progressive
- Is used to refer to an ongoing action
that ended before another action/event
in the past
- An ongoing action was interrupted by
another action
3. Future perfect-Progressive
- ‘will’ + have + been + verb + ‘ing’
- Is used for an ongoing action that will
be completed at some specified time in
the future.

A.
(October 26, 2021)

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

 Antecedent – the word being replaced by

pronoun
Rules:
1. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
both number and gender.
Examples:

 The Taylors landscaped their yard in an

unusual way.
 Kim regained her confidence after the test.
 The cheetah licked its chops.

3. When the antecedent of a pronoun is a

collective noun, the number of the pronoun
depends upon whether the collective noun is
used as singular or plural.
Examples:

 The class had its first meeting yesterday.

(Class is used as a single unit; therefore,
the singular pronoun is used.)
 The committee gave their personal
verdict to finalize the decision.

2. An animal is referred as “it” unless the

relationship is personal (like a pet that has a
name). Then it’s OK to use “he” or “she” when
referring to the animal. Also, you may use
“he” or “she” when you’re giving animals
human trait.
Examples:

 My cat, Popo, is my best friend. He comforts

me when I’m sad.
 The stray dog, which I saw chasing its own
tail, was shedding hair. 4. When a pronoun’s antecedent is an indefinite
pronoun, the pronoun must agree in number
with it.
 - MOST indefinite pronouns are
singular 9. With compound subjects joined by or/nor,
the referent pronoun agrees with the
Examples:
antecedent closer to the pronoun.
 Neither of the girls spent her entire Examples:
allowance.
 Several members missed their chance to  Neither Heidi nor Beth took her umbrella with
speak with the president. her.
 Neither the manager nor the employees
5. When no gender is specified use both a submitted their reports.
masculine and feminine pronoun.  Neither the employees nor the managers
submitted their reports.
Examples:

 Each of the students should prepare his or 10. Use a plural pronoun to refer to two or more
her own homework. antecedent joined b and.
Examples:
6. Use a singular pronoun to refer to each, either,
neither, one, everyone, everybody, no one,  The guide and the ranger wrapped their rain
nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, or ponchos
somebody.
11. Titles of single entities. (Books, organization,
Examples:
countries, etc.) take a singular referent.
 Each of the teams had its mascot at the game.
Examples:
 One of the boys left his pen behind.
 Someone left his/her wallet.  The Grapes of Wrath made its characters
seem real.
7. The following indefinite pronouns are plural:  The United States cherishes its democracy.
both, few, many, and several, and others.  OLFU is using its learning management
system for online classes.
Examples:

 Many of the actors already know their lines.

 Both of the candidates clearly stated their
positions on the issue.

8. The indefinite pronouns all, any, more, most,

none, and some may be singular or plural
depending on how they are used in a sentence.
Examples:

 Most of these coins are rare, but I don’t know

what they are worth. (countable)
 Most of the sugar fell out of its bag.
(uncountable)
Conjunctions and Interjections They connect words, phrases,
and clauses, which are
What is a Conjunction?
sentences.
A conjunction is like glue. It They connect things of equal
helps things to stick together. value.
A conjunction joins words, (This means that they would
phrases, and sentences, which connect a noun with another
are called clauses. noun or a prepositional
phrase with another
There Are 3 Types of Conjunctions prepositional phrase.)
1. Coordinating Conjunctions  There are seven
coordinating
2. Subordinating Conjunctions conjunctions: Use
FANBOYS to
3. Correlative Conjunctions
remember
What is a Conjunction?
F – F0R
 Conjunctions join two or
A – AND
more words.
N – NOR
Example: I went to the store to buy
eggs, milk, and bread. B – BUT
 Conjunctions can join two O – OR
prepositional phrases.
Y – YET
Ex. I went skiing down the hill and
past the trees. S – S0

 Conjunctions can connect  Coordinating

two clauses or sentences. conjunctions affect
 When two sentences are the meaning of your
joined, a comma MUST be sentence.
placed before the
conjunction.
Ex. I played cards for a while, but
then I played chess.  “And” connects things that
are alike or joined together.
Ex. I want popcorn and pizza.
Types of Conjunctions
 Coordinating conjunctions
One type of conjunction is affect the meaning of your
the coordinating conjunction. sentence.
  “But” is used to connect  Coordinating conjunctions
things that are different or affect the meaning of your
separated. sentence.
 “For” is also used to show a
Ex. I want popcorn but not pizza.
relationship between things.
 Coordinating conjunctions When it is used to combine
affect the meaning of your two sentences, you must put a
sentence. comma before it.
 “Or” is used to offer a choice.
Ex. I ordered a pizza, for I was
Ex. Do I want popcorn or pizza? hungry.

 Coordinating conjunctions
affect the meaning of your
sentence.
 “Nor” is used to offer a
negative choice.
Ex. I do not want popcorn nor pizza.
 Another Type of Conjunction is a
 Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating Conjunction.
affect the meaning of your  A subordinating conjunction-
sentence.  Connects a dependent clause (a
 “Yet” is used to show a clause that cannot be written as a
change. When it is used to separate sentence) with an
combine two sentences, you independent clause.
must put a comma before it.
IF, WHILE, BECAUSE,
Ex. I want popcorn, yet I also ALTHOUGH, AFTER, BEFORE,
want pizza. UNLESS, WHEN, UNTIL, SINCE
THEN, AS
 Coordinating
conjunctions affect the  We celebrated after we won the
meaning of your game.
sentence.  Because our train was delayed, we
 “So” is used to show a arrived late.
relationship between  Watson listened quietly while Holmes
things. When it is used explained his theory
to combine two
sentences, you must put a  Another type of conjunction
comma before it. is called correlative
conjunctions.
Ex. I want popcorn, so I made some.
 Correlative conjunctions
connect words, phrases, and
clauses, which are sentences.
  Correlative conjunctions happiness, fear, anger, or
connect things of equal value. pain.
(This means that they will connect a Some examples of
verb with another verb or a sentence interjections are:
with another sentence.)
ouch, wow, uh oh, oh no,
gosh, shhhh
 Correlative Conjunctions are
not single words. They work
in pairs.
 There are five pairs of Punctuating Interjections
correlative conjunctions:  If an interjection is spoken
calmly, simply put a comma
after it and continue the
 both….and sentence.
 whether…. or
 neither…. nor Ex. Shhh, the baby is sleeping.
 not only…. but also Ex. Oh my, I dropped my
 either…. Or pencil.
Examples of Correlative  If an interjection is spoken
Conjunctions with more emotion, it is
1. I saw both the Statue of followed by an exclamation
Liberty and the Empire State point. The next word is then
Building. capitalized.
2. I don’t want neither pickles Ex. Ouch! I just cut my finger.
nor tomato on my
hamburger. Ex. He scored the winning
3. I don’t know whether to touchdown. Wow!
play baseball or to play
basketball this year.
4. Either the student or the
teacher can answer the
question.
5. Not only do I play the flute,
but I also play the clarinet.
What is an Interjection?
An interjection is something
that interrupts a sentence.
It is something that also
expresses your emotions like
Using Formal and Informal Language Appropriately
Tone

 is defined as the writer’s attitude toward the subject matter and his or her readers.
Diction

 is word of choice
 Word choice is important in establishing tone
 Three levels of diction
1. High or Formal Diction
2. Neutral Diction
3. Informal or Low Diction

 When formal,
o you are serious
o Objective - claims with evidences
o With research and facts
o Impersonal
o Strict
 When informal,
 Cohesion is needed to achieve coherence
Content and Function Words

 Content Words – stressed (emphasize them

whenever uttered)
 Function/structure words – unstressed

Context Clues

 Use context clues to be able to unlock the

meaning of a unfamiliar word

 When there is pronoun, we don’t need to stress

it.
Adverbs

 Simple Adverb

 Interrogative Adverb
o Adverbs that are used to ask a question
Prepositions

 Short words that we used to tell people time,

location etc.

 Negative Adverbs
 In, On, At