GEOREFERENCER TOOL OF QGIS

AND IMAGE TO GEOREFERCEING

STEP by STEP IN QGIS SOFTWARE

NAME: - PATEL AJAY D.

M.sc {Geo-informatics}
Date: - 15/09/2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1

What is Georeferencing in GIS? ............................................................................. 1

Scope of The Study ................................................................................................ 2

Types of Data Georeferencing ............................................................................... 2

Application of Georeferencing .............................................................................. 3

Image Georeferencing in QGIS ............................................................................... 5

Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 14

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Introduction
The topic of the assignment is the georeferencing of the map of MAHARASHTRA. The
purpose of the assignment is to learn the method through which the map of the area is
georeferenced in the GIS. This assignment tells about the georeferencing method that how to
insert the map in GIS, add the control points at the suitable location, check the error, remove
the error and at last rectify it to save it for the further use.

What is Georeferencing in GIS?

Georeferencing is the process of adding coordinate information to a digital image so that it can
be accurately displayed on a map.
This is typically done by attaching known latitude and longitude points to the image, but can
also be done with other coordinate systems such as UTM or State Plane.
Once the image has been georeferenced, it can be used in a GIS to spatially analyse or map
features in the image.
A software can gradually warp the image to fit other spatial datasets by associating features on
the scanned image with real-world x and y coordinates.
It is therefore being the process through which geographical information systems use the
positions of some reference points to fix the geographic location of each topographic feature.
The georeferenced maps are used for applications such as planning, land use management,
environmental analysis, and disaster risk management on a global scale.
Geo-referencing is the process of scaling, rotating, translating and de-skewing the image to
match a particular size and position
 To Georeference means to associate something with locations in physical space.
 The term is commonly used in the geographic information systems field to describe the
process of associating a physical map or raster image of a map with spatial locations
 Georeferencing may be applied to any kind of object or structure that can be related to
a geographical location, such as points of interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings

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Scope of the Study
Georeferencing defines the location of a dataset using known map coordinates and assigns it a
coordinate system. This allows for the dataset to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other
geographic data. Typically, in a GIS environment such as ArcMap, raster datasets (such as
images) are georeferenced using a control layer. This layer contains known coordinates and is
used as a point of reference for the georeferencing process. Georeferencing is a tool that allows
you to transform paper maps or other images into an ArcGIS layer. It is not always possible to
find maps or aerial photos (raster images) that are digitized and georeferenced. Historic maps,
aerial photos, and other maps found online or in print are often not georeferenced. This step-
by-step process will guide you towards georeferencing.

Types of Data for Georeferencing

Generally, three distinct types of information can be identified which can be used to reference
geographical objects.

1) Geo-referencing Raster Images

 A crucial element of any mapping project is registering a map with the correct real
world coordinates. This procedure is called geo-referencing. If the maps are not geo-
referenced, no other information can be displayed over or positioned under the map
coverage.
 Depending on the source materials and the specifications of the project, maps can be
registered to either a coordinate system or to another base map such as a digital photo.

2) Geo-referencing Vector Data

 Vector data can be geo-referenced (or rubber sheeted) to real world coordinates. Vector
data can be either rubber sheeted to match existing base maps or the data may be
projected into a specific coordinate system.

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Applications of Georeferencing
1. Georeferencing allows the integration of spatial data from different sources. It allows
for the use of data for a variety of purposes such as analysis, planning, decision making
and documenting among others.
2. •Georeferencing likewise makes it conceivable to have normalization in the spatial
information by permitting it to be viable to any product utilized in GIS without causing
challenges.
3. •Georeferencing works with simple sharing of spatial information among individuals
who can then involve it for various purposes including independent direction and
recording among others.
4. •Georeferencing takes into consideration simple area of a specific house or business by
giving its directions and portrayal among others.
5. •Georeferencing likewise permits to organize between various informational indexes
on a similar guide.
6. •Georeferencing likewise considers utilizing the spatial information to distinguish areas
of interest in a guide or picture among others without any problem.
7. •Georeferencing helps with developing new kinds of spatial data that with canning be
used for assessment, organizing and documentation among others.

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 Image Georeferencing in QGIS

1) Open QGIS Software, Go to open Data Source manager

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2) From open Data Source window, go to your folder, select the image, and
click the open button.

3) Georeferencing in QGIS is done via the ‘Geereferencer GDAL’ plugin.

This is a core plugin- that means it is already part of your QGIS installation, you
just need to enable it.

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Go to Plugins > Manage and Install Plugins and enable the Georeferenced
GDAL plugin in the installed tab.

Click on Raster > Georeferenced to open the plugin.

4) The plugin window is divided into 2 sections, the top section where the raster
will be displayed and the bottom section where a table showing your GCP values.
Now open the Unreferenced image in georeferencer plugin window.

Go to File > Open Raster, browse to your folder, select an unreferenced image,
and click open.

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5) In the next screen, you will be asked to choose the raster’s coordinate reference
system (CRS). This is to specify the projection and datum of your control points.
6.) The image is loaded on the top section of the georeferencer window. You can
use the zoom/pan controls in the toolbar to learn more about the unreferenced
image. Now you need to assign a control point somewhere on the unreferenced
image and also in the same location of the referenced image. Click on Add Point
in the toolbar.

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7) Now you need to assign coordinates to some points on this map.
Zoom to this area of the image shown in the two cross-line sections > Click add
point> and click the cross two-line middle point > in the pop-up window, enter
the coordinates, remember that x=Longitude and Y=Latitude.

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8) Similarly, at least 4 GCPs covering the entire image. The more points you
have, the more accurate your image is registered to the target coordinates. You
will notice the GCP table now has rows with details.

9) Once you have enough points, go to Settings Transformation settings.

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10) In the transformation settings dialog, choose the Transformation
type > Polynomial 1, Resampling method >Nearest Neighbour, Target
SRS >choose WGS 84 EPSG:4326. UTM 43N
The resulting image is in a widely compatible datum, Name your output raster.
Make sure the Load QGIS when a done option is checked, Click OK.

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11) Back in the Georeferencer window: go to File> Start Georeferencing. This
will start the process of warping the image using the GCPs and creating the
target raster.

Once the process finishes, you will see the georeferenced raster layer loaded in
QGIS.

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Conclusion
 Used to convert the entire map onto a real-world co-ordinate system with
Georeferencing you can align geographic data to a known coordinate
system so it can be viewed, queried, and analysed with other geographic
data.

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