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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

______________________________________________

INTRODUCTION
Differentiation is an operation of obtaining f’(x) using the theory of differentiation and
several rules that will be stated in this modules. In this unit, you will learn about
differentiation of polynomial function, differentiation of trigonometric functions,
differentiation of exponential functions and differentiation of logarithmic functions.

Trigonometric is a function of an angle expressed as the ratio of two of the sides of

a right triangle that contains that angle; the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
and cosecant. Exponent is a function in which an independent variable appears as
an exponent. Logarithm means the power to which a base, such as 10, must be
raised to produce a given number. If nx = a, the logarithm of a, with n as the base,
is x; symbolically, logn a = x. For example, 103 = 1,000; therefore, log10 1,000 = 3.

LEARNING OUTCOME
After completing this unit, students should be able to:

1. Find the differential of a function from first principle.

2. Differentiate algebraic functions or polynomials using the Basic Rule of
differentiation or formula.
3. Differentiate the trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions by using
appropriate methods.
4. Differentiate product of functions using Product Rule.
5. Differentiate product of functions using Quotient Rule.
6. Differentiate composite functions using Chain Rule.
7. Solve the higher order derivatives, differentiate the previous derivative’s
function.

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3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION

y=f(x)

Tangent at P

P(x,y)
y

x
0 x

The above figure shows the points P(x,y) and Q( x + x, y + y ) which are two
neighbouring points on the curve y = f(x).
x is known as delta x while y is known as delta y, x and y represents a small
increase in x and a small increase in y respectively.
vertical dis tan ce
Gradient of PQ =
horizontal dis tan ce

= (y + y ) − y = x
(x + x ) − x y

As x become smaller and approaches 0 (x → 0) , point Q is getting nearer and

nearer to P until the chord PQ becomes the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P.

Since y represent the gradient of the chord PQ, then lim  y  represent the
x x →0 x
 
gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P.
dy  y  dy represents the gradient of the
It can be concluded that if = lim   then
dx x → 0
 x  dx
curve y = f(x) at a certain point.
Therefore
f (x + x )
= f ' (x ) = lim
dy
dx x →0 x

The result above is the definition of the derivative of a function f. This process is
called differentiation from first principles.

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The first derivative of the function y = f(x) is the first order differentiation and it is

denoted by dy f ‘ (x). f ‘ (x) is read as ‘ f prime of x ‘.

dx

Example 3.1

(a ) f ( x) = 5x
f ( x + x ) = 5 (x + x ) = 5 x + 5x
f ( x + x ) − f ( x ) = 5 x + 5x − 5 x = 5x
therefore,
f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
x →0 x
5x
= lim
x →0 x

= lim 5 = 5.
x →0

(b) f ( x) = 3x + x 2

f ( x + x ) = 3 (x + x ) + (x + x ) = 3 x + 3x + x 2 + 2xx + (x )

2 2

(
f ( x + x ) − f ( x ) = [3 x + 3x + x 2 + 2xx + (x ) ] − 3 x + x 2
2
)
= 3x + 2xx + (x )
2

= x(3 + 2x + x )
therefore,
f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
x →0 x
x(3 + 2x + x )
= lim
x →0 x
= lim (3 + 2x + x ) = 3 + 2x
x →0

1
(c ) f ( x) =
x
1
f ( x + x ) =
x + x
1 1
f ( x + x ) − f ( x ) = −
x + x x
x − x − x
=
x (x + x )
− x
=
x (x + x )
therefore,
f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
f ' ( x ) = lim
x → 0 x
− x 1
= lim =− 2
x → 0 x (x + x ) x x

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EXERCISE 3.1
Find the derivative of the following functions by using differentiation from first
principles.
(a) f(x) = 10 (b) f(x) = x
(c) f(x) = 4x2 (d) f(x) = x2 + 3x – 1
1
(e) f(x) =
x2

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3.2 DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS

Differentiation is the process of calculating a derivative. The derivative of a

function represents an infinitesimal change in the function with respect to
whatever parameters it may have. Sometimes the terms differentiation can be
replaced by the words ‘differentiate’, ‘derivate’ or ‘differential coefficient’.
There are several notation for differentiation. The most common notations for
differentiation are :

dy
- this is pronounced dy by dx or dy dx.
dx
d
- this is pronounced d by d x or d dx.
dx
D - this is pronounced d

Given y = f (x ) . To find differential coefficient, d

dx
()
operates on y = f x .
The process can be write as

i)
d
(y) = d
f (x)
dx dx

= f  (x )
dy
ii dx

iii) y = Df (x )

3.2.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

3.2.1.1 DERIVATIVES OF A CONSTANT

dy d
If y = f(x) = k then = f ' ( x) = (k ) = 0 , where k is a constant.
dx dx

Example 3.2.1:

Find the derivative of the following functions:

a. y=2
b. y=π
c. y = 100

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Solutions :
dy d
a. y = 2, = ( 2) = 0
dx dx
dy d
b. y = , = ( ) = 0
dx dx
dy d
c. y = 100, = (100 ) = 0
dx dx

3.2.1.2 DERIVATIVES OF kx

If y = f ( x ) = kx then
dy
= f ' ( x) =
d
(kx ) = k , where k is a cons tan t.
dx dx

Example 3.2.2 :

Find the derivative of the following functions:

a. y = 5x
b. y = πx
c. y = -100x

Solutions :
dy
a. y = 5x , =5
dx
dy
b. y = πx , = π
dx
dy
c. y = − 100 x , = − 100
dx

3.2.1.3 DERIVATIVES OF xn

dy d  n −1
If y = f ( x ) = x n then  x  = nx
n
= f ' ( x) =
dx dx  

Example 3.2.3 :

Find the derivative of the following functions:

a. y = x6 b. y = x -3
1 4
−
c. y= x 3
d. y=x 5

Solutions :

dy d 6 6 −1
a. y = x6 , = ( x ) = 6x = 6x 5
dx dx

dy d  −3 − 3−1
b. y = x-3 , = x  = −3x = − 3x − 4
dx dx  

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1 1 2
d  3  1 3 −1
1 −
1
dy
c. y= x 3
, = x = x = x 3
dx dx   3 3

 4 
d  −5   4 − 4 −1
4
− dy
d. y=x 5
, = x  = − x 5
dx dx    5
 
 
9
4 −5
= − x
5

3.2.1.4 DERIVATIVES OF axn

dy d  n
If y = f ( x ) = ax n then
n−1
= f ' ( x) =  ax  = anx ,
dx dx  
where a is a cons tan t and n is an int eger .

Example 3.2.4 :

Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

a. y = 5x, b. y = 4x3
3
c. y = -12x-5 d. y= 2
x

Solutions :

dy d
a. y = 5x, = (5 x ) = (5)( x 1− 1 )
dx dx
= 5x0
=5

dy d
b. y = 4x3 , = ( 4 x 3 ) = 4(3 x 3 − 1 ) = 4(3)x3 – 1
dx dx
= 12x2

dy d
c. y = -12x-5 , = ( −12 x − 5 ) = − 12 ( −5)x − 5 − 1
dx dx
= 60 x − 6

3 dy d
d. y= , = (3 x −2 ) = 3( −2)x − 2 − 1 = − 6 x − 3
x2 dx dx
6
= −
x3

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3.2.1.5 DIFFERENTIATION OF SUM AND DIFFERENCES

ax m  bx n

If y = f ( x ) = ax m  bx n then

dy d  m d  n
= f ' ( x) =  ax    bx 
dx dx   dx  
dy m −1
= amx  bnx n − 1 ,
dx

where a is a cons tan t and n is an int eger .

Example 3.2.5 :

dy
Find of the following functions:
dx
a. y = x3 + 4x2 b. y = 4x3 – 5x

4 y = (x – 1)(2x + 3)
c. y = x2 + d.
x
5x 2 − 3x
e. y = (x – 5)2 f. y=
x

Solution :

a. y = x3 + 4x2

dy
=
dx dx
d 3
( )
x +
d
dx
( )
4x 2

= 3( x 3 − 2 ) + 2( 4 x 2− 1 )
= 3x 2 + 8x

b. y = 4x3 – 5x

dy d d
= (4x 3 ) − (5 x )
dx dx dx
= 3( 4 x 3 − 1 ) − 5 x 1− 1
= 12 x 2 − 5

4
c. y = x2 + = x 2 + 4 x −1
x
dy d 2 d
= (x ) + ( 4 x −1 )
dx dx dx
− 1− 1
= 2x + 4( −1)x
−2
= 2x − 4 x

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d. y = (x – 1)(2x + 3) = 2x 2 + x − 3 Expand first

dy d d d
= (2x 2 ) + (x) − (3 )
dx dx dx dx

= 4x + 1

e. y = (x – 5)2 = x2 – 10x + 25 Expand first

dy d 2 d d
= (x ) − (10 x ) + (25 )
dx dx dx dx

= 2x – 10

5x 2 − 3x 5x 2 3x Divide first
f. y= = −
x x x

y = 5x – 3

dy d d
= (5 x ) − (3 )
dx dx dx

=5

EXERCISE 3.2.1

1. Find dy of the following functions:

dx
a. y=-9 b. y=x

c. y = 4x d. y = -x-5

e. y = x3 f. y = 2π

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

1
1
g. y= h. y = x2
x

i. y=
1 j. y = 8x2
x5

2 l. 5
k. y= y=−
5x 4 x7

m. y = −25x −4
3
n. y = x4

1 6 x3
o. y= x p. y=
3 6

1
Answers: a) 0, b) 1, c) 4, d) 5x-6, e) 3x2, f) 0, g) –x-2, h) 1 x − 2 , i)-5x-6, j) 16x, k) 8 −5 , l) 35x-8,
− x
2 5
1
m) 100x-5, n) 3 x − 4 , o) 2x5, p) 1 x 2
4 2

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2. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

a. f(x) = x 2 + 3x 3 b. f(x) = x − 2x + 7
2

c. f(x) = 3x 4 − x 2 + x d. f(x) = x 4 − 3x 2

e. f(x) = x 3 − 3 f. f(x) = 3x 2 + 

g. y = 4x2 + 3x – 2 h. y = 3x6 – 4x5 – x4

i. y = (x + 3) (x – 4) j. y = (2x – 1)2

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k. y = 3x4 − 5x + x 2
1
l. (
y = (x + 2) 3x 2 − 1 )

m. x2 − 3 2x + 5
y= n. y=
x2 x

o. 4x 3 − 3x 2 + 2 5x 4 − 3x
y= 2 p. y=
x
x3

Answers: a) 2x+9x2, b) 2x-2, c) 12x3-2x+1, d) 4x3-6x, e) 3x2, f) 6x, g) 8x+3, h) 18x5-20x4-4x3,

1
i) 2x-1, j) 8x-4, k) 12x3-5+ 1 x − 2 , l) 9x2+12x-1, m) 6x-3, n) -5x-2, o) 4-4x-3, p) 5+6x-3
2

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3.2.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

FORMULA

d
i) (sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
ii) (cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
iii) (tan x ) = sec 2 x
dx
d d
iv ) (sin u ) = cos u . (u)
dx dx
d d
v) (cos u) = − sin u . (u)
dx dx
d d
vi ) (tan u) = sec 2 u . (u)
dx dx

Example 3.2.6 :
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

a. y = sin 2x b. y = cos 5x 2
c. y = tan 10x d. y = −2 cos 3x

Solution :

a. y = sin 2x b. y = cos 5x 2

du
let u = 5x 2 then = 10x
dx
du
let u = 2x then =2
dx dy d
= − sin u . (u)
dx dx
dy d
= cos u . (u)
dx dx =− sin 5 x 2 . (10 x )
= cos 2x . (2) = − 10 x sin 5 x 2
= 2 cos 2x

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

c. y = tan 10x y = −2 cos 3x

d.
du du
let u = 10x then = 10 let u = 3x then =3
dx dx
dy d dy d
= sec 2 u . (u) = − ( −2 sin u) . (u)
dx dx dx dx

= sec 2 10 x . (10 ) = 2 sin 3 x . (3)

= 10 sec 2 10 x = 6 sin 3 x

EXERCISE 3.2.2
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
a. y = cos 3 x b. y = sin 10 x

1 d. y = 3 cos ( 2x + 1)
c. y= sin 5 x
3

y=−
1  1 
e. tan 2x f. y = − 5 sin  3 − x 
4  5 

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1  y=
3
cos (5 − 4 x )
g. y = 10 tan  x − 4  h.
2  4

Answers: a) -3 sin 3x, b) 10 cos 10x, c) 5 cos 5 x , d) − 6 sin ( 2x + 1) , e) 1 , f) cos  3 − 1 x  , g) 1  , h)

− sec 2 2x   5 sec 2  x − 4 
3 2  5  2 
3 sin (5 − 4 x )

3.2.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential functions have the following differentiation formulas :

Example 3.2.7 :
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
2
a. y = e2x b. y = e 3x
1
c. y = e3x + 4 d. y=
e 4x

e 5 x −3
e. y = e x . e 2x −1 f. y=
e 3 x +2
g. y = e3x – sin 2x

Solution :
a. y = e2x
du
Let u = 2x , =2
dx

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

2
b. y = e 3x
du
Let u = 3x 2 , = 6x
dx
dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx
2
= e 3 x . (6x )
2
= 6 xe 3 x

dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx

= e 2 x . ( 2)
= 2e 2 x

c. y = e3x + 4
du
Let u = 3x + 4 , =3
dx
dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx

= e ( 3 x + 4 ) . (3 )
= 3e 3 x + 4

From the Law of Indices :

1
d. y=
e 4x
= e −4 x
du
Let u = -4x , = −4
dx
dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx

= e −4 x . ( −4)
= − 4e −4 x

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From the Law of Indices :

e. y = e x . e 2x −1

= e x + 2x −1
= e 3x −1
du
Let u = 3x – 1 , = 3
dx
dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx

= e 3 x −1 .(3 )
= 3e 3 x −1

e 5 x −3
f. y=
e 3 x +2
From the Law of Indices :
= e 5 x −3 − ( 3 x + 2 )
= e 5 x −3 −3 x − 2
= e 2 x −5
du
Let u = 2x – 5 , = 2
dx
dy d
Hence, = eu . (u)
dx dx

= e 2 x −5 .(2)
= 2e 2 x −5

g. y = e3x – sin 2x
dy
= e 3 x .(3) − cos 2 x .(2)
dx
= 3e 3 x − 2cos 2 x

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EXERCISE 3.2.3

Differentiate the following with respect to x.

a. y=
1 b. y = 6e4x
2
ex

c. y=−
4 d. y = 3e2x + 5e5x +1
e6x

e. y=
3 8x
e ex +3
4 f. y=
e2 x + 5

1 1 1
+ e4x + 1
2
g. y= 6x
+ 2 h. y = 5e2 x − x
e ex e

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i. y = e3x – sin x j. y = tan 2x + e –2x

2
Answers : a) − 2xe − x , b) 24e 4x , c) 24e −6 x , d) 6e 2x + 25e 5 x +1 , e) 6e 8 x , f) − e − x−2 ,

g) − 6e −6 x − 2xe − x , h) 20xe 2 x + e − x + 4e 4 x +1 , i) 3e 3 x − cos x , j) 2 sec 2 2x − 2e −2 x

2 2

3.2.4 DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

FORMULA

d 1
(ln x ) =
dx x
d  1 d
(ln u) =   • (u)
dx  u  dx

Example 3.2.8 :
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

a. y = ln 5x b. y = 3 ln x

c. y = 4 ln 2x d. y = ln x 3
e. y = ln (2x + 1) f. y = ln10x − 5 ln (3 − 2x)

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

Solution :

a. y = ln 5x
du
let u = 5 x , =5
dx

dy  1  d
=   (u)
dx  u  dx
dy  1 
=  (5)
dx  5 x 
5
=
5x
1
=
x

b. y = 3 ln x

dy  1 3
= 3  =
dx x x

c. y = 4 ln 2x
du
let u = 2x , =2
dx
dy  1  d
=   (u)
dx  u  dx
 1 
= 4 (2)
 2x 
4
=
x

d. y = ln x 3
du
Let u = x ,
3
= 3x 2
dx

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dy  1  d
=  (u)
dx  u  dx

=
 1  2
 3x( )
 x3 
3
=
x

e. y = ln (2x + 1)
du
Let u = 2x + 1 , =2
dx
dy  1  d
=  (u)
dx  u  dx
 1 
= (2)
 2x + 1 
2
=
2x + 1

f. y = ln 10x − 5 ln (3 − 2x )
du du
let u = 10x , = 10 let u = 3 − 2x , =− 2
dx dx

 1   1 
(10 ) − 5 (− 2)
dy
=
dx  10 x   3 − 2x 
1 10
= +
x 3 − 2x

EXERCISE 3.2.4

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

a. y = ln 10x 2
b. y = ln x
3

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c. y=
1
ln 10x d. y = ln x 2
2

e. y = ln
1 4
x f. y = 4 ln x 6
4

2 5 h. y = ln (3 − 5x )
g. y = 8 ln x
5

i. y = − 5 ln (8x + 12 ) j. y = x − ln x

Answers : a), b) 1 , c) 1 , d) 2 , e) 4 , f) 24 , g) 40 , h) − 5 , i) − 40 , j) 1 - 1
x 2x x x x x 3 − 5x (8x + 12) x

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3.3 TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.1 DIFFERENTIATION OF A PRODUCT FUNCTION USING PRODUCT

RULE

To differentiate the product of two functions such as (x3 + 5) (2x2 – 1) we expand

the expression before differentiating it. It is tedious and takes time if the functions
involved are quite complicated. As an alternative we can use the rule which is
also known as the product rule.

If p(x) = f (x) g (x) , where f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then

d d d
(f(x) g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x) or
dx dx dx

If set u = f (x ) and v = g (x ) then the product rule may also be expressed in the
form
d
(uv ) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx

Example 3.3.1 :

Find the derivative of the following function.

a. y = (x2 + 2)(x3 – 5)
b. y = (x2 – 4x + 6)(1 - x3)
c. y = sin x ln x

Solution :

a. Given y = (x2 + 2)(x – 5)

du
Let u = x2 + 2 → = 2x
dx
dv
and v = x3 – 5 → = 3x2
dx

dy dv du
Use the product rule : = u +v
dx dx dx

= (x2 + 2)(3x2)+ (x3 - 5)(2x)

= 3x4 + 6x2 + 2x4 – 10x

= 5x4 + 6x2 – 10x

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b. Given y = (x2 – 4x + 6) (1 - x3)

du
Let u = x2 – 4x + 6 → = 2x - 4
dx
dv
and v = 1 - x3 → = -3x2
dx

dy dv du
Use the product rule : = u +v
dx dx dx

= (x2 – 4x + 6)(-3x2) + (1 - x3)(2x - 4)

= -3x4 + 12x3 – 18x2 + 2x – 4 – 2x4 + 4x3

= -5x4 + 16x3 – 18x2 + 2x – 4

c. Given y = sin x ln x
By using Product Rule Product Rule :

 1
= sin x  + ln x (cos x )
dy
dx x
sin x
= + ln x (cos x )
x

3.3.2 DIFFERENTIATION OF A QUOTIENT OF FUNCTION USING

QUOTIENT RULE

An easier method known as the quotient rule can be used to differentiate a

function which involves the quotient of two polynomials.
f (x )
If p(x ) = , where f(x) and g(x) are differentiable, then
g(x )

d d
g( x ) f ( x ) − f ( x ) g( x )
d  f ( x)  dx dx
 = or
dx  g( x )  [g( x )] 2

If set u = f (x ) and v = g (x ) then the quotient rule may also be expressed in the
form
du dv
v −u
d u
  = dx 2 dx
dx  v  v

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

Example 3.3.2 :

Find the derivative of

x2 + 3
a) y=
x
x
b) y= 2
x +3
tan 2x
c) y=
x2 + 1

Solution:

x2 + 3
a) y=
x
Let u = x2 + 3 v=x
du dv
= 2x =1
dx dx

(
dy (x )(2x ) − x 2 + 3 (1)
=
)
dx x2

2x 2 − x 2 − 3
=
x2

x2 − 3
=
x2

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

x
b) y=
x +3 2

Let u=x v = x2 + 3
du dv
=1 = 2x
dx dx

dy
=
(
x 2 + 3 (1) − x (2x ) )
dx x2 + 3
2
( )
x 2 + 3 − 2x 2
=
(x 2
+3 )
2

3 − x2
=
(x 2
+3 )
2

tan 2x
c) y=
x2 + 1
Quotient Rule :

By using Quotient Rule :

Let u = tan 2x v = x2 + 1
du
= sec 2 2x..(2) dv
dx = 2x
dx
= 2 sec 2 2x

dy ( x 2 + 1)(2 sec 2 2x ) − (tan 2x )(2x )

=
dx [( x 2 + 1)] 2

=
(2 sec 2
)
2x ( x 2 + 1) − (2x )(tan 2x )
[( x 2 + 1)] 2

3.3.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF A COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS USING CHAIN

RULE

Functions such as (x + 2)5 , 1 + x 3 ( )

−2
and 1 + x 2 can be stated in the form
f  g (x ) and are called composite functions.

If y = f(u) and u = g(x) and both of these functions are differentiable, then the
composite function y = f[g(x)] is differentiable and

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

dy dy du
= .
dx du dx

Example 3.3.3 :

Differentiate the following function with respect to x.

a. y = (x3 + 2)4
b. y = (3x + 3)4
c. y = 4(x – 1)3

Solutions:

a. Given y = (x3 + 2)4

Let u = x3 + 2 y = u4
du dy
= 3x 2 and = 4u 3
dx du

dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
= 4u 3  3x 2
= 12x 2 u 3
(
= 12x 2 x 3 + 2 )
3

b. Given y = (3x + 3)4

Let u = 3x + 3 y = u4
du dy
=3 and = 4u 3
dx du

dy dy du
= .
dx du dx
= 4u3 x 3
= 12u3 = 12(3x + 3)3

c. Given y = 4(x – 1)3

Let u= x −1 y = 4u 3
du dy
=1 and = 12u 2
dx du

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙
= 𝒅𝒖 × 𝒅𝒙

= 12u2 x 1
= 12(x – 1)2

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

Alternative method

y = f(x) = au n
dy d
= (au n )
dx dx
n − 1 du
= nau •
dx

Example 3.3.4 :

Find the derivative of y = (x3 + 2)4

Solutions:

y = ( x 3 + 2) 4
dy
=
dx dx
d
(
( x 3 + 2) 4 )
d 3
= 4( x 3 + 2) 4 −1 . ( x + 2)
dx
= 4( x 3 + 2)3 (3 x 2 )
= 12 x 2 ( x 3 + 2)3

EXERCISE 3.3
1. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

a. y = (3x2 + 7)(x3 – 1) b. y = (x +1)(3x2 – 5)

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

c. y = (x + 7)(1 – x2) d. y = 5x3 (1 – x5)

e. (
y = 2x 6 4x 2 + 1 ) f. y =(5x2 + 6)( 2x 3 − 5)

g. ( )
y = 3x 2 − 1 (2x + 1) h. ( )( )
y = x 5 + 2 3x
4

i. (
y = 3x 3 x 2 − 5 ) j. ( )
y = 3x 2 + 2 (2x + 1)

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

k. y = x 2 tan 2x l. y = e3x sin x

Answers: a) 15x4+21x2-6x, b) 9x2+6x-5, c) -3x2-14x+1, d) -40x7+15x2, e) 64x7+12x5, f) 50x4+36x2-50x,

g) 18x2+6x-2, h) 27x8+24x3, i) 15x4-45x2, j) 18x2+6x+4, k) 2x2sec22x+ 2xtan 2x, l) e3xcos x + 3e3xsin x

2. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

x2 3x 3
a. y= b. y=
2x + 1 5x 2 − 2

5x 2 2x 4 − 1
c. y= d. y=
x +1 3x 2 + 2

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

3x 2 + 5 x2 − 1
e. y= f. y =
1− x5 1 − 3x

4x 2 − 3 x+3
g. y = h. y =
x+2 1− x

x2 − 2 2x 3
i. y = j. y =
x +1 4x + 1

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

x3 + 5 2x − 5
k. y= l. y=
3x 2 − 1 x4 + 1

cos x x
m. y= n. y=
x 3 + 4x ln x

Answers: a) 2 x + 2 x , b) 15x − 18x ,c) 5 x + 10x , d) 12x + 16x + 6 x , e) 9 x + 25x + 6 x , f) − 3 x + 2x − 3 ,

2 4 2 2 5 3 6 4 2

(2 x + 1) 2 ( 5 x 2 − 2) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( 3 x 2 + 2) 2 (1 − x 5 )2 (1 − 3 x ) 2
g) 4 x + 16x + 3 h) , i) x + 2x + 2 , j) 16x + 6 x , k) 3 x − 3 x − 30x , l) − 6 x + 20x + 2 ,
2 2 3 2 4 2 4 3
4
( x + 2) 2
(1 − x) 2
( x + 1) 2
( 4 x + 1) 2
(3 x − 1)
2 2
( x + 1)
4 2

m) −(x + 4x)(sin x) − (3x + 4)(cos x) , n) ln x − 1

3 2

(x + 4x)
3 2
(ln x )2

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3. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

y = (x − 1) y = (2x + 1)
3 5
a. b.

y = 3 (2x − 1) 1
4
c. d. y=
x−2

5 −3
e. y = f. y=
(2x + 1) 2
(2x + 5)3

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 DUM20132 Date : ………………….

g. y = – 2(5 + 3x)5 h. y = 3(x + 4)3

Answers: a) 3(x-1)2, b) 10(2x+1)4,c) 24(2x-1)3, d) 1 , e) 20 , f) 18 , g) -30(5+3x)4, h) 9(x+4)2

− −
( x − 2)2 (2x + 1) 3 (2x + 5) 4

dy
4. Find
dx
y = x 3 (x + 1) y = 2x 3 (x − 1)
2 2
a. b.

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DUM20132 Date : ………………….

y = (3x − 1)(2x + 1) y = (x + 2)(3x − 1)

3 4
c. d.

e. (
y = 3x 3 x 2 − 5 )
3
f. ( )
y = 3x 2 + 2 (2x + 1)
5

Answers: a) 3x2(x+1)2+2x4+2x3, b) 4x4-4x3+6x2(x-1)2, c) 6(2x+1)2(3x-1)+3(2x+1)3, d) (3x-1)4+12(3x-1)3(x+2),

e) 9x2(x2-5)3+18x4(x2-5), f)10(2x+1)4(3x2+2)+6x(2x+1)5

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3.4 HIGHER DERIVATIVES

Let y be a function of x, that is y = f(x).

Differentiating y with respect to x:

[f (x )] = f ' (x )
dy d
=
dx dx
Is known as the first derivative of f.

If we differentiate dy or f’(x) with respect to x again, we obtain the second derivative of f

dx
which is written as
d  dy  d 2 y
= = f ' ' (x )
dx  dx  dx 2

For example,
If y = f(x) = x3 – x2 – 2x + 3

Then dy = f’(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 2

dx
2
Note that : d y2   dy 
2
2
And d y = f’’(x) = 6x – 2 dx  dx 
dx 2

Example 3.4

d2 y
1. Find for each of the following:
dx 2
2
a) y = 8x 4 + 7x 3 b) y = 3x 4 − 5x + x c) y= − x
x
Solution
1
a) y = 8x 4 + 7x 3 b) y = 3x 4 − 5x + x 2
1
dy dy 1 −
= 32x 3 + 21x 2 = 12x 3 − 5 + x 2
dx dx 2
3
d2 y d2 y 1 −
2
= 96x 2 + 42x 2
= 36x 2 − x 2
dx dx 4
1 1
−
c) y = 2x 2
−x 2

3 1
dy − 1 −
= −x 2 − x 2
dx 2
5 3
d2 y 3 − 2 1 − 2
= x + x
dx 2 2 4

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2. Find f’’’(x) for each of the following function:

1
a) f(x) = sin 2x b) f(x) = 3 e3x-5
d 1 d
f’(x) = cos 2x. dx (2x) f’(x) = 3 e3x-5 . dx
(3x-5)

= 2 cos 2x = e3x-5

d d
f’’(x) = -2 sin 2x. dx (2x) f’’(x) = e3x-5 . dx
(3x-5)

= -4 sin 2x = 3e3x-5

d d
f’’’(x) = -4 cos 2x. dx (2x) f’’’(x) = 3e3x-5 . dx
(3x-5)

= -8 cos 2x = 9e3x-5

EXERCISE 1.4

2
1. Find d y2 for each of the following equations:
dx

2x + 5
(a ) y = 2x 3 + 4 x 2 − 6 x + 3 (b) y=
x
(c ) y=
x
x+3
(d) (
y = (x + 2) 3 x 2 − 1 )
y = (2x + 1)
5
( e)

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 DUM20132 Date : ………………….

2. Find f ’’(x) for each of the following functions:

(a ) f (x ) = x 3 − 6 x 2 + 9 x + 2

f (x ) =
1
(b)
(3x + 4)
f (x ) = x 2 −
2
(c )
x
f (x ) =
2x
(d)
3x + 1
2
 1
( e) f (x ) = 2x +
 x 

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 DUM20132 Date : ………………….

d3 y
3. Find dx3 for each of the following equations:

a) y = 2x5 + 2x2 - 10

b) y = x2 (x2 + 5x)

c) y = 2 cos (x-7)

Answers: a)120x3, b)24x+30, c)2 sin(x-7)

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SUMMARY

In this topic we have studied the differentiation and solve problems involving rules of
differentiation. It can be concluded as shows in the figure below:

3. DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiation from Differentiation Differentiation

first principle of Trigonometric of Logarithmic
Functions Functions

Differentiation
of Polynomial
Function Techniques of
Differentiation

i)
i)
ii)

ii)
Differentiation of
Exponential Functions
iii)

i)

111