Proceedings of The e Conference On Ancie

Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea
Congressus internationales Smyrnenses XII
Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae

An international e-conference in honour of Dr Maurizio Buora
May 12-13, 2022 / Izmir, Turkey
Edited by
Ergün Laflı
Alev Çetingöz
Gülseren Kan Şahin
Özlem Oral Patacı
Hugo Thoen
Izmir 2022
Last update: 25 April 2022.

Number of words: 17,828.
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Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae. An international e-conference in honour of Dr Maurizio Buora,
May 12-13, 2022 / Izmir, Turkey, Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea - Congressus internationales
Smyrnenses XII.
Copyright © 2022 Ergün Laflı, Alev Çetingöz, Gülseren Kan Şahin, Özlem Oral Patacı and Hugo
Thoen (editors)
Main organizers of the e-conference: Alev Çetingöz, Gülseren Kan Şahin, Özlem Oral Patacı,
Sami Patacı and Hugo Thoen.
All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written permission from the editor.
ISBN: 978-625-00-0004-5.
Printed in Ada Printing House in Izmir, Turkey on 31 December 2022.

Address: Ada Baskı Merkezi, Adatepe Mah., Kıbrıs Cad. No. 45/A, Buca, TR-35330 Izmir,
Turkey.
Scientific referees: To be announced.
Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir).

Text corrections and revisions (in alphabetical order): Guy Labarre (Besançon), Petya
Ilieva (Sofia) and Hugo Thoen (Ghent / Deinze).
Papers, presented at the international video conference, entitled “Ancient Greek, Roman and
Byzantine fibulae. An international e-conference in honour of Dr Maurizio Buora,” in May 12-13,
2022 in Izmir, Turkey.
45 papers with 69 pages and numerous colourful figures. All papers and key words are in English.
21 x 29,7 cm; paperback; 40 gr. quality paper.
Frontispiece. A fibula from the private collection of Mr Koray Selçikler, Izmir, Turkey (photo E. Laflı, 2021).
Website: http: www.academia.edu/76258118
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Table of contents
Introduction, by Ergün Laflı…………………………………………………………………..…..6.
Dr Maurizio Buora and his contribution to the archaeology of fibulae, by Ergün Laflı ………………..…..9.
List of papers on fibulae by Dr Maurizio Buora…………………………………………………..…11.
Program of the international video conference…………………………………………………………14.
Papers……………………………………………………………………………………....18-59.
Kerstin Bauer, The fibulae from an Archaic sanctuary in Pheneos, Arcadia……………………..……..19.
Margherita Bolla and Nicoletta Martinelli, Ancient fibulae from the Collections of the Archaeological
Museum at the Roman Theatre of Verona…………………………………………………………..20.
Elena Bozhinova and Tsvetelina Slavkova, A Roman brooch workshop from Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv,
Bulgaria)........................................................................................................................................................21.
Sorin Ilie Cociș, Late Aucissa brooches (Bojović type 14, variations 1-3). Typology, distribution area, chronology
and fashion……………………………………………………………………………...………22.
Emre Erdan, Phrygian fibulae in the west: production, function, purpose and
symbolism……………………………………………………………………………...……….23.
Romana Erice Lacabe, The omega brooch with pendant from Caminreal (Teruel, Spain)………………. 24.
Maria Farmaki, Uses and symbols of the hairpins (acus) of the Roman period................................................25.
Christof Flügel and Martina Meyr, An emperor to take away: a new group of fibulae from the times of
Caracalla………………………………………………………………………………………26.
Elisabetta Gagetti, Crafting antiquity. Fibulae in Lawrence Alma-Tadema’s ‘Roman’

paintings…………...………………...…………………………………………………………27.
Gian Luca Gregori, Danilo Conforto, Marco Gataleta, Federico Mongelli and Chiara Ovoli,
Inscribed fibulae of Roman soldiers in a Sienese private collection………………………………………. 28.
Petya Ilieva, “Northern” Phrygian type fibulae from Aegean Thrace…………………………………...29.
Ergün Laflı, A new fibula from the Koray Selçik Collection in Izmir...............................................................30.
Ergün Laflı, (Turkey) ................................................................................................................................31.
Ergün Laflı and Alev Çetingöz, A new fibula from Ödemiş in the Upper Cayster Valley (western
Turkey)..........................................................................................................................................................31.
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Ergün Laflı, Alev Çetingöz, (Turkey) .....................................................................................................35.
Ergün Laflı and Gülseren Kan Şahin, Five fibulae in the Museum of Yozgat in eastern central
Anatolia........................................................................................................................................................32.
Ergün Laflı and Gülseren Kan Şahin, Two fibulae in the Museum of Kırşehir in central
Anatolia........................................................................................................................................................36.
Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, “The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence”. Conflict, diplomacy,
commerce and/or mobility as highlighted by the study of crossbow brooches (Zwiebelknopffibel) in the Barbaricum
north of the Lower Danube..............................................................................................................................37.
Angeliki Liveri, Ancient Greek gold fibulae for the afterlife…………………………………………...38.
Angeliki Liveri, The splendour of Byzantine mosaics in modern fibulae...........................................................39.
Josipa Mandić, Fibulae as status and gender markers in the grave goods of ancient Lucania between the fourth
and the third century B.C…………………………………………………………………………40.
Marco Muresu, The Byzantine fibulae of Sardinia………………………………………………….41.
Georgi Nekhrizov and Ivet Kirilova, Iron fibulae with bronze inlay from
Thrace…………………………….........................................................................................................42.
Tayla Newland, A new typological study of pre-Roman fibulae: regionality, ethnicity and ornamentation in ancient
southeast Italy………………………………………………………………………………........43.
Natalia Georgievna Novichenkova, Fibulae of Late Hellenistic and Roman periods from the sanctuary of
Gurzufskoe Sedlo in the Mountain Crimea.....................................................................................................44.
Radu Petcu, Fibulae from the fortified settlement of Ulmetum in Scythia.........................................................45.
Manolis Petrakis, Fibulae from the sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko............................................................46.
Tiberiu Potârniche, Aurel Mototolea, Simina Margareta Stanc and Maria Potârniche, Enameled
fibulae in the collection of the National Historical and Archaeological Museum of Constanța.............................47.
Paola Puppo, The fibulae of the seventh-eighth century A.D. in Piemonte: the case of the necropolis in S. Albano
Stura (Cuneo)…………………………………………………………………………………...48.
Csilla Sáró, Roman fibulae from the municipium of Brigetio (Pannonia)………………………………...49.
Miglena Stamberova and Petia Penkova, Determining the life-cycle of gold fibulae - mission
(im)possible?...................................................................................................................................................50.
Thomas Schierl, Who? How? What? Changing identities of brooches ……………………………....…51.
Alka Starac, Roman fibulae and a button from the Archaeological Museum of Istria,
Croatia………………………………………………………………………………………....53.
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Giovanni Di Stefano and Salvo Micciché, Figured buckles from Byzantine Sicily: some examples from Cava
d’Ispica and Chiaramonte Gulfi…………………………………………………………………....54.
Benyamin Storchan, A Roman shoe brooches from Israel……………………………………………55.
Nino Sulava, Caucasian two-piece arched fibulae and Urartian fibulae………………………………....56.
Nino Sulava, A Colchian fibula from Kurzu (western Georgia)……………………………………….57.
Marissa Tsiao, The development of fibulae in the Near East and their adoption by local
polities…………………………………………………………………………………………58.
Varbin Varbanov and Svetlana Todorova, Fibulae from the excavations on Sexaginta Prista site (Rousse,
Bulgaria)……………………………………………………………………………………….59.
Sabina Veseli, Selected Roman and Late Roman military fibulae from Albania. New insights of the presence of
the Roman army and inclusion of local population in the army…………………………………………..60.
Kaloyan Veselinov Pramatarov, The Roman fibulae in the Collection of the National Archaeological Institute
with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ……………………………………………...…...61.
Cesare Vita, Functions, symbols and ideologies: the fibulae in the funerary contexts of southern Italy between the
Archaic and Classical periods (late seventh-late fifth century B.C.)………………………………………62.
Mojca Vomer Gojkovič, Fibulae from Poetovio in northeastern Slovenia……………………………..63.
Observers..................................................................................………………......……….....….............64.
Members of the conference committees……………………..........………………......................................65.
List of the previous Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea…………………………...........…………..........66.
List of the previous Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Acta congressus communis omnium gentium
Smyrnae………………………………………………………………………………………67.
List of the Annual Awards of the Ancient Anatolian Studies …………………………........…………..68.
Announcement of the next “Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea” in May 2023, in Izmir………………..……..69.
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An introduction to fibula studies:
editorial remarks about the proceedings of the conference
Ergün Laflı
Professor Ergün Laflı (Izmir)
Çınarlı Mah., Ankara Asfaltı Cad., No. 7, Ege Perla A Kule, 21. Kat, Daire 82, Konak, TR-35110 Izmir, Turkey.
Phone: +90.539.577 07 33; e-mail: <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://deu.academia.edu/ErgunLAFLI/>.
Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018
A fibula is a brooch or pin for fastening garments, especially at the right shoulder. The fibulae
developed in a variety of shapes and are usually divided into families that are based upon historical
periods, geography, and/or cultures. They are also divided into classes that are based upon their
general forms. Fibulae were found in relatively large quantities in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
area, where they were in use and produced frequently between the Bronze Age and Medieval
periods. So far the study of these multifunctional objects has been overlooked in the Mediterranean
whereas there is still a huge amount of unpublished material from excavations and museums in an
area from Portugal down to Egypt.
Fibulae can be categorized based on different criteria, including genres of material, production,
use and distribution. The purpose of this video conference was to create an analytical framework
for understanding the fibulae in their social and material contexts. This conference considered in
depth the role played by fibulae – whose uses ranged from clothes pins to status symbols to military
badges of rank – in ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine societies. In recent decades, major
excavation projects have produced vast quantities of material data that have reshaped our
understanding of the fibulae, while also raising new questions about their use and production over
the long term. We focused on a study of brooches in general and fibulae in particular. Along the
way we looked at the intersection between material culture and ethnicity, dealing with the
contentious issue of how much that a people’s material culture can tell us about their ethnicity –
or not! In this online conference we only focused on Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae from
the Mediterranean and Black Sea area between c. early sixth century B.C. and early seventh century
A.D., and attempted to set out a comprehensive model for the study of fibulae, including their
definition, typology, chronology, contexts, function, regional characteristics and distribution
patterns in the whole Mediterranean and Black Sea geographies.
This conference on ancient material culture and instrumenta is dedicated to the 75th birthday of
Dr Maurizio Buora, the former director of the Civici Musei Castello di Udine in Italy and an
international authority on fibulae.
We warmly welcomed submissions from junior and senior scholars, including advanced graduate
students and postdoctoral scholars from a variety of disciplines related to these objects. We
intended to bring together researchers who can present new syntheses of archaeological data and
enter into dialogue with scholars working on the same material subsets. The organizers accepted
papers that offer methodological, theoretical or analytical approaches to material datasets.
Intended to bring together scholars of Greek, Roman and Byzantine archaeology to discuss a range
of issues concerning these instruments’ characteristics, this electronic conference was an excellent
opportunity to increase our knowledge about this material. Such papers that engage the following
themes and topics are invited:
- Fibulae from archaeological field projects (especially well-dated finds), museums and private
collections,
- Identification of different kinds of fibulae,
- Ancient Greek and Latin textual sources on fibulae,
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- Evolution of fibulae in the Mediterranean and Black Sea area during the Etruscan, Lydian,
Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods,
- The construction of fibula taxonomies,
- Similar instrumenta in the ancient Near East and their relations to ancient Graeco-Roman fibulae,
- The nature of different types of surviving material culture,
- What ancient Greeks and Romans thought about afterlife? Fibulae in funerary and votive
contexts,
- Comparative studies and issues related to the adoption of Greek and/or Roman fibula models
in indigenous contexts: fibulae as major indicators of the relationship between these two
communities (indigenous and Greek or Roman),
- Fibula as an indicator of rank and prestige in the ancient world,
- Domestic and commercial use of fibulae,
- Early Christian fibulae,
- Byzantine fibulae,
- Post-Byzantine or modern replicas of Classical fibulae,
- Eastern fibulae in the ancient western world,
- Major production centres of fibulae in the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea area,
- Related instrumenta to fibulae in the regards of their function,
- Documentation and analysis of fibulae,
- The creation of a fully annotated and organized corpus,
- Publication of fibulae in the Mediterranean in possible corpara,
- Miscellanea.
This video conference took place on May 12-13, 2022 in Izmir, Turkey. All the lectures and
discussions in our e-conference were in English, and were recorded for later viewing on YouTube
for participants who were unable to attend the live performance. The YouTube links of the e-
conference can be found on p. 17 below. The symposium was first announced in May 2021 (fig.
1). Between October 2021 and January 2022 there were more than 45 paper applications from 16
countries, including – in alphabetical order – Albania, Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France,
Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Russia, Slovenia, Spain and Turkey, 45 of which
were accepted as a lecture to be presented at our symposium (fig. 2). Thematically papers were
divided into 11 sessions, dealing with different aspects of Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae (cf.
the program below). This book was arranged mainly in April 2022 where papers were placed in
alphabetical order by author names. It was constantly being updated in its online version on our
Academia account. Revised papers will be published in a peer-reviewed proceedings volume.
Several international archaeological meetings under the series of Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea,
Congressus internationales Smyrnenses were organized in Izmir and after this current meeting these
annual meetings will be organized in electronic form regularly every third week of May (for a list
of past meetings and their publications in the series of Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Acta congressus
communis omnium gentium Smyrnae, please cf. at the end of this book). Annoucement for our 2023 e-
conference is also to be found at the end of this book as well.
I would like to thank following colleagues for preparation of this book (in an alphabetic order):
Dr Maurizio Buora (Udine), Ms Alev Çetingöz (Izmir), Dr Petya Ilieva (Sofia) and Professor Guy
Labarre (Besançon), Dr Sami Patacı (Ardahan) and Professor Hugo Thoen (Ghent / Deinze).
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Fig. 1: Poster of the fibulae video conference (by E. Laflı, 2021).
Fig. 2: Map of the sites presented at the video conference on Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae
(by S. Patacı, 2022).
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Dr Maurizio Buora and his contribution to the archaeology of fibulae
Ergün Laflı
Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018
Maurizio Buora studied at the universities of Padua and Würzburg (Germany), and attended the
specialization schools in philosophy, ancient history and archaeology at the same University of
Padua. He dealt with archaeological material from the Roman era at the Archaeological Museum
of Aquileia and then served in various museums, in Aquileia and Udine, of which he was also
director, until April 2009.
He has organized numerous exhibitions, in Italy and abroad (Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Hungary
and Germany), cultural meetings, conferences and exchanges with foreign organizations, especially
from the Balkan area. In the early nineties he started an important series of collaborations with
Albanian institutions.
He directed the series “Cataloghi e monografie archeologiche dei Civici Musei di Udine” for
L’Erma di Bretschneider and, in Friuli Venezia Giulia, the review “Aquileia nostra”. He currently
directs the series “Archeologia di frontiera”, the reviews “Quaderni friulani di archeologia” and
the “Bolletino della Società friulana di archeologia” of which he is president. He is a member of
the scientific committee of some journals, in Italy “Archeologia medievale”, in Croatia “Asseria”,
in Romania “Peuce”. He has over seven hundred publications to his credit including monographs,
miscellaneous, scientific contributions in Italian and foreign journals.
It has given particular increase to the cataloguing and publication of some classes of material,
among which the Roman stamped bricks, the Roman amphorae, the (Roman) fibulae, the glass,
the medieval ceramics: in these activities it has involved colleagues from other institutions, both
Italian and foreign, belonging to various museums and universities.
He is a member of the German Archaeological Institute. He occasionally holds courses, lectures
and seminars in Udine and other universities.
He has directed numerous planned and emergency excavations in Friuli, especially regarding the
Roman and medieval ages.
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Fig. 1: Dr Maurizio Buora in Aquileia in early 2022 (photo by xxx).
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List of papers on fibulae by Dr Maurizio Buora
1985. Fibule da Aquileia della collezione di Toppo dei Civici Musei di Udine. Memorie storiche
forogiuliesi 65: 11–22.
In collaboration with Candussio, A. and S. Demetz 1990. Fibule “ad arpa” o del tipo Almgren 65.
Aquileia nostra 61: 77–94.
In collaboration with Candussio, A. 1990. Fibule tipo Jobst 13 B nel Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
Arheološki vestnik 41: 177–182.
In collaboration with Candussio, A. and P.M. Pröttel 1990. Spätantike Scharnierfibeln aus der
Region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Germania 68: 612–627.
1991. Le fibule in Friuli tra La Tène e romanizzazione. Antichità altoadriatiche 37: 123–155.
1992. Fibule del tipo Nova Vas dal territorio di Aquileia. Aquileia nostra 63: 53–60.
1992. Note of the Diffusion of Swastika Fibulae with Horse-head Decoration in the Late Roman
Period. Arheološki vestnik 43: 105–110.
1994. Fibel germanischen Ursprungs in Archaeol. Museum Aquileia. Germania 72/2: 607–611.
1994. I rapporti tra arco alpino orientale, Pannonia e le province del medio Danubio attraverso lo
studio delle fibule, in AA. VV., La Pannonia e l’impero romano, Annuario dell’Accademia d’Ungheria:
193–209. Milan.
1997. Nuovi studi sulle fibule romane (1986 - 1995). Journal of Roman Archaeology 10: 166–180.
1997. Zwiebelknoppffibeln del tipo Keller 6 da Aquileia. Arheološki vestnik 48: 247–260.
1999. Osservazioni sulle fibule del tipo Alesia e Jezerine. Un esempio di contatti commerciali e
culturali tra l’età di Cesare e quella di Augusto nell’arco alpino orientale. Aquileia nostra 70: 105–
144.
2000. Fibule del tipo “ad ancora” nell’Italia nordorientale. Quaderni friulani di archeologia 10: 93–96.
2000. Fibule dal territorio del comune di Lestizza, in T. Cividini (ed.) Presenze romane nel territorio del
medio Friuli, 7: 187–192. Tavagnacco.
2002. Fibel germanischer Ursprungs in Oberitalien, in 100 Jahre Fibelformen nach Oscar Almgren.
(Internationale Arbeitstagung 25.-28. Mai 1997 in Kleinmachow, Land Brandenburg), Forschungen zur
Archäologie im Land Brandenburg, 5: 369–374. Wünsdorf 1998 [but 2002].
2002. Osservazioni statistiche sulle”Zwiebelknopffibeln”con particolare riferimento ad Aquileia e

a Spalato. Quaderni friulani di archeologia 12: 89–114.
2002. Le fibule “fortemente profilate” in Friuli. Alcune considerazioni. Antichità altoadriatiche 51:
457–480.
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2002. Kräftig profilierte Fibeln aus Friaul (östliches Oberitalien), in K. Kuzmovà, K. Pieta and J.
Rajtàr (eds.) Zwischen Rom und dem Barbaricum, Festschrift f. T. Kolnìk zum 70. Geburtstag: 65–71. Nitra.
2003. Una nuova fibula del tipo Keller 6 dalla necropoli di San Cristoforo a Padula (Salerno) e il
problema della diffusione. Apollo. Bollettino dei Musei provinciali del Salernitano 19: 24–28.
2004. Fibule a ginocchio dal Friuli Venezia Giulia. Aquileia nostra 74: 497–550.
2004. Fibule di tipo Langton Down nell’Italia settentrionale, nell’arco alpino e nella penisola
balcanica. Quaderni friulani di archeologia 14: 69–72.
2004. Sui rapporti tra Basso Danubio e alto Adriatico sulla base dello studio delle fibule. in Orbis
antiquus. Studia in honorem Ioannis Pisonis: 191–210. Cluj-Napoca.
2005. Osservazioni sulle fibule del tipo Alesia nell’arco alpino orientale e nell’alto Adriatico. Vjesnik
za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku 87-89: 79–88.
2005. Nota sulla diffusione delle fibule a svastica con terminazioni a testa di cavallo. Quaderni friulani
di archeologia 15: 117–122.
2005. Osservazioni sulle fibule del tipo a svastica, in Corona laurea. Studii in onoarea Luciei Teposu
Marinescu: 119–125. Bucarest.
In collaboration with S. Seidel 2008. Fibule antiche del Friuli e ivi Diffusione delle fibule del tipo Aucissa
nell’area altoadriatica: 31–32. Rome.
Fibule ad arco liscio (“Fibeln mit glatten Bügel”) o “einfache gallische Fibeln”, ibid., 46–47.
Fibule romboidali, ibid., 47.
Fibula con chiave ad arco di basso, ibid., 49.
Fibule con decorazione a smalto, ibid., 50
Fibule a forma di animali, ibid., 51–53.
Fibule a pinzetta o “Zangenfibeln”, ibid., 54.
2008. Le fibule, in Sevegliano romana, crocevia commerciale tra Celti e Longobardi: 215–221.Trieste.
In collaboration with E. Laflı 2008. Fibule della Cilicia. Rivista di archeologia 30: 37–46.
2008. Nove fibule i metalni ukrasi iz Aserije / New fibulae and metal ornaments from Asseria.
Asseria 6: 51–66.
2010. Nuove fibule dal museo di San Vito al Tagliamento, in S.Vit al Tilimint, numero unico per il
congresso della Società filologia friulana: 473–486. Udine.
In collaboration with R. Invernizzi 2012. Due fibule con iscrizione Munati dalla provincia di Pavia
(Italia). Instrumentum 35: 14–15.
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In collaboration with G. Nutu 2012. Halmyris brooch: a new fibula similar to Iturissa type.
Instrumentum 35: 15-16.
ZkF des Typs Keller 6: Verbreitung und status quaestionis, Proceedings of the workshop in Innsbruck.
In collaboration with E. Laflı 2012. Fibulae in the Museum of Ödemiş (Western Turkey) with four
appendices, Archiv orientální 80, 2012/3, 417-434.
2014. Due nuovi volumi tedeschi sulle fibule. Journal of Roman Archaeology 27: 726–730.
2014. Transpadani in Sardinia. Due nuove fibule del tipo Nauheim dalla Sardegna. Quaderni friulani
di archeologia 14: 15–18.
In collaboration with C. Chiriac and G. Nutu 2014. Fibule con decorazione a smalto dalla Moesia
inferior nordorientale. Quaderni friulani di archeologia 24: 41–60.
In collaboration with A. Facella 2016. Tre note su fibule romane in Italia. Instrumentum 44: 8–13.
In collaboration with E. Laflı 2018. Five Roman fibulae in the museum of Kahramanmaraş in
southeastern Turkey Some fibulae from Edessa. Folia orientalia 55: 395–410.
In collaboration with E. Laflı 2019. Iron Age Fibulae in the Museum of Şanlıurfa. Folia Orientalia
56: 393–399.
2019. in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia and neighbouring regions.
2020. Militari e civili: raffigurazioni di portatori di “Zwiebelknopffibeln” in Aquileia, in M. Cadario

and S. Magnani (eds.) Presenze militari in Italia settentrionale. La documentazione iconografica ed epigrafica:
139–149. Bologna.
2020. I rinvenimenti di “Zwiebelknopffibeln” nella penisola italiana, in M. Cadario and S. Magnani

(eds.) Presenze militari in Italia settentrionale. La documentazione iconografica ed epigrafica: 151–163.
Bologna.
13

Program of the international video conference
PROGRAM / PROGRAMME
Please note that appointed times given on the timetable of the conference program are arranged according to the
Athens-Izmir time zone which is one hour ahead of Central European Time (CET).
Veuillez noter que les heures indiquées correspondent au fuseau horaire Athènes-Izmir, + 1heure par rapport au fuseau horaire de l’Europe
Centrale (CET).
Web links to join to the live meeting at Zoom

/ Liens Web pour rejoindre la réunion à distance sur Zoom:
First day of the e-conference - May 12, 2022, at 09:00 am Istanbul

/ Premier jour de la conférence à distance - 12 mai 2022, à 09 h 00:
To be announced / à préciser.
Meeting ID / ID de conférence: To be announced / à préciser.
Password / Mot de passe: conference
Second day of the e-conference - May 13, 2022, at 09:00 am Istanbul

/ Deuxième jour de la conférence à distance - 13 mai 2022, à 09 h 00:
Meeting ID / ID de conférence: To be announced / à préciser.
Password / Mot de passe: conference
May 12 / 12 mai
9 h 30 Sami Patacı (University of Ardahan, Turkey)

Introduction: technical information about the symposium.
9 h 45 Gülseren Kan Şahin (University of Sinop, Turkey)
Dr Maurizio Buora and his contribution to the archaeology of fibulae.
10 h 00 – 12 h 00: Session 1 – Chairman / Présidence:

Opening lecture / Conférence d’ouverture:
10 h 00 Sorin Ilie Cociș (Academia Română, Cluj-Napoca, Romania)

Late Aucissa brooches (Bojović type 14, variations 1-3). Typology, distribution area, chronology and fashion.
10 h 15 – 12 h 00: Session 2 – Chairman / Présidence: Olivier Mariaud (Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères,
France)
Near Eastern and Early Greek fibulae / Fibules du Proche-Orient et de la Grèce antique
10 h 15 Marissa Tsiao (Tel Aviv University, Israel)

The development of fibulae in the Near East and their adoption by local polities.
10 h 30 Kerstin Bauer (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria)
The fibulae from an Archaic sanctuary in Pheneos, Arcadia.
10 h 45 Manolis Petrakis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)
Fibulae from the sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko.
11 h 00 Angeliki Liveri (Athens, Greece)
Ancient Greek gold fibulae for the afterlife.
11 h 15 Emre Erdan (Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey)
Phrygian fibulae in the west: production, function, purpose and symbolism.
11 h 30 Petya Ilieva (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia)
“Northern” Phrygian type fibulae from Aegean Thrace.
11 h 45 Discussion.
12 h 00 – 12 h 30: Lunch break / Pause déjeuner.

Caucasian and Thracian fibulae / Fibules caucasiennes et thraces
14

12 h 30 Nino Sulava (Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi)
Caucasian two-piece arched fibulae and Urartian fibulae.
12 h 45 Georgi Nekhrizov (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Ivet Kirilova (Sofia University
“St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria)
Iron fibulae with bronze inlay from Thrace.
13 h 00 Nino Sulava (Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi)
A Colchian fibula from Kurzu (western Georgia).
13 h 15 Discussion.
13 h 30 – 13 h 45: Break / Pause.

Pre-Roman fibulae in Italy /Fibules pré-romaines en Italie
13 h 45 Cesare Vita (Université Rennes 2, France)

Functions, symbols and ideologies: the fibulae in the funerary contexts of southern Italy between the Archaic
and Classical periods (late seventh-late fifth century B.C.).
14 h 00 Tayla Newland (The University of Sydney, Australia)
A new typological study of pre-Roman fibulae: regionality, ethnicity and ornamentation in ancient southeast
Italy.
14 h 15 Josipa Mandić (Université Rennes 2, France)
Fibulae as status and gender markers in the grave goods of ancient Lucania between the fourth and the third
century B.C.
14 h 30 Discussion.
14 h 45 – 15 h 00: Break / Pause.
15 h 00 – 16 h 45: Session 5 – Chairman / Présidence: Ralph W. Mathisen (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
IL, USA)
Roman fibulae in Italy, Spain and Germany /Fibules romaines en Italie, Espagne et Allemagne
15 h 00 Margherita Bolla and Nicoletta Martinelli (both Musei Civici di Verona, Italy)
Ancient fibulae from the Collections of the Archaeological Museum at the Roman Theatre of Verona.
15 h 15 Gian Luca Gregori (Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy), Danilo Conforto, Marco Gataleta, Federico Mongelli and Chiara
Ovoli
Inscribed fibulae of Roman soldiers in a Sienese private collection
15 h 30 Maria Farmaki (Ephorate of Antiquities of Kilkis, Greece)
Uses and symbols of the hairpins (acus) of the Roman period.
15 h 45 Romana Erice Lacabe (Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, Spain)
The omega brooch with pendant from Caminreal (Teruel, Spain).
16 h 00 Christof Flügel (Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich, Germany) and Martina Meyr
(Dominikanermuseum, Rottweil, Germany)
An emperor to take away: a new group of fibulae from the times of Caracalla.
16 h 15 Thomas Schierl (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany)
Who? How? What? Changing identities of brooches.
16 h 30 Discussion.
16 h 45 – 17 h 00: Break / Pause.
17 h 00 – 19 h 00: Session 6 – Chairman / Présidence: Charlotte Bell (University of Liverpool, UK)

Roman fibulae in eastern and southeastern Europe / Fibules romaines en Europe de l'Est et du Sud-Est
17 h 00 Mojca Vomer Gojkovič (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj – Ormož, Slovenia)

Fibulae from Poetovio in northeastern Slovenia.
17 h 15 Alka Starac (Arheološki muzej Istre, Pula, Croatia)
Roman fibulae and a button from the Archaeological Museum of Istria, Croatia.
17 h 30 Sabina Veseli (Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Tirana)
Selected Roman and Late Roman military fibulae from Albania. New insights of the presence of the Roman
army and inclusion of local population in the army.
17 h 45 Csilla Sáró (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest, Hungary)
Roman fibulae from the municipium of Brigetio (Pannonia).
18 h 00 Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu (Academia Română, Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
15

“The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence”. Conflict, diplomacy, commerce and/or mobility
as highlighted by the study of crossbow brooches (Zwiebelknopffibel) in the Barbaricum north of the Lower
Danube.
18 h 15 Tiberiu Potârniche, Aurel Mototolea (both from the Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie, Constanța, Romania),
Simina Margareta Stanc (Universitatea “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași, Romania) and Maria Potârniche (Constanța,
Romania)
Enameled fibulae in the collection of the National History and Archaeology Museum of Constanța.
18 h 30 Radu Petcu (Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța, Romania)
Fibulae from the fortified settlement of Ulmetum in Scythia.
18 h 45 Discussion.
19 h 00 Closing / Clôture.
May 13 / 13 mai

Roman fibulae in eastern Europe, in southeastern Europe and in the Near East / Fibules romaines en
Europe de l'Est, en Europe du Sud-Est et au Proche-Orient
10 h 00 Elena Bozhinova (Regional Historical Museum of Plovdiv, Bulgaria) and Tsvetelina Slavkova (Archaeological Museum
“Prof. Mieczysław Domaradzki”, Septemvri, Bulgaria)
A Roman brooch workshop from Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria).
10 h 15 Varbin Varbanov and Svetlana Todorova (both from the Rousse Regional Historical Museum, Bulgaria)
Fibulae from the excavations on Sexaginta Prista site (Rousse, Bulgaria).
10 h 30 Kaloyan Veselinov Pramatarov (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria)
The Roman fibulae in the Collection of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences.
10 h 45 Natalia Georgievna Novichenkova (Yalta State Historical and Literary Museum)
Fibulae of Late Hellenistic and Roman periods from the sanctuary of Gurzufskoe Sedlo in the Mountain
Crimea.
11 h 00 Benyamin Storchan (Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem)
A Roman shoe brooches from Israel.
11 h 15 Discussion.
11 h 30 – 12 h 30: Lunch break / Pause déjeuner.
12 h 30 – 13 h 45: Session 8 – Chairman / Présidence: Raffaella Pierobon (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy)
Byzantine fibulae / Fibules byzantines
12 h 30 Paola Puppo (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, Genova, Italy)

The fibulae of the seventh-eighth century A.D. in Piemonte: the case of the necropolis in S. Albano Stura
(Cuneo).
12 h 45 Giovanni Di Stefano (Università della Calabria / Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy) and Salvo Micciché (Società
Ragusana di Storia Patria, Italy)
Figured buckles from Byzantine Sicily: some examples from Cava d’Ispica and Chiaramonte Gulfi.
13 h 00 Marco Muresu (Lancaster University, UK / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy)
The Byzantine fibulae of Sardinia.
13 h 15 Angeliki Liveri (Athens, Greece)
The splendour of Byzantine mosaics in modern fibulae.
13 h 30 Discussion.
13 h 45 – 14 h 00: Break / Pause.

Archaeometry of fibulae /Archéométrie des fibules
14 h 00 Miglena Stamberova and Petia Penkova (both National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria)
Determining the life-cycle of gold fibulae - mission (im)possible?
14 h 15 Discussion.
14 h 30 – 14 h 45: Break / Pause.
16

Modern reception of fibulae /Réception moderne des fibules
14 h 45 Elisabetta Gagetti (Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy)

Crafting antiquity. Fibulae in Lawrence Alma-Tadema’s ‘Roman’ paintings.
15 h 00 Discussion.
15 h 15 – 15 h 30: Break / Pause.

Turkish contribution to the archaeology of fibulae / Contribution turque à l'archéologie des fibules
15 h 30 Ergün Laflı (Izmir, Turkey) and Gülseren Kan Şahin (University of Sinop, Turkey)
Five fibulae in the Museum of Yozgat in eastern central Anatolia.
15 h 35 Ergün Laflı (Izmir, Turkey) and Gülseren Kan Şahin (University of Sinop, Turkey)
Two fibulae in the Museum of Kırşehir in central Anatolia.
15 h 40 Ergün Laflı and Alev Çetingöz (both from Izmir, Turkey)
A new fibula from Ödemiş in the Upper Cayster Valley (western Turkey).
15 h 45 Ergün Laflı (Izmir, Turkey)
A new fibula from the Koray Selçik Collection in Izmir.
16 h 05 Ergün Laflı and Alev Çetingöz (both from Izmir, Turkey)
16 h 10 Discussion.
16 h 30 Closing / Clôture.
Records of the e-conference in YouTube

/ Enregistrements de la conférence à distance sur YouTube
17

Papers
(in alphabetical order)
18

The fibulae from an Archaic sanctuary in Pheneos, Arcadia
Kerstin Bauer
Ms Kerstin Bauer (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria)

Institut für Antike, Fachbereich Archäologie, Universitätsplatz 3/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
Phone: +43.699.012 096 631.
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Websites: <https://kfunigraz.academia.edu/KerstinBauer>,
<https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kerstin-Bauer-5>.
The excavations in Pheneos in northern Arcadia, conducted between 2011 and 2015 by the
Institute of Classics, University of Graz, in cooperation with the EfA Korinthias, yielded a number
of fibulae and pins from an Archaic–Early Classical sanctuary of a female deity. Among these, a
group of spectacle fibulae made out of bone is notable (fig. 1).
In my presentation, I would like to give an overview of the Pheneatic fibulae, and especially discuss
the spectacle fibulae, their decoration, chronology and distribution across the Peloponnese.
Keywords: sanctuary finds, chronology, Pheneos, Arcadia, Greece, Archaic period.
Fig. 1: A bone fibula from an Archaic sanctuary in Pheneos, Arcadia, Greece

(image credit Paul Bayer; copyright holder Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria).
19

Ancient fibulae from the collections
of the Archaeological Museum at the Roman Theatre of Verona
Margherita Bolla and Nicoletta Martinelli
Dr Margherita Bolla and Dr Nicoletta Martinelli (both Musei Civici di Verona, Italy)
Musei Civici di Verona, Museo Archeologico al Teatro Romano (MATR),
Regaste Redentore 2, I-37129 Verona, Italy.
Phone: +39.335.756 93 26;
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>.
Websites: <https://independent.academia.edu/MargheritaBolla>;
<https://independent.academia.edu/MartinelliNicoletta>
About 250 ancient fibulae are kept in the Archaeological Museum of the Roman Theatre in Verona
(MATR); only few of them have been published.
After a brief survey of the history of the collections and of the problematic findspot’s knowledge,
some groups of these fibulae will be presented, specially the pre-Roman brooches and some
Roman fibulae.
The protohistoric fibulae are dated to the Iron Age, mainly to a period from the seventh century
to the fifth century B.C., but this collection includes also a few La Tène items, dated to the second-
first centuries B.C.
As a whole, almost all the fibulae are made of copper alloy, except a Late Republican iron brooch
and two silver items; a group of antler carved segments, insets from pre-Roman fibulae, is attested
too.
Keywords: museum studies, Roman theatre, Verona, Italy, Iron Age, La Tène, Roman Republican
period.
20

A Roman brooch workshop from Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria)
Elena Bozhinova and Tsvetelina Slavkova

Dr Elena Bozhinova (Regional Historical Museum of Plovdiv, Bulgaria)
Регионален исторически музей Пловдив, 1, пл. “Съединение”, BG-4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Phone: +359.878.168 244; e-mail: <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaBozhinova>.
Dr Tsvetelina Slavkova (Archaeological Museum “Prof. Mieczysław Domaradzki”, Septemvri, Bulgaria)

Археологически музей „Проф. Мечислав Домарадски”, гр. Септември, бул. “България”,
BG-4490 Septemvri, Bulgaria.
A brooch workshop for strongly profiled brooches was discovered in ancient city of Philippopolis
(the modern city of Plovdiv, Bulgaria). The site is situated 100 m south-west from the Eastern city
gate. The workshop was located in building with a rectangular plan and stone and mud bricks
walls. Inside the room three furnaces for bronze melting, worktop and small stone anvil were
indentified. In a large pit situated in the southeastern part of the room, about 1500 fragments of
clay moulds and 150 fragments of melting pots were uncovered. The brooch manufacturing dates
to the late first –early second century. The brooch workshop excavated in Philippopolis is the only
one found in the city and the only one in the territory of Bulgaria dated to the Roman period and
provides important information about organization of brooch manufacturing.
Keywords: brooch, workshop, production, Philippopolis, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, Roman period.
21

Late Aucissa brooches (Bojović type 14, variations 1-3).
Typology, distribution area, chronology and fashion
Sorin Ilie Cociș
Dr Sorin Ilie Cociș (Academia Română, Cluj-Napoca, Romania)

Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei,
M. Kogălniceanu 12-14, RO-40084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
E-mail: <[email protected]>.
The closing mechanism of this type of brooches is hinged. The head is rectangular, occasionally
provided with two concave extremities. The arched body, commonly triangular in cross section,
exhibits a midway rib, while by the base, a protuberance represented by three incisions. Among
ornaments, sometimes emerge zigzag lines. The foot is short and ends in a stepped knob. The
catchplate is either trapezoid or rectangular and vertical. These brooches are two-piece, their sizes
varying between 6.5 and 3.5 cm. Chronologically, they were dated between the second half of the
second century–early fourth century A.D.
Brooches of the type were firstly classified by I. Kovrig in 1937. Discussion related to this brooch
type is resumed in 1983 by D. Bojović, who, based on exemplars from Singidunum draws up a first
typology (type 14, variations 1-3). In 1996, D. Grbić re-discusses the brooches on the basis of the
specimens identified in the limes area between Dacia and Moesia superior (type II, variations I-
III). In the following decades, the publishing of brooch corpusses addressing examples discovered
in certain Danubian provinces (Dacia, Moesia inferior and Moesia superior ) revived the analysis
of the typology and chronology of late Aucissa brooches (Cociș 2004, types 14d1-d3; Genčeva
2004, types 15c-d; S. Petković 2010, type 11, variations A-C.
Since in most recent years, latest finds and even a workshop have been published, we believe that
this brooch type requires an updated examination.
Keywords: Late Aucissa brooches, Bojović type 14, typology, distribution area, chronology,
fashion, Roman period.
22

Phrygian fibulae in the west: production, function, purpose and symbolism
Emre Erdan
Dr Emre Erdan (Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey)
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Oda No. 129, Aytepe, Efeler,
TR-09100 Aydın, Turkey.
Phone: +90.554.204 49 69; e-mails: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://adnanmenderes.academia.edu/EmreErdan>.
As it is known, Phrygian fibulae started to be produced from the middle of the ninth century B.C.
Extensive examples of this type of fibulae are known through the royal necropolis of Gordion
(figs. 1-2). The object in question, which is especially identified with the Phrygians, has become
emphasized as an identity card in the sculptures and reliefs in which the Phrygians are depicted.
Phrygian fibulae began to appear in the West in the eighth century BC. However, there has been
a significant change in the use of these fibulae in this region. In this region, fibulae usually were
dedicated to temples rather than objects of daily use. Phrygian fibulae, which are also depicted on
early and rare Western Anatolian coins, suggest that these object has a deeper meaning in
symbolism. However, new finds obtained in recent years suggest that Phrygian fibulae may have
been produced in a much wider geography than previously thought. This study aims to understand
why Phrygian fibulae are so popularly produced and used in the Western world, and to present a
hypothetical approach to the changing purpose of use in the Western world.
Keywords: Phrygian fibulae, trade, distribution, production, function, purpose, symbolism,

Phrygia, ancient Western world, Iron Age.
1 2
Figs 1-2: Examples of Phrygian fibulae.
23

The omega brooch with pendant from Caminreal (Teruel, Spain)
Romana Erice Lacabe

Dr Romana Erice Lacabe (Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, Spain)
Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, Servicio de Cultura, Sección de Museos, Torrenueva 25, ES-50003 Zaragoza, Spain.
Phone: +34.639.408 507.
Website: <https://independent.academia.edu/RomanaEriceLacabe>.
The fibula presented at this conference is of the omega type and comes from a site in the north of
Hispania, Caminreal (Teruel) (figs 1-2). This Celtiberian city was destroyed during the so-called
“Sertorian Wars”, which pitted the armies of the rebel Sertorius against the troops sent by the
Roman Senate (first century B.C.) The fibula has the singularity of being accompanied and
completed with a pendant, which has a similar diameter to that of the fibula itself. This unusual
ornament, which is neither common nor frequent, also serves the purpose of securing it in place.
Keywords: omega brooch, pendant, military equipment, Caminreal, Truel, Spain, Roman
Republican period.
1 2
Figs 1-2: The brooch from Caminreal (Spain). © Museo de Teruel, photographic archive § 31565.
24

Uses and symbols of the hairpins (acus) of the Roman period
Maria Farmaki
Dr Maria Farmaki (Ephorate of Antiquities of Kilkis, Greece)
Ephorate of Antiquities of Kilkis, Ουτσκούνη και Ρεγκούκου, GR-61100 Kilkis, Greece.
Until the fifth century B.C. the use of hairpins (acus) was exclusively associated with fastening of
clothes. Gradually, this function declines and in the Roman period they are identified almost
exclusively with the attachment of hair to complex hairstyles and their use in striking hairstyles.
Given and possibly primary and main, their functional and practical role, they are certainly a basic
or complementary element in the headdress while at the same time the sources indicate other
equally functional uses, which are dictated mainly by the shape.
But in addition to their usability, sometimes coexists a decorative role that reflects the general
desire of man to embellish his appearance, an element that is enhanced by their material and
morphology.
In this context, the raw material, the weight of the metal and the time required for the technical
work, function as symbols of wealth and indicate not only the social position and identity of their
owner but also its power, economic status and to a degree and the hierarchical structure of society.
The cosmetic use of the pins, when it exists, since most of the time they visibly supported the
hairstyle, certainly served as a criterion for the economic and social position of their owners.
However, by proposing only the functional and in the case of the hairpins, their less expected
aesthetic value and connecting it with the mainly female coquettishness, their function in the
context of religious or ideological beliefs is probably degraded.
Their symbolic function, which is associated with religious, metaphysical and worship concepts, is
defined both by the material and mainly by the symbols that depict and derive from the form, the
shape and the theme they represent. After all, the semiology of jewelry in antiquity was more
intense and perhaps more recognizable than today, as they were rendered in symbolic shapes or
had symbolic representations. Their use is certainly a conscious choice and therefore can be
correlated with the individual and socially established perceptions of their owners.
Keywords: hairpins, symbols, meaning, interpretation, religion, ideology, Roman period.
25

An emperor to take away: a new group of fibulae from the times of Caracalla
Christof Flügel and Martina Meyr
Dr Christof Flügel (Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Munich, Germany)

Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Landesstelle für die nichtstaatlichen Museen in Bayern,
Archäologische Museen, Alter Hof 2, D-80331 Munich, Germany.
Phone: +49.89.210 140 26.
Mrs Martina Meyr (Dominikanermuseum, Rottweil, Germany)

Dominikanermuseum, Kriegsdamm 4, D-78628 Rottweil, Germany.
This paper discusses a small group of gilded silver fibulae either showing a portrait of Caracalla in
a laurel wreath or presenting a close iconological connection to this emperor. Most of the fibulae
come from private collections (fig. 1). On the basis of the portrait, the group can be dated very
closely between A.D. 211 and 217, which makes them the most precisely dated fibulae hitherto
known. It may be that they were made in the Roman East and distributed to soldiers to reflect
their loyalty, which fits well into the general picture of personalized military items showing
connections to this emperor.
Keywords: gilded silver fibulae, military equipment, iconography of Caracalla, Roman imperial
portraiture, Roman East, Roman period.
Fig. 1: A Caracalla fibula from a private collection in Munich.
26

Crafting antiquity.
Fibulae in Lawrence Alma-Tadema’s “Roman” paintings
Elisabetta Gagetti
Dr Elisabetta Gagetti (Monza, Italy)
Via P. R. Giuliani, 10, I-20900 Monza (MB), Italy.
Phone: +39.347.266 16 41.
Websites: <https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/ElisabettaGagetti>,
<https://www.unimi.it/it/ugov/person/elisabetta-gagetti>.
The great success of the well-known Victorian painter Lawrence Alma-Tadema (Dronryp, 8
January 1836 – Wiesbaden, 25 June 1912) is mainly due to his paintings set in Antiquity. He
depicted Egyptian, Greek, Early Mediaeval and, above all, Roman subjects, which are masterpieces
of scrupulous ‘archaeological’ research (fig. 1). A substantial turning point in his career is around
1863, when he visited the ruins of Pompeii. This experience was a real brainwave that thoroughly
affected all his subsequent production, characterised by an amazing attention to antiquarian details,
ranging from architecture to interior decoration, from furnishing to objects of daily use, from
clothing to jewellery.
Pieces of jewellery and fibulae—as luxury clothing complements—appear, on the whole, in more
than thirty paintings among those set in the Roman period, faithfully copied from both
photographs and real objects, which Alma-Tadema admired in collections and museums, mostly
in Naples and London. The accuracy in the rendering of the different classes of jewellery (earrings,
necklaces, body chains, arm- and ankle-rings, finger-rings) and of fibulae is surprising. Moreover,
Alma-Tadema’s Roman ladies wear their jewels in the correct way, as the painter could count on
several, different ancient figural sources, such as frescoes, sculptures and the sensational Roman
mummy portraits from the Fayyum discovered by Flinders Petrie at Hawara in 1887.
Fibulae, yet, show series of interesting mistakes in chronological correctness, attributions to the
gender of wearers, positioning on the body. All this offers a little case-study on Alma-Tadema’s
knowledge of this class of artefacts. Clearly, he knew fibulae in most cases only from the specimens
he had personally seen, which reflects also the state-of-the-art of the studies in ancient fibulae, still
in their auroral phase.
Keywords: Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Roman implements, reception of Classical art, “Roman”

paintings.
Fig. 1: L. Alma-Tadema, Gallo-Roman Women, Op. XXIV (1865). Oil on wood. Private collection.
27

Inscribed fibulae of Roman soldiers in a Sienese private collection
Gian Luca Gregori, Danilo Conforto, Marco Gataleta,

Federico Mongelli and Chiara Ovoli
Professor Gian Luca Gregori (Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy)
Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
Website: https://uniroma1.academia.edu/GianLucaGregori
Among the numerous metal objects purchased by a private collector from Siena at the international
antiques market and most likely coming from Roman military camps (armor, swords, rings, belts
etc.), there are also numerous fibulae referable to the middle and late imperial age.
In this conference only some specimens will be shown which bear short Latin inscriptions and
probably belonged to soldiers or army officers.
They are very concise texts, sometimes of difficult interpretation, on fibulae that we can group
into the three following types:
- Crossbow fibulae,
- Monogram fibulae and
- Openwork letters fibulae.
Keywords: military fibulae, inscribed fibulae, cossbow fibulae, monogram fibulae, typology,
military equipment, collection studies, Roman period, Middle Imperial Age, Late Roman period.
28

“Northern” Phrygian type fibulae from Aegean Thrace
Petya Ilieva
Dr Petya Ilieva (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia)
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Balkan Studies and Center for Thracology,
13, “Московска” в София, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
The proposed brief presentation will focus on a still small number of fibulae, which seem to form
a local, fifth century B.C. variation of the Phrygian type. Only five examples are known at present
and all of these come from Aegean Thrace in modern Greece. While two pieces, discovered in the
South Necropolis of Samothrace, are published, three more – one from the necropolis of ancient
Stryme and two more, kept in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, said to come from Greek
Thrace, remain unpublished. Despite the lack of identified centre of manufacture for the Northern
Aegean variation of Phrygian fibulae, their present concentration in Aegean Thrace may point at
their local origin.
29

A new fibula from the Koray Selçik Collection in Izmir
Ergün Laflı
Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018
Formerly in the Berna Oğuz Collection there was a bronze fibulae with acc. no. 361 which has
been transferred to the Koray Selçik Collection, likewise in Izmir (fig. 1). In this lecture I will give
a detailed description of this object.
Keywords: collection studies, Koray Selçik Collection, Berna Oğuz Collection, typology, Izmir,
Roman period.
Fig. 1: A new fibula from the Koray Selçik Collection in Izmir.
30

A new fibula from Ödemiş in the Upper Cayster Valley (western Turkey)
Ergün Laflı and Alev Çetingöz

Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018.
Ms Alev Çetingöz (Izmir)

1743/1 Sokak, No. 5, Daire 1, Karşıyaka, TR-35580 Izmir, Turkey.
Website: <https://deu.academia.edu/AÇetingöz/>.
Orcid ID: 0000-0002-7761-0005.
In 2012 we have published a catalogue of fibulae in the Museum of Ödemiş in the Upper Cayster
Valley, a township located 103 km southeast of Izmir. In 2018 a previously unpublished semi-
circular fibula with decorated terminals was confiscated from the Second Court of Ödemiş of First
Instance to the Museum of Ödemiş (figs 1a-b). Its measurements are as follows: l. 35 mm, th. 8
mm. Smooth arch, with rectangular section. The pin is missing. At the ends two square bulges
decorated with wolf teeth. Between this and the catch, with triple longitudinal rib, three thin
horizontal ribs. The fibula belongs to the variant Caner 1983 A I, 2 (e.g. no. 188 a). It should be
dated to the first half-third quarter of the eighth century B.C. But, what does a Phrygian fibula do
in the Upper Cayster Valley, if it was found in a local Iron Age tumulus?
Keywords: museum studies, tumulus finds, typology, Ödemiş, Upper Cayster Valey, Izmir, Iron
Age, Phrygian.
References
M. Buora/E. Laflı, Arrian, the Gordian knot and some fibulae from Telmessos, in: V. Barca, S.
Mustata, V.-A. Lazarescu, V. Rusu-Bolindet and D. Matei (eds.), FABER. Studies in honour of Sorin
Cociș at his 65th anniversary (Cluj-Napoca: Mega Publishing House 2022).
E. Laflı/M. Buora, Fibulae in the museum of Ödemiş (western Turkey), Archiv orientální 80, 2012/3,
417-434.
Figs. 1a-b: A new fibula from Ödemiş in Upper Cayster Valley (western Turkey).
31

Five fibulae in the Museum of Yozgat in eastern central Anatolia
Ergün Laflı and Gülseren Kan Şahin

Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018
In the Museum of Yozgat several fibulae are being stored, most of which belong to the Iron Age
and of Phrygian workmanship of sixth century B.C. In our fibula researches in the Museum of
Yozgat all the excavated fibulae (such as those from the Iron Age; fig. 6) are excluded and only
some examples are selected which were purchased by a local salesman and remain as unpublished.
Most of the Yozgat fibulae show a variety of types, most of which can be dated between the late
eighth and the early sixth centuries B.C. Their provenances are various. They have been classified
according to Ertuğrul Caner’s typology of 1983 (Fibeln in Anatolien, vol. I, Prähistorische
Bronzefunde 14/8; Munich). However, the morphological variations, even in the details, often
make it difficult to find an exact correspondence with Caner’s types. A specific group of fibulae in
the Museum of Yozgat originates from Yaraşlı by Kulu in the province of Konya and were donated
by the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara in 1985 (fig. 2; for Yaraşlı during the Iron
Age cf. Summers 1992). Interestingly, in the Museum of Ödemiş in western Turkey that locates
almost 765 km southwest of Yozgat, seven fibulae from Yaraşlı were published which were also
donated by the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara in 1986 (Laflı and Buora 2012: 419-
422, nos. 3-6, 8-9 and 11-12, 432, pl. 1). This type seems to be widespread in a very limited area,
including Izmir, Ephesus and Cnidus. Caner notes that many brooches are connected to temples
and sacred buildings, such as that of Artemision at Ephesus and the round temple at Cnidus;
therefore, he suggests that those fibulae from Izmir might also originate from sacred contexts.
Their proposed date is from the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.
Catalogue
No. 1 (fig. 1). Acc. no. 1515.

W. 56 mm.
Provenance. Sorgun (?), c. 25 km east of Yozgat.
Confiscation from the Court of Sorgun of First Instance in 1999.
Inventoried by Ömer Yılmaz on 25 May 2011.
Fig. 1: A bronze fibula from the Museum of Yozgat; originates from Sorgun; accession no. 1515 (photograph by E.
Laflı, 2018).
No. 2 (fig. 2). Acc. no. 383.

W. 68 mm, l. 63 mm.
Provenance. Yaraşlı district near Kulu in Konya.
Transferred from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara on 15 April 1985.
Inventoried by Ömer Yılmaz on 10 December 2012.
Dating. Phrygian period.
32

Fig. 2: A bronze fibula from the Museum of Yozgat; originates from Yaraşlı by Kulu in the province of Konya;
donated by the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara in 1985; accession no. 383 (photograph by E. Laflı,
2018).
No. 3 (fig. 3). A Celtic fibula.

Acc. no. 1187.
W. 47 mm.
Acquasition from Mr Nihat Şahin on 23 December 1992 for 30.000 TL.
Inventoried by Gülüzar Kaçmaz on 16 March 2011.
Dating. Second century B.C.
Comparanda. M. Buora/A. Facella, Tre note su fibule romane in Italia. Instrumentum 44, 2016, 8–13.
Fig. 3: A bronze fibula from the Museum of Yozgat; accession no. 1187 (photograph by E. Laflı, 2018).
No. 4 (fig. 4). A Celtic fibula.

Acc. no. 1188.
W. 42 mm.
Acquasition from Mr Nihat Şahin on 23 December 1992 for 30.000 TL with no. 4.
Dating. Second century B.C.
Comparanda. M. Buora/A. Facella, Tre note su fibule romane in Italia. Instrumentum 44, 2016, 8–13.
Fig. 4: A bronze fibula from the Museum of Yozgat; accession no. 1188 (photograph by E. Laflı, 2018).
No. 5 (fig. 5). Acc. no. 983.
33

W. 31 mm.
Provenance. Çalatlı district, c. 11 northeast of Yozgat.
Donation by Mr Salih Dursun on 27 November 1991.
Dating. Roman period.
Fig. 5: A bronze fibula from the Museum of Yozgat; originates from Çalatlı; accession no. 983 (photograph by E.
Laflı, 2018).
Acknowledgments
The directorate of the Museum of Yozgat has issued us an authorisation on February 19, 2018,
enumerated as 16080153-155.01-E.150714 for the study of these fibulae at the Yozgat Museum.
Documentation was done in October 2018 by us. We are grateful for this authorisation to Mr
Hasan Kerim Şenyurt, the former director of the Museum of Yozgat, as well as to Mr Ömer
Yılmaz, the former curator of the museum, for their helps during and after our research as well as
for their hospitality in Yozgat.
Keywords: museum studies, tumulus finds, typology, Yozgat, eastern central Anatolia, Galatia,
Iron Age, Phrygian, Celtic, Roman period.
References
E. Caner, Fibeln in Anatolien, vol. I, Prähistorische Bronzefunde 14/8 (Munich: Beck, 1983).
E. Laflı and M. Buora, Fibulae in the Museum of Ödemiş (Western Turkey), Archiv orientální 80,
2012, 3, 417-434.
G.D. Summers, An aerial survey of Çevre Kale, Yaraşlı, Anatolian Studies 42, 1992, 179-206.
34

Fig. 6: Iron Age fibulae from Yozgat in eastern central Turkey.
35

Two fibulae in the Museum of Kırşehir in central Anatolia
Ergün Laflı and Gülseren Kan Şahin

Orcid ID: 0000-0002-4722-5018
In the Museum of Kırşehir there are two fibulae which were curated in the window of the former
museum (figs 1-2). The first fibula with projecting flanges is particularly associated with Phrygian
fibulae (figs 1-a). It is a copper-tin bronze with traces of arsenic, and perhaps intentionally leaded.
The second fibula (fig. 2) could possibly be a Celtic fibula with a bow that shows no decoration
and should be dated to the second century B.C. It is a bow fibula in one-piece
construction, spring with two turns, tendon (wire connecting two ends of the spring) above
the spring. The foot is bent upwards to almost touch bow, though there is a small space between.
This is a unique find for this part of Galatia.
Keywords: museum studies, tumulus finds, typology, Kırşehir, central Anatolia, Cappadocia, Iron
Age, Phrygian, Celtic, Hellenistic period.
Reference
M. Buora/A. Facella, Tre note su fibule romane in Italia. Instrumentum 44, 2016, 8–13.
Figs 1-2: Two fibulae in the Museum of Kırşehir in central Turkey (photos by E. Laflı, 2018).
36

“The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence”.
Conflict, diplomacy, commerce and/or mobility as highlighted by the study
of crossbow brooches (Zwiebelknopffibel) in the Barbaricum
north of the Lower Danube
Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu
Dr Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu (Academia Română, Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei,
M. Kogalniceanu 12-14, RO-40084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
Phone: +40.722.576 365.
Websites: <https://institutarheologieistoriaarteicj.academia.edu/VladAndreiL%C4%83z%C4%83rescu>,
<https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vlad-Lazarescu>.
Throughout the history, borders have always shaped the ways in which people perceived,
approached and related to ‘the other(s)’.1 Borders had thus the power to create and manipulate
cultural identities by means of creating bonds, forged upon strong sentiments of belonging to a
certain group. At the same time, following the rhetoric of distancing themselves from those that
would not share similar values, borderlands became the perfect ground for projecting highly
stereotypical and propagandistic messages concerning populations inhabiting the immediate
vicinity of this ‘buffer zone’. Recently, borders are rather understood as ‘bridgeheads’ into
Barbaricum accounting only for administrative and bureaucratic2 purposes, or as vectors for
cultural and economic exchanges taking place on both sides.3 The limes is thus seen as a malleable
and highly contextual structure, constantly changing and fluctuating between its initial ‘dividing
function’ and an element facilitating economic and cultural symbiosis. Such socio-economic
realities progressively determined the creation of an ‘invisible frontier’ in front of the Lower
Danube, the so-called ‘Vorlimes’ and in the end, what looked like separation has blurred in time,
developing into a transitional area, a fertile land for cultural, social and economic encounters that
fundamentally reshaped the social structure and identity of the communities living north of the
Danube.4 This presentation builds upon previous studies such as Swift 20004 and Quast 20155 by
introducing new finds and attempting to contextualize as part of an unitary approach the
archaeological evidence coming from both sides of the limes and accounting for interactions
between the Romans and Barbarians, in this particular case by studying the crossbow brooches.
We would therefore study the spatial distribution and chronology of such brooches in Barbaricum
while synchronizing the dynamics of the habitation north of the border with the main constructive
phases documented along the fortifications composing the main elements of the Lower Danube
Late Roman limes.
Keywords: crossbow brooches (Zwiebelknopffibel), trade, mobility, distribution Barbaricum,

Lower Danube, Romania, Roman period.

1
2F. Hartog, Le miroir d’Hérodote : essai sur la représentation de l’autre, Bibliothèque des Histoires (Paris: Éditions Gallimard,
2001).
3
4
37

Ancient Greek gold fibulae for the afterlife
Angeliki Liveri
Dr Angeliki Liveri (Athens, Greece)
E-mail: <[email protected]>
This paper presents selected examples of gold fibulae (pins and brooches) which were found in
ancient Greek tombs (fig. 1). They were used as funerary offerings, either for adorning the
deceased or placed in the tomb among other gifts. This was a traditional funerary custom,
associated with afterlife’s beliefs. Numerous very elaborate pieces found in various Greek cultural
landscapes, made from different materials (from precious to plain), technique and motifs. I will
focus on artefacts found in Metropolitan Greece, dated from the Archaic to the Classical periods,
and especially on objects found in Macedonian cemeteries (e.g. in Thessaloniki, Sindos, Derveni,
Vergina). Similar items from other sites or of other material will be used for comparison. I intend
to classify this luxury jewelry according to their shape, technique and motif, to demonstrate their
variety, their development and spread and to interpret their meaning for the afterlife’s beliefs. I
will take into account the creative artists-craftsmen and their workshops, the economic and social
level of the deceased and his family.
Keywords: gold fibulae, funerary offerings, Greek afterlife, Greek religion, Greece, Archaic
period, Classical period.
Fig. 1: Silver-gold pin from Sindos, ca. 510-500 B.C.; Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
(photo after Despoini 1996).
38

The splendour of Byzantine mosaics in modern fibulae
Angeliki Liveri
Dr Angeliki Liveri (Athens, Greece)
E-mail: <[email protected]>
This paper discusses representations of fibulae on Early Byzantine mosaics from the fourth to
seventh centuries, focusing on churches in Ravenna (San Vitale) and Thessaloniki (H. Demetrios,
H. Georgios/Rotonda; fig. 1). This jewelry is visible e.g. on the votive panels with Justinian and
Theodora accompanied by members of their court in Ravenna, on representations with Hagios
Demetrios in the church of Thessaloniki’s patron and with military saints or martyrs in Hagios
Georgios. Brooches usually fastened the emperor’s, officials’ or saints’ mantles. According to their
shape, two types can be identified on the depictions: the crossbow and the round/circular one,
which are depicted more or less schematically. Crossbow brooches were very popular, made
usually of various and different metals (copper, bronze, gold) or other materials. The round shaped
brooches seem to be made of multicolour precious or semi-precious stones, bound with gold or
silver or other material. Similar representations on other art forms will be used for comparisons. I
intent to show corresponding artefacts, which served as prototypes for the mosaics’ creators.
Lastly, I will mention famous modern goldsmiths, jewelers and jewelry designers who were
inspired by the above mentioned mosaics, especially by the imperial panels in Ravenna, and created
their collections (Verdura, Chanel House, etc.).
Keywords: mosaics, representation, modern perception, modern goldsmiths, Early Christian art,
Byzantine art, Greece.
Fig. 1: Portrait of Onesiphoros, a detail from Rotonda mosaics, fourth century A.D. (photo after Chatzidaki 1994).
39

Fibulae as status and gender markers in the grave goods
of ancient Lucania between the fourth and the third century B.C.
Josipa Mandić
Dr. Josipa Mandić (Université Rennes 2, France)
Laboratoire d'Archéologie et Histoire Merlat (LAHM), Bâtiment A, bureau A118, Université Rennes 2,
Place du recteur Henri Le Moal - CS 24307, F-35043 Rennes cedex, France.
Phone: +33.76.834 43 22.
Webiste: <https://univ-rennes2.academia.edu/JosipaMandi%C4%87>.
This paper will present the preliminary study of one of the most numerous objects among the
personal ornaments, the fibulae, found in the graves of the necropolis of San Brancato near
Sant’Arcangelo (Basilicata, southern Italy), dated between the fourth and the third century B.C.
The strategic position of this site and its control of the valley of the Agri River is visible from the
analysis of the pottery finds in the grave assemblages showing style influences and artifacts coming
from both the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian coast. By gathering also all the chrono-typological,
morphological and decorative data of the restored fibulae and by pairing them with the contextual
analyses, this study aims to add further information related to the provenance of these precious
objects, but also try to identify and to question their use, ritual function and meaning within the
ancient Lucanian grave goods assemblages during these two centuries.
Keywords: funerary finds, typology, chronology, San Brancato, Sant’Arcangelo, Basilicata, Italy,
Hellenistic period.
40

The Byzantine fibulae from Sardinia
Marco Muresu
Dr Marco Muresu (Lancaster University, UK / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy)

Lancaster University, Department of History, Bowland College, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, United Kingdom.
Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Lettere, Lingue e Beni culturali
Via Leandro Corona 11, I-09134 Cagliari, Italy.
Phone: +39.348.883 83 35.
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>,
<[email protected]>.
Website: <https://lancaster.academia.edu/MarcoMuresu>.
The paper focuses on some platinum, golden and silver fibulae found in Sardinia (fig. 1). The
artefacts show common features such as a perfect round shape and complex decorations, with
different techniques and styles. Their analysis can go beyond their exquisite craftsmanship –
indeed, many of them have been found in interesting archaeological contexts, which allow to frame
their role as one of the most effective status symbol objects of Sardinian Byzantine élites in the
seventh and eighth centuries A.D.
Keywords: Byzantine fibulae, trade, distribution, Sardinia, Italy, Byzantine period.
Fig. 1: A Byzantine golden fibula from Sardinia.
41

Iron fibulae with bronze inlay from Thrace
Georgi Nekhrizov and Ivet Kirilova

Dr Georgi Nekhrizov (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria)
Национален археологически институт с музей при Българска академия на науките,
2 пл. “Атанас Буров”, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Ms Ivet Kirilova (Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Bulgaria)

Софийски университет “Св. Климент Охридски”,15 булевард “Цар Освободител”, BG-1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
During the Early Iron Age an exceptional typological variety of fibulae was established in Thrace.
They are made mainly of bronze, less often of iron, but there are also known examples of those
made of precious metals. As early as the end of the 1970s, was created a precision classification of
the fibulae discovered in Bulgaria was created. Since then, however, a significant database of
Thracian fibulae has been accumulated, thanks to which new types and variants can be identified
today, as well as the areas of distribution of the main classes can be more clearly delineated.
Among the Early Iron Age fibulae, a group of iron fibula are impressive, whose bows are decorated
with three spheres, often inlaid with copper threads (fig. 1). The main area of distribution, and
probably production, of this type of fibulae is in southeastern Thrace and more precisely in the
Rhodope Mountains. A series of such fibulae have been found in another relatively remote area in
present-day northeastern Bulgaria. Most of the finds come from necropoleis - mainly from mound
graves, but also from dolmens and rock tombs.
The aim of this article (report) is to present this type of fibulae by specifying the chronological
framework, providing data on the technology of their manufacture and tracing their distribution
in the lands of the Thracians and their neighbours.
Keywords: iron fibulae, bronze inlay, funerary finds, Thrace, Bulgaria, Iron Age.
Fig. 1: Iron fibula with copper inlay from a mound necropolis near Stambolovo, southeastern Bulgaria.
42

A new typological study of pre-Roman fibulae:
regionality, ethnicity and ornamentation in ancient southeast Italy
Tayla Newland
Ms Tayla Newland (The University of Sydney, Australia)
School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, Room 607 A18 Brennan MacCallum,
The University of Sydney, AUS-2006 Sydney, Australia.
Phone: +61.40.787 88 36.
Website: <https://sydney.academia.edu/TaylaNewland>.
The fibulae of ancient south-east Italy have largely gone unnoticed in the academy. While fibulae
from neighbouring regions are regularly subject to examination, studies on south Italian fibulae
have proven one-dimensional, and are typically limited to catalogues and corpora of specimens
from individual sites. The absence of an overarching regional typology has long prevented detailed
analyses, and the rich evidence supplied by fibulae has been obscured by research that elides
contemporary theoretical and methodological frameworks.
This paper addresses the lacuna through a new typological study of fibulae from ancient south-
east Italy. It sets out a preliminary taxonomy of types from Italic burials in the region, which forms
the basis of spatial and temporal distribution analyses spanning from the sixth to fourth centuries
B.C. It also considers the production and materiality of fibulae, and traces their development across
space and time. These analyses offer new insights into social networks, the production of localised
ornamentation repertoires, and the articulation of ethnicity in the funerary sphere. But above all,
they set up a potential methodology for further studies of pre-Roman fibulae, and contribute to
the advancement of future scholarship on these invaluable artefacts.
Keywords: pre-Roman fibulae, regionality, ethnicity, ornamentation, meaning, Italy, pre-Roman

period.
43

Fibulae of Late Hellenistic and Roman periods from the sanctuary of
Gurzufskoe Sedlo in the Mountain Crimea
Natalia Georgievna Novichenkova

Dr Natalia Georgievna Novichenkova (Yalta State Historical and Literary Museum)
Ялтинский государственный историко-литературный музей, Пушкинская улица 5, 986235 Yalta.
Phone: +7.978.042 56 72.
Website: <https://independent.academia.edu/NataliaNovichenkova>.
The paper is devoted to a study of fibulae of Late Hellenistic and Roman periods5 from the
excavations of the Barbarian sanctuary near the pass Gurzufskoe Sedlo (1434 m above sea level),
carried out in 1981–1993 on the Main ridge of the Crimean mountains by archaeological expedition
of Yalta Historical and Literary Museum under the guidance of the author. The 80 brooches and
their fragments dating back to the second century B.C.–third century A.D. were found among the
votive offerings of the sanctuary. Almost half of them are presented by fibulae of North Pontic
origin. Other groups are represented by fragments of Hellenistic brooches, fibulae of La Tène and
military types, Roman fibulae. The last group of specimens is dating to Late Republican and Early
Principate periods and consists of hinged arc-shaped fibulae of Alesia (fig. 1) and Aucissa types, a
hinged figured zoomorphic fibula-brooch in shape of a dolphin, a strongly profiled brooch, six
hinged plate brooches and an omega-type fibula-brooch. The main part of fibulae was donated in
the second half of the first century B.C.–the first half of the first century A.D., when the sanctuary
experienced the heyday. Later variants of the North Pontic types of bow fibulae were not widely
used at the site, being an additional evidence of the reduction in the activity of the sanctuary in the
second century A.D. The latest date from fibulae found in a sanctuary has one North Pontic iron
fibula of Inkerman type dated to the second half of the second to the first half of the third century
A.D.
Keywords: sanctuary finds, typology, chronology, Alesia type, Gurzufskoe Sedlo, Mountain
Crimea, Late Hellenistic period, Roman period.
Fig. 1: Golden fibula of Alesia type with the garnet insert, from the sanctuary near the pass of Gurzufskoe Sedlo.
Yalta Historical and Literary Museum (photo by N. G. Novichenkova, 2021).

5 Stored in the Scientific Funds of Yalta Historical and Literary Museum.
44

Fibulae from the fortified settlement of Ulmetum in Scythia
Radu Petcu
Dr Radu Petcu (Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța, Romania)
Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie Constanța, Piața Ovidiu Nr. 12, RO-900745 Constanța, Romania.
Located in the center of the province of Scythia, the fortification of Ulmetum was first mentioned
in ancient sources by Procopius of Caesarea in De Aedificiis. The name appears on the list of
fortresses in the province renovated by Emperor Justinian in the sixth century AD. Founded as a
vicus in the second century AD, the settlement has more or less uninterrupted evolution until the
end of the sixth century AD. During archaeological research a significant number of archaeological
objects have been discovered, especially their generous metal objects. Of this batch, the fibulae
stand out in particular (figs 1-2). In our study, we divided the brooches into three categories: 1.
Roman buckles, 2. Barbarian buckles and 3. Byzantine brooches. Of these, Barbaric fibulae are of
particular importance. Discovered in clear archaeological contexts, they attest twice the presence
of the Barbarian foederati at Ulmetum. The first time in the fourth century AD, the presence of the
Goths and the second time in the fifth AD century that of the Ostrogoths or Alans established in
Scythia by the emperor Marcian, after the disappearance of the Hunic confederation under Attila.
Keywords: excavated material, military equipment, Barbarian buckles, Late Roman fibulae,
fortification of Ulmetum, Scythia, Romania, Roman period, Late Roman period.
Figs 1-2: Fibulae from the fortified settlement of Ulmetum in Scythia.
45

Fibulae from the sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko
Manolis Petrakis
Dr Manolis Petrakis (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Faculty of History and Archaeology,
University Campus, GR-15784 Athens, Greece.
Phone: +30.694.228 70 14.
Website: <https://uoa.academia.edu/ManolisPetrakis>.
The recent excavations (2001-2020) conducted by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Cyclades at the
Geometric-Archaic sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko island, have uncovered -among a plethora
of finds- no less than 30 metal fibulae. This paper presents them for the first time as a total. In the
first part, it offers a typological analysis. Despite their relatively small number -comparing them to
other contemporary Greek sanctuaries- they present a wide variety; Spectacle, Phrygian-type,
insular-type, bow-type, circular and eight-shaped fibulae have been found in various contexts of
the sanctuary. In terms of materials, most of them are bronze, but there are also a few made of
iron. Through their comparative analysis of other published corpora throughout the Aegean world,
issues on the chronology and the origins of the finds are approached. A contextual analysis follows.
Their well-excavated and dated contexts allow us to decode their function in the sanctuary. The
study concludes by demonstrating how the fibulae found in the Despotiko sanctuary follow the
dedicatory patterns of the Geometric and the Archaic Greek world and how they are associated
with the cult of Apollo.
Keywords: sanctuary finds, typology, use, offerings, Apollo, Despotiko, Cyclades, Greece,
Geometric period, Archaic period.
46

Enameled fibulae in the collection of
the National Historical and Archaeological Museum of Constanța
Tiberiu Potârniche, Aurel Mototolea, Simina Margareta Stanc

and Maria Potârniche
Dr Tiberiu Potârniche and Dr Aurel Mototolea
(both from the Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie, Constanța, Romania)
Muzeul de Istorie Națională și Arheologie, 12 Piața Ovidiu, RO-900745 Constanța, Romania.
Phone numbers: +40.731.029 898 (Dr Potârniche) and +40.731.146 488 (Dr Mototolea).
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://independent.academia.edu/AMototolea>.
Dr Simina Margareta Stanc (Universitatea “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași, Romania)

Universitatea “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Facultatea de Biologie,
Bulevardul Carol I nr. 20A, RO-700505 Iași, Romania.
Ms Maria Potârniche (Constanța, Romania)

Phone: +40.723.564 697.
The National Historical and Archaeological Museum of Constanța carries out its activity on a large
area between the Black Sea coast and the upper course of the Danube. Its archaeological research
has yielded important results regarding the northen part of the former Roman province of Lower
Moesia (later Scythia Minor). The results of these researches were materialized through the
numerous artifacts entered in the patrimony of the museum collection, most of them being dated
in the Hellenistic, Roman and Roman-Byzantine period. A special category of the discovered
material is represented by the brooch (fibulae) collection of our museum. Over time, the collection
has grown steadily both through the pieces resulting from systematic archaeological research and
due to the accidental discoveries, more and more present.
A fibula is a brooch or pin for fastening garments, typically at the right shoulder. The fibula
developed in a variety of shapes, but all were based on the safety-pin principle. Unlike most
modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative; they originally served a practical function: to
fasten clothing, such as cloaks. Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in
the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age. In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners
by buttons in the Middle Ages. Their descendant, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.
Most of the pieces in our museum’s collection come from the funerary contexts as a result of
research carried out in the necropolises of sites such as Tomis, Callatis, Capidava, Tropaeum
Traiani, Ulmetum. Alongside them are the discoveries made in civilian settlements, but which often
have an advanced stage of degradation. The best represented category is that of the brooches with
onion heads (Zwiebelkopffibel), all variants being covered. However, there are also half-disc fibulae
and p-shaped type, digitated fibulae or tutulus plate fibulae.
Along with these, the enameled brooches of the Roman era stand out, which will be discussed in
this communication. In the current stage of research, the pieces of this type represent rarities in
our area and they have recently entered the museum’s heritage as a result of accidental discoveries.
Beyond the stylistic and typological analysis, we propose the interpretation of these discoveries in
relation to the other known information near the discovery areas for their integration in the larger
landscape of Roman Dobrogea.
Keywords: enameled fibulae, museum studies, typology, Zwiebelkopffibel, Constanța, Lower

Moesia, Scythia Minor, Romania, Roman period, Byzantine period.
47

The fibulae of seventh-eighth century A.D. in Piemonte:
the case of the necropolis in S. Albano Stura (Cuneo)
Paola Puppo
Dr Paola Puppo (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, Genova, Italy)
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca,
c/o Via Don Vincenzo Minetti 10, I-116126 Genova, Italy.
Phone: +39.347.352 49 32.
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>,
<[email protected]>.
From the extensive necropolis excavated in Ceriolo near S. Albano Stura (Cuneo), including 850
burials, dated between the seventh and eighth centuries A.D., many and various fibulae come form
both male and female tombs. The male fibulae are of two types: a) bronze fibula with iron barb;
b) iron belt fibula with agemina. The fibulae found in female graves are much more elaborated.
Noteworthy is the exemplar from grave 127 which presents a decoration with skein weaves,
referring to productions widespread in the Merovingian Kingdom, beyond the Alps, probably
highlighting a foreign origin of the deceaded woman, which could have arrived in the community
settled on the Stura’s river for her wedding. Frequent are the “S” fibulae, decorated by a two-
headed animal, with body and made up of the eye and beak, stylized reproduction of animal that
populate the imagination of Germanic culture. From grave 563 comes a disc fibula in embossed
sheet in gilded silver, which appears in the Byzantine tradition.
The analysis of the fibulae found in the graves shows that, in the large community settled in S.
Albano Stura, there were different contaminations, not only with elements coming from Northern
Europe (for example to Merovingian productions), but also with indigenous productions and from
the Mediterranean area, more precisely eastern Mediterranean. The material used is mainly bronze,
then by silver, very often covered with a thin gold foil (gilded silver) and iron coated with a silver
foil and subjected to agemination. The decoration is made of bezels with almandine red garnets
and colored glass.
Keywords: funerary finds, Byzantine fibulae, Ceriolo, S. Albano Stura, Cuneo, Italy, Merovingian
Kingdom, Byzantine period.
48

Roman fibulae from the municipium of Brigetio (Pannonia)
Csilla Sáró
Dr Csilla Sáró (Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Budapest, Hungary)
Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, MTA-ELTE Research Group for Interdisciplinary Archaeology,
Múzeum krt. 4/b, HU-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
Phone: +36.70.242 80 48.
Websites: <https://elte-hu.academia.edu/CsillaS%C3%A1r%C3%B3>,
<https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Csilla-Saro>.
The main aim of the presentation is the typological-chronological investigation of 64 Roman

fibulae from the municipium of Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Hungary). The question of fibula
manufacture in Brigetio is also part of the work.
From 1992–2016, archaeological excavations in Brigetio were concentrated in the civil town. The
excavations were conducted by the Department of Classical and Roman Archaeology of the
Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) and Klapka György Museum Komárom (KGyMK) under the
overall direction of László Borhy (ELTE), Dávid Bartus (ELTE) and Emese Számadó (KGyMK).
During the long research, several architectural remains (e.g. ruins of strip houses, cellars,
workshops) and a huge amount of material were found. Fibulae present a surprisingly small part
of it.
Based on the typical characteristics, fibulae can be classified into 15 main types and several variants
(e.g. strongly profiled fibulae, Pannonian trumpet fibulae, T-fibulae with sprung-pin and hinged-
pin, enamelled fibulae). Fortunately, not just stray finds can be presented but also fibulae from
dated contexts. The collected data confirm and complement our knowledge about the chronology
of several variants. In conclusion, the investigated fibulae date back to the beginning of the second
– end of the third century A.D. Semi finished fibulae and failed castings present a special group of
the discussed material. Fortunately, their variants can also be defined. Based on the actual
knowledge, two variants of Pannonian trumpet fibulae were certainly manufactured at the
municipium of Brigetio.
Keywords: excavated finds, typology, chronology, municipium, Brigetio, Komárom-Szőny,

Pannonia, Hungary, Roman period.
49

Determining the life-cycle of gold fibulae - mission (im)possible?
Miglena Stamberova and Petia Penkova
Mrs Miglena Stamberova and Mrs Petia Penkova

(both National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria)
Fibulae are used very often as reliable chronological markers in archaeology. Their exposure time
could be different depending on the shape, size and material they were made from. Gold fibulae
were extremely rare although they were sign of authority and wealth. Two miniature bilateral
fibulae from the Early Hellenistic period and four massive crossbow Roman fibulae from the
collection of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at Sofia are examined by non-
destructive XRF analysis and microscopic traceological observation (fig. 1). The aim of the present
research is to investigate the possibilities to determine if and how long these artifacts were used
before their deposition.
Keywords: exposure time, XRF analysis, archaeometric analysis, metalwork (use)wear analysis,
Bulgaria, Early Hellenistic period, Roman period.
Fig. 1: An analysed golden fibula

from the collection of the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at Sofia.
50

Who? How? What? Changing identities of brooches
Thomas Schierl
Dr Thomas Schierl (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany)

Wissenschaftliche Baugrund-Archäologie GmbH, c/o Vorgeschichtliches Seminar, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Biegenstraße 11, D-35037 Marburg, Germany.
Phone: +49.162.909 85 83; e-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Brooches provide clues to numerous aspects of former human existence. They can be read not
only as chronological markers, but also as traces of historical events, evidence of technological
advances, and social signs; a detailed source-critical analysis is without doubt an indispensable basis
for it.
In the paper the significance of brooches for a reconstruction of past times is outlined by
discussing some significant examples of Provincial and Roman fibulae from the first-fifth centuries
that have come to light in Central Germany. First, the origin and original use of the selected groups
of brooches will be examined in order to discuss their following reuse, reinterpretation and their
influence on local jewellery production. Then, their contribution to a reconstruction of historical
events or developments and social behaviour of a mainly non-literate society is descripted.
Especially Provincial and Roman objects of the early first century A.D. but also of the third-fifth
century A.D. seem to reflect times of intensive exchange with the Roman Empire and its
inhabitants. Rome’s military campaigns west of river Rhine were the primary reason for contacts
at the beginning of the Imperial times. Later, Barbarians, willing to participate, played a decisive
role in the exchange between both sides. Above all, newly discovered traces of Roman military
units of the Augustan period in the heart of nowadays Germany complete our ideas of the
Germanic Wars. Specific mechanisms of appropriation can be deduced based on the different
protagonists of the exchange. These refer to the social importance of foreign goods in Germanic
societies and how they deal with it.
Translated by E. Laflı from German into English
Keywords: technological developments, social signs, ethnic meaning, Central Germany, Roman
period.
Wer? Wie? Was? Wechselnde Identitäten von Fibeln

Fibeln liefern Hinweise auf zahlreiche Aspekte ehemaliger menschlicher Existenz. Sie können nicht nur als
chronologische Marker, sondern ebenfalls als Spuren historischer Vorgänge, als Belege für technologische
Entwicklungen und als soziale Zeichen gelesen werden; eine möglichst spezifische quellenkritische Analyse ist eine
entscheidende Grundlage dafür.
Anhand signifikanter Beispiele von in Mitteldeutschland zutage gekommenen provinzialrömischen Fibeln des 1.-5.
Jh. n. Chr. wird im Vortrag deren Aussagekraft für die Rekonstruktion vergangener Zeiten skizziert. Zunächst
ist Herkunft und ursprüngliche Nutzung der ausgewählten Fibelgruppen zu beleuchten, um dann beispielhaft auf
Umnutzung, Umdeutung und deren Einfluss auf die einheimische Schmuckherstellung eingehen zu können.
Anschließend wird deren Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion der Ereignis- und Sozialgeschichte einer weitgehend
schriftlosen Gesellschaft diskutiert.
Im mitteldeutschen Fundgut der Zeit um Christi Geburt, aber auch des 3.-5. Jh. n. Chr. finden sich Indizien für
eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit den Bewohnern des Römischen Reiches. War es am Beginn der Zeitrechnung
Roms aktives Ausgreifen bis an den Fluss Elbe, das als primäre Ursache für die Kontakte erkannt werden darf,
so kam später hauptsächlich den partizipationswilligen Barbaren eine entscheidende Rolle im Austausch zu. Vor
allem neueste Erkenntnisse zur Präsenz militärischer Einheiten Roms in der Zeit der Augusteischen
51

Germanenkriege präzisieren unsere bisherigen Vorstellungen dieser Epoche. Vor dem Hintergrund der beiden
divergierenden Protagonisten lassen sich spezifische Aneignungsmechanismen erschließen, die auf die gesellschaftliche
Bedeutung von Fremdgütern im germanischen Umfeld grundsätzlich und auf deren Umgang mit diesen verweisen.
Schlüsselwörter: Technische Entwicklungen, soziale Zeichnen, ethnische Bedeutung, Mitteldeutschland,

Römerzeit.
52

Roman fibulae and a button
from the Archaeological Museum of Istria, Croatia
Alka Starac
Dr Alka Starac (Arheološki muzej Istre, Pula, Croatia)
Arheološki muzej Istre, Carrarina ulica 3, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia.
Phone: +385.91.153 96 66.
E-mail address: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://independent.academia.edu/AStarac>.
The subject of the paper are 29 Roman fibulae and a button from the Archaeological Museum of
Istria in Pula (fig. 1). The fibulae are grouped according to types and time of onset. Fibula with a
smooth bow, early hinged fibulae, Aucissa fibulae, strongly profiled fibulae, pincer fibula, knee
fibulae, plate fibulae, crossbow fibula and button are represented. Special attention is paid to the
representation of each type and close analogies in the regions around Istria. Although few in
number, the fibulae from the collection represent all periods of Roman rule and groups of fibulae
created in various workshop centers primarily related to mining areas with a strong pre-Roman
metallurgical tradition, from Gaul through Noricum and Pannonia to Upper Moesia.
Keywords: museum studies, button, typology, Istria, Croatia, Gaul, Noricum, Upper Moesia, pre-
Roman period, Roman period.
Fig. 1: A Roman fibula from the Archaeological Museum of Istria, Croatia.
53

Figured buckles from Byzantine Sicily:
some examples from Cava d’Ispica and Chiaramonte Gulfi
Giovanni Di Stefano and Salvo Micciché
Professor Giovanni Di Stefano (Università della Calabria / Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy)
Università della Calabria / Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Mr Salvo Micciché (Società Ragusana di Storia Patria, Italy)
From Byzantine Sicily are known fibulae (buckles) today preserved in some museums or in private
collections (Manganaro) and also found in archaeological excavations (Orsi, Maurici, Malfamato,
Stefano-Ferraro).
Recent studies (Baldini Lippolis) allowed a more adequate knowledge of these products (Werner,
Hessen, Dannheimer) also in relation to the iconographies of Byzantine clothing. From Cava
d’Ispica and from Chiaramonte Gulfi (eastern Sicily) two “Bologna” type buckles come with a
decorated “u” championship, respectively, with a crouched lion and with a religious character with
inscription: apotropaic motifs and rather widespread protectionist invocations in Byzantine Sicily
of the fifth-seventh centuries A.D.
Translated by E. Laflı from Italian into English
Keywords: figured buckles, Byzantine fibulae, Cava d’Ispica, Chiaramonte Gulfi, Sicily, Italy,
Byzantine period.
Fibbie figurate dalla Sicilia bizantina.

Alcuni esempi da Cava d’ Ispica e Chiaramonte Gulfi
Dalla Sicilia bizantina si conoscono fibbie oggi conservate nei Musei (Di Stefano) o in collezioni private
(Manganaro) e anche rinvenuti in scavi archeologici (Orsi, Maurici, Malfamato, Di Stefano-Ferraro).
Recenti studi (Baldini Lippolis) hanno consentito una più adeguata conoscenza di questi prodotti (Werner, Hessen,
Dannheimer) anche in relazione alle iconografie del vestiario bizantino. Da Cava d’Ispica e da Chiaramonte Gufi
(Sicilia orientale) provengono due fibbie tipo “Bologna” con scudetto “a U “ decorato, rispettivamente, con un leone
accovacciato e con un personaggio religioso con iscrizione: motivi apotropaici e invocazioni protezionistiche alquanto
diffuse nella Sicilia bizantina del V-VII sec.d. C.
Parole chiave: fibule figurate, fibule bizantine, Cava d'Ispica, Chiaramonte Gulfi, Sicilia, Italia, periodo
bizantino.
54

A Roman shoe brooch from Israel
Benyamin Storchan
Mr Benyamin Storchan (Israel Antiquities Authority / Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel)
Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem Region Department,
2 ‫ רחוב ביתר‬,4 ‫קומה‬, IL-9338601 Jerusalem, Israel.
Phone: +972.52.599 17 37; e-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Website: <https://antiquities.academia.edu/BenyaminStorchan>.
Recent archaeological excavations at Kh. Shumeila, located 25 km southeast of Jerusalem,

uncovered remains of a villa rustica (rural estate). The villa is dated to the Late Roman period
(fourth century A.D.) and consisted of a domestic wing and industrial area dedicated to terracotta
oil lamp production. This lecture will present a single enamelled shoe-shaped brooch found during
excavations. While shoe brooches are rather common in the northwestern provinces of the Roman
Empire, the brooch from Kh. Shumeila is the only one to have been discovered far outside the
normal distribution in the eastern provenances. The brooch may have reached Judaea as part of a
garrisoned Roman soldier’s non-combat outfit or may have belonged to a settled veteran who
wore it as a symbol of status. This lecture will present a single enamelled shoe-shaped brooch
found during excavations (fig. 1).
Keywords: shoe brooch, excavated find, Kh. Shumeila, Jerusalem, Israel, Roman period.
Fig. 1: The shoe brooch from the Roman villa uncovered at Kh. Shumeila, Israel.
55

Caucasian two-piece arched fibulae and Urartian fibulae
Nino Sulava
Dr Nino Sulava (Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi)
საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, 3, რუსთაველის გამზირი, GEO-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
Website: <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nino-Sulava>.
Caucasian two-piece arched fibulae are represented by:

1. Simple (arched) and
2. so-called “Asia Minor’’ or Urartian fibulae.
Type I – simple arched fibulae. The main characteristic features of type I fibulae are: one end of
the arc is of nail outline, on which one end of the needle is coiled, while the other end of the arc
is a socket for placing the needle, which has the shape of a tongue. The arc is plain (I1) or adorned
(I2).
In terms of the morphological features and adornment of type I fibulae 6 subtypes may be
identified: I1 – the arc stem is of round section; I2 – arc stem is of rhomboid section; I3 – arc
twisted; I4 – with octahedral arc; I5 – with bead-like arc; I6 – crescentic.
Two-piece arched fibulae of type I generally occur in the fifth-third century B.C., and later in the
first-third cc. A.D., i.e. the early period of their existence falls to the last stage of existence of one-
piece arched fibulae. The specimens dated to the first-third cc. A.D. continue, as it were, the old
tradition.
Type II – similar to the so-called “Asia Minor’’ or Urartian fibula (U). They are primarily
characterized by: a) moveable needle coiled round one end of the arc of the fibula, which in turn
ends with a ball-like swelling. This swelling prevents the coiled end of the needle from slipping off
the arc; b) the semicircular arc is of round section (evenly or drastically swollen, plain or designed
variously) or flat (adorned variously with a notched ornament); occasionally the arc has disk-like
swellings at the beginning and end; g) simple or at times “hand-like’’ needle catch (or a needle-
catch that represents an imitation of hand) (B. Ioghun, E. Chaner). Fibulae of this variety, that are
only of bronze, are represented by two subtypes: UI – with round section arc and UII – with flat-
section bow.
So far Urartian fibulae have predominantly been found on the territory of Eastern Georgia, being
dated to the seventh-sixth cc. B.C. The two-piece arched fibulae of type I may have borrowed their
design from Urartian fibulae.
General specimens of Urartian fibulae are known from North Caucasian material as well, arriving
there via the South Caucasus.
It has been ascertained that analogous specimens of two-piece arched fibulae of type I, occurring
in the Caucasus are not found elsewhere, no doubt being a local phenomenon, as they evince a
genetic link (in terms of the variety of ornamentation) with one-piece arched fibulae. By identifying
a group of so-called Asia Minor or Urartian fibulae – in addition to the Aegean world and South
Europe – another region has been confirmed from where fibulae were imported into the Caucasus.
They are dated to the second half of the seventh and sixth century B.C. This is the period when
fibulae were produced locally in the Caucasus. This may have been the reason why import from
the south did not take place into the Caucasus, in particular Phrygian fibulae with their
characteristic complex design of fastener.
Keywords: two-piece arched fibulae, Urartian fibulae, Phrygian fibulae, Caucasia, eastern Anatolia,
Iron Age.
56

A Colchian fibula from Kurzu (western Georgia)
Nino Sulava
Dr Nino Sulava (Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi)

საქართველოს ეროვნული მუზეუმი, 3, რუსთაველის გამზირი, GEO-0105 Tbilisi, Georgia.
Website: <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nino-Sulava>.
Georgia is one of the regions where one-piece arched fibulae are common.
One-piece arched fibulae of the Colchian bronze culture are artefacts reflecting ancient contacts
with the Mediterranean.
80 % of one-piece arched fibulae of the Caucasus have been found in the territory of Georgia.
They are characteristic elements of monuments of the Colchian bronze culture.
A fibula from the village of Kurzu kept in the Martvili Museum of Local Lore is one of the best
examples of this kind. Together with other materials, such as pottery with zoomorphic handles,
bronze - spectacle-like hooks, bracelets and neck ring, torques with spiral finials, situlae, and
ornaments engraved on the bronze items (the so-called “fantastic animals”), attests to the early
contacts of Colchis with European regions, and that Georgia (and the Caucasus in general), and
above all ancient Colchis, were part of that vast territory where the “idea” of one-piece arched
fibulae circulated.
Apparently, as a result of contacts between ancient peoples, analogous and somewhat altered
artefacts were distributed. This is evidenced by one-piece arched fibulae, which, having arrived in
Georgia by sea from Europe, became one of the important and characteristic components of the
Colchian bronze culture.
Keywords: typology, Colchis, Kurzu, western Georgia, Iron Age.
57

The development of fibulae in the Near East
and their adoption by local polities
Marissa Tsiao
Ms Marissa Tsiao (Tel Aviv University, Israel)

Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, The Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities,
Room 226, Gilman Building, Tel Aviv University, IL-6997801 Ramat Aviv, Israel.
Phone: +1.719.930 45 26.
As part of the widespread topic of fibulae in the current discourse, the following paper is meant
to present the results of study of these objects in a Near Eastern/Levantine context. In this paper,
I have followed the study of the origin of fibulae in the Aegean world as early as the 13th century
B.C. to the northern Levant in the 12th and 11th centuries B.C. and their subsequent dissemination
to the coastal southern Levant beginning in the tenth century B.C. From there fibulae spread to
their popular height in the seventh–sixth centuries B.C. with the conquest of the southern Levant
by the Assyrian empire. In the southern Levant, the analysis of site-specific case studies reveals
that the fibula was worn first by the local administrative class, and then later adopted by the elite
associated with Assyrian hegemony as part of a new fashion. In addition, analyzing the
commonality of certain types of fibulae within these sites and along trade routes reveals the
performance of fibulae as international accessories in the context in which they are found.
Keywords: typology, typological development, ancient Near East, ancient Levant, Assyrian
empire, Israel, Iron Age.
58

Fibulae from the excavations on Sexaginta Prista site (Rousse, Bulgaria)
Varbin Varbanov and Svetlana Todorova
Dr Varbin Varbanov and Mrs Svetlana Todorova (both from the Rousse Regional Historical Museum, Bulgaria)
Регионален исторически музей – Русе, пл. “Aл. Батенберг” 3, BG-7000 Rousse, Bulgaria.
Phone: +359.889 417 545.
E-mail addresses: <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>
Website: <https://uni-vt.academia.edu/VarbinVarbanov>.
The paper discusses the fibulae, found during the excavations in Rousse, Bulgaria. The
archaeological site of Sexaginta Prista is situated on the top of a hill, close to the Danube river
coastline.
The earliest chronological layer is dated to the Late Hellenistic period (second century B.C.-first
century A.D.). From its structures originate 22 fibulae, the majority of those belonging to the so-
called “Thracian type”.
During the Roman period (second-third centuries A.D.) on the Hill was situated an unfortified
Roman vicus with a sanctuary of the Thracian Rider and Apollo. The fortress of Sexaginta Prista
was build in the begining of the fourth century A.D. The fortress was part of the chain of
fortifications along the Danube river - the northern border of the Roman Empire. It was
abandoned at the end of sixth century A.D. Twenty-five fibulae, discused here, belong to the
Roman, Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
Keywords: excavated material, Sexaginta Prista, Rousse, Bulgaria, Late Hellenistic period, Roman
period, Early Byzantine period.
59

Selected Roman and Late Roman military fibulae from Albania.
New insights of the presence of the Roman army
and integration of local population in the army
Sabina Veseli
Dr Sabina Veseli (Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Tirana)
Instituti i Arkeologjisë, Department of Antiquity, Akademia e Studimeve Albanologjike,
Selia Qendrore, Sheshi “Nënë Tereza”, Nr. 3, AL-1005 Tirana, Albania.
E-mail: <[email protected]>; website: <http://asa.edu.al/site/ia/>.
Southern Illyria and northern Epirus were integral part of the Roman Empire the influence of the
Roman world was very strong. Among many other aspects the material culture attests very strongly
this influence; new fashions in clothing were also presented, as can be noticed by new types of
fibulae and other clothes’ accessories and jewelry in use starting from the second century B.C.
onwards.
This presentation will take in consideration some military types of Roman fibulae originating from
funerary or possible funerary context. There is a huge debate about the utilization of these fibulae
among the civilians as well; however, these types known widely as militaria, can be definitely linked
to the military sphere as suggested by the associated material in the funerary contexts.
These types provide useful information on the presence of the Roman army in the territory of
Albania and/or sometimes the integration of local population in military services for the Roman
Empire, especially with the reorganization of the army in the third-fourth centuries A.D.
Keywords: Roman army, military equipment, local population, southern Illyria, northern Epirus,
Albania, Roman period, Late Roman period.
60

The Roman fibulae in the collection of the National Archaeological
Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Kaloyan Veselinov Pramatarov

Dr Kaloyan Veselinov Pramatarov (National Archaeological Institute with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria)
Phone: +359.897 033 071; e-mail addresses: <[email protected]>, <[email protected]>.
Websites: <https://naim.academia.edu/KaloyanPramatarov>,
<https://kaloyanpramatarov.academia.edu/>.
The National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Collection (NAIM-BAS) comprises large number of fibulae from the Roman Period (first-third
centuries A.D.) found on the territory of the provinces of Thrace, Lower and Upper Moesia (fig.
1). These are stray finds, artifacts discovered during archaeological excavations of various types of
settlements, mounded and flat necropoleis, and treasures (Nikolaevo, Bazaurt, Chaushevo). The
lecture represents the typology, chronology and social context of the considered fibulae, perceived
from the provincial population not only as valuable goods, but also as a sign of affiliation to the
elite, as a symbol for high social status and wealth. Emphasizing on the presence of fibulae, made
of valuable metals, along with full sets of offensive and deffensive armement (Chatalka, Karanovo,
Borisovo, Bryastovets) within the context of the so-called rich graves, the talk supports the
hypothesis for their apprehending also as military insignia (donna militaria).
Keywords: museum studies, typology, military equipment, National Archaeological Institute with
Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Thrace, Lower Moesia, Upper Moesia, Bulgaria,
Roman period.
Fig. 1: The treasure of Nikolaevo from the district of Pleven; Roman period
(Photo: the National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).
61

Functions, symbols and ideologies:
the fibulae in the funerary contexts of southern Italy between
the Archaic and Classical periods (late seventh-late fifth century B.C.)
Cesare Vita
Dr Cesare Vita (Université Rennes 2, France)

Laboratoire d'Archéologie et Histoire Merlat (LAHM), Bâtiment A, bureau A118, Université Rennes 2,
Place du recteur Henri Le Moal - CS 24307, F-35043 Rennes cedex, France.
Phone: +33.7.68 18 00 04.
Websites: <https://xn--universit-rennes2-jtb.academia.edu/CesareVita?from_navbar=true&trigger=account-
menu>, <https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cesare-Vita>.
The aim of this communication is to present the study of the fibulae found in the cemeteries of
the indigenous communities of southern Italy between the late seventh-late fifth century B.C.,
through the analysis of the context of their grave goods assemblages.
Often present inside the grave goods, fibulae are not only clothing tools, but also objects closely
related to the ideology and funeral practices. Besides being the indicator that helps us to better
identify the status of the buried person and, often, its gender, the fibulae have also characterized
over the course of time different communities and their local identity which was reflected through
the production or acquisition of certain typologies.
This paper will illustrate how the fibulae (produced, imported or imitated) are a highly ideological
indicator of rank and prestige that helped to consolidate the requests of individual self-
representation as well of the one of these communities themselves that have firmly preserved their
identity value until the arrival of new populations at the dawn of the Roman conquest.
Keywords: function, symbols, ideologies, meaning, funerary use, southern Italy, Archaic period,
Classical period.
62

Fibulae from Poetovio in northeastern Slovenia
Mojca Vomer Gojkovič

Mrs Mojca Vomer Gojkovič (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj – Ormož, Slovenia)
Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj – Ormož, Muzejski trg 1, SLO-2250 Ptuj, Slovenia.
Phone: +386.2.787 92 33.
Due to its strategic location, Poetovio had numerous economic advantages, which were not only
visible in the wealth of its inhabitants, but also in the variety of economic branches established
there for the purpose of supplying smaller camps. Various artisans’ workshops have been found.
Numerous temples were also built, and among them some Mithraeums.
In the business-sanctuary district of Vicus Fortunae in Spodnja Hajdina, a workshop for the
production of fibulae of the Almgren type 68 was discovered during archaeological excavations
near the Mithras temples. An animal fibula associated with the cult of Mithraism was also
discovered near Mithraeum (fig. 1).
Among the many fibulae in the Ptuj Ormož Regional Museum, we also keep a pelta-type fibula
from the cemetery on the right bank of the Drava River.
Keywords: museum studies, Ptuj Ormož Regional Museum, excavated finds, workshop,
production, Almgren type 68, Mithraism, Poetovio, Vicus Fortunae, Spodnja Hajdina,
northeastern Slovenia, Roman period.
Fig. 1: An animal fibula associated with the cult of Mithraism from Mithraeum in Spodnja Hajdina, Slovenia.
Ptuj Ormož Regional Museum.
63

List of observers
1- Ms Charlotte Bell (University of Liverpool, UK)

Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Foundation
Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK.
Phone: +44.7385.694 905.
2- Dr Stella Dončheva (National Archaeological Institute and Museum, Shumen, Bulgaria)

National Archaeological Institute and Museum, Branch Office Shumen, Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, BG-9700 Shumen, Bulgaria.
3- Mr Yehoshua Dray (Restoration of Ancient Technology, Israel)

Phone: +972.54.453 55 87.
Website: <www.yeshuat.com>.
4- Dr Lauriane Locatelli (Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium / Université Bourgogne

Franche-Comté Besançon, France)
Website: <https://cv.archives-ouvertes.fr/lauriane-locatelli?langChosen=fr>.
5- Professor Raffaella Pierobon (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy)
6- Dr Nassos Papalexandrou (The University of Texas at Austin, USA)

Department of Art and Art History, The University of Texas at Austin
Website: <https://art.utexas.edu/people/nassos-papalexandrou>.
7- Dr Fulvia Lo Schiavo (ret., Ministero della cultura, Italy)

8- Dr Maya Vassileva (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia)

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Balkan Studies and Center for Thracology, 13,
“Московска” в София, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Phone: +359.887.355 719.
64

Members of the conference committees
Scientific committee (in alphabetic order)
Dr Andrés María Adroher Auroux (Universidad de Granada),

Dr Georgia Aristodemou (International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki),
Dr Sorin Ilie Cociş (Academia Română, Cluj Napoca),
Dr Anca Dan (École Normale Supérieure, Paris),
Dr Michael Erdrich (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin),
Professor Sven Günther (Northeast Normal University, Changchun / Trier),
Dr Romana Erice Lacabe (Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza),
Professor Irena Lazar (Univerza na Primorskem),
Dr John Lund (Nationalmuseet, Copenhagen),
Dr Josipa Mandić (Université Rennes 2),
Dr Dimitrios Mantzilas (University of the Peloponnese, Tripoli),
Dr Olivier Mariaud (Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d'Hères),
Mr Giuseppe Mariotta (Liceo Classico “Cataudellaˮ di Scicli, Ragusa),
Professor Ralph W. Mathisen (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign),
Mr Salvo Micciché (Società Ragusana di Storia Patria),
Dr Nicholas Melvani (Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz),
Dr Elisa Possenti (Università degli Studi di Trento),
Dr José Carlos Quaresma (Universidade Nova de Lisboa),
Dr Marcio Teixeira-Bastos (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” / Tel Aviv
University),
Professor Hugo Thoen (emer., Ghent / Deinze),
Dr Nikolaos Trivyzadakis (Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Thessaloniki),
Dr Cesare Vita (Université Rennes 2),
Dr Matteo Vigo (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz),
Professor Etienne Wolff (Université Paris Nanterre).
Organizing and executive committee (in alphabetical order)
Ms Alev Çetingöz (Izmir),

Dr Özlem Oral Patacı (Ardahan),
Dr Sami Patacı (Ardahan),
Dr Gülseren Kan Şahin (Sinop),
Professor Hugo Thoen (emer., Ghent / Deinze)
65

List of the previous
Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea, Congressus internationales Smyrnenses
I- E. Laflı and A. Muller (organ.), “International conference: Terracotta figurines in the Greek and
Roman eastern Mediterranean: Production, diffusion, iconography and function”; June 2–6, 2007,
Izmir. Website: <web.deu.edu.tr/terracottas>.
II- E. Laflı and S. Fünfschilling (organ.), “International workshop: Late Roman glass in Anatolia
(A.D. fourth to eighth centuries)”; October 26–28, 2009, Izmir.
III- E. Laflı, G. Cankardeş Şenol and A. K. Şenol (organ.), “International workshop on Hellenistic
ceramics in Anatolia (fourth to first cent. B.C.)”; October 12–14, 2010, Izmir.
IV- E. Laflı and S. Patacı (organ.), “An international workshop on the pottery finds between fourth
century B.C. and eighth century A.D. from northern and central Anatolia”; May 10, 2011, Izmir.
V- E. Laflı (organ.), “XVIIth international congress of ancient bronzes. The archaeology of

bronzes in Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean from Protogeometric to early Byzantine periods
(tenth century B.C. to seventh century A.D.)”; May 21–25, 2011, Izmir.
VI- E. Laflı (organ.), “Second international conference on the archaeology of Ionia – Landscapes
of Ionia: Towns in transition”; May 30–June 2, 2011, Izmir.
VII- E. Laflı and G. Labarre (organs.), “Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian
period to late antiquity (eighth century B.C.-sixth century A.D.)”; May 17-18, 2017, Izmir.
VIII- E. Laflı (organs.), “Unguentarium. A terracotta vessel form and other related vessels in the
Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine Mediterranean. An international symposium”; May 17-18,
2018, Izmir.
IX- E. Laflı and L. Chrzanovski (organs.), “Ancient terracotta lamps from Anatolia and the eastern
Mediterranean to Dacia, the Black Sea and beyond. Comparative lychnological studies in the
eastern parts of the Roman Empire and peripheral areas. An international symposium”; May 16-
17, 2019, Izmir.
X- E. Laflı (organs.), “Cappadocia and Cappadocians in the Hellenistic, Roman and Early
Byzantine periods. An international video conference on the southeastern part of central Anatolia
in classical antiquity”; May 14-15, 2020, on Zoom.
XI- E. Laflı (organs.), “Roman and Byzantine engraved gems in the eastern Mediterranean and
Black Sea area. An international e-conference on archaeological and archaeogemological
approaches”; May 13-14, 2021, on Zoom.
66

List of the previous Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea,
Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae
Ia- A. Muller and E. Laflı (eds.), Figurines de terre cuite en Méditerranée grecque et romaine, Vol. 1:
Production, diffusion, iconographie et fonction, École française d’Athènes, Bulletin de correspondance
hellénique, Supplément 54 (Athens/Paris, De Boccard 2016).
Ib- A. Muller and E. Laflı (eds.), Figurines de terre cuite en Méditerranée grecque et romaine, Vol. 2:
Iconographie et contextes, Archaiologia (Villeneuve d’Ascq, Presses Universitàires du Septentrion
2015).
II- E. Laflı (ed.), Late antique/early Byzantine glass in the eastern Mediterranean, Colloquia Anatolica et
Aegaea – Acta congressus communis omnium gentium Smyrnae II/Dokuz Eylül University,
Faculty of Arts, Department of Archaeology, Division for Medieval Archaeology, Publication
series, No. 1 (Izmir, Hürriyet Matbaası 2009) (ISBN 978-605-61525-0-4).
III- E. Laflı and S. Patacı (eds.), Recent studies on the archaeology of Anatolia, British Archaeological
Reports, International Series 2750 (Oxford, Archaeopress 2015).
IV- E. Laflı (ed.), Greek, Roman, and Byzantine bronzes from Anatolia and neighbouring regions, BAR
International Series 3038 (Oxford: BAR Publishing, 2021). Pp. xviii+443 with num. black & white
and colour pictures. ISBN: 978 1 4073 1691 8 (paperback), ISBN: 978 1 4073 5455 2 (e-format).
V- E. Laflı and G. Labarre (eds.), Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late
antiquity (eighth century B.C.-sixth century A.D.), Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea – Acta congressus
communis omnium gentium Smyrnae IV (Besançon, Presses Universitàires de Franche-Comté
2022, in progress).
67

List of the Annual Awards of the Ancient Anatolian Studies
1- The award of 2017 was given to Professor Nicholas D. Cahill (The Archaeological Exploration
of Sardis / University of Wisconsin-Madison / Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) for
his contributions on the archaeology of Lydia and Lydians.
2- The award of 2019 was given to Professor Hugo Thoen (Ghent / Deinze) for his outstanding
scientific contributions through the excavations of the Universiteit Gent in Pessinus (modern
Ballıhisar, Sivrihisar, province Eskişehir, Turkey) in ancient Galatia between 1967-1973 and 1987-
2008, as well as their publications.
68

Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea
Congressus internationales Smyrnenses XIII
Call for papers
STUDIA BITHYNICA
Symposium on the archaeology and history of
Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia
May 11-12, 2023 / Izmir, Turkey

Meeting venue
Join us on Zoom.us
E-mail
[email protected]
Deadline for the abstracts’ submission
January 1, 2023
Website
https://deu.academia.edu/ErgunLAFLI/Congressus-internationales-Smyrnenses
All are welcome
Logo illustration.
A coin of Koinon of Bithynia from the era of Hadrian (BMC 20, SNG Cop 327, Rec Gen 48).
69

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Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea

Congressus internationales Smyrnenses XII

Ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine fibulae

May 12-13, 2022 / Izmir, Turkey

Last update: 25 April 2022.

All rights reserved.

Printed in Ada Printing House in Izmir, Turkey on 31 December 2022.

Page setting: Ergün Laflı (Izmir).

Website: http: www.academia.edu/76258118

List of papers on fibulae by Dr Maurizio Buora…………………………………………………..…11.

Program of the international video conference…………………………………………………………14.

Kerstin Bauer, The fibulae from an Archaic sanctuary in Pheneos, Arcadia……………………..……..19.

Elisabetta Gagetti, Crafting antiquity. Fibulae in Lawrence Alma-Tadema’s ‘Roman’

Petya Ilieva, “Northern” Phrygian type fibulae from Aegean Thrace…………………………………...29.

Ergün Laflı, (Turkey) ................................................................................................................................31.

Ergün Laflı, (Turkey) ................................................................................................................................32.

Ergün Laflı, (Turkey) ................................................................................................................................33.

Angeliki Liveri, Ancient Greek gold fibulae for the afterlife…………………………………………...38.

Angeliki Liveri, The splendour of Byzantine mosaics in modern fibulae...........................................................39.

Marco Muresu, The Byzantine fibulae of Sardinia………………………………………………….41.

Radu Petcu, Fibulae from the fortified settlement of Ulmetum in Scythia.........................................................45.

Manolis Petrakis, Fibulae from the sanctuary of Apollo on Despotiko............................................................46.

Csilla Sáró, Roman fibulae from the municipium of Brigetio (Pannonia)………………………………...49.

Thomas Schierl, Who? How? What? Changing identities of brooches ……………………………....…51.

Benyamin Storchan, A Roman shoe brooches from Israel……………………………………………55.

Nino Sulava, Caucasian two-piece arched fibulae and Urartian fibulae………………………………....56.

Nino Sulava, A Colchian fibula from Kurzu (western Georgia)……………………………………….57.

Mojca Vomer Gojkovič, Fibulae from Poetovio in northeastern Slovenia……………………………..63.

Members of the conference committees……………………..........………………......................................65.

List of the previous Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea…………………………...........…………..........66.

List of the Annual Awards of the Ancient Anatolian Studies …………………………........…………..68.

Announcement of the next “Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea” in May 2023, in Izmir………………..……..69.

2002. Osservazioni statistiche sulle”Zwiebelknopffibeln”con particolare riferimento ad Aquileia e

Fibule romboidali, ibid., 47.

Fibula con chiave ad arco di basso, ibid., 49.

Fibule con decorazione a smalto, ibid., 50

Fibule a forma di animali, ibid., 51–53.

Fibule a pinzetta o “Zangenfibeln”, ibid., 54.

2020. Militari e civili: raffigurazioni di portatori di “Zwiebelknopffibeln” in Aquileia, in M. Cadario

2020. I rinvenimenti di “Zwiebelknopffibeln” nella penisola italiana, in M. Cadario and S. Magnani

Web links to join to the live meeting at Zoom

First day of the e-conference - May 12, 2022, at 09:00 am Istanbul

Second day of the e-conference - May 13, 2022, at 09:00 am Istanbul

9 h 30 Sami Patacı (University of Ardahan, Turkey)

10 h 00 – 12 h 00: Session 1 – Chairman / Présidence:

10 h 00 Sorin Ilie Cociș (Academia Română, Cluj-Napoca, Romania)

10 h 15 Marissa Tsiao (Tel Aviv University, Israel)

12 h 00 – 12 h 30: Lunch break / Pause déjeuner.

12 h 30 – 13 h 30: Session 3 – Chairman / Présidence:

13 h 30 – 13 h 45: Break / Pause.

13 h 45 – 14 h 45: Session 4 – Chairman / Présidence:

13 h 45 Cesare Vita (Université Rennes 2, France)

14 h 45 – 15 h 00: Break / Pause.

16 h 45 – 17 h 00: Break / Pause.

17 h 00 – 19 h 00: Session 6 – Chairman / Présidence: Charlotte Bell (University of Liverpool, UK)

17 h 00 Mojca Vomer Gojkovič (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj – Ormož, Slovenia)

10 h 00 – 11 h 30: Session 7 – Chairman / Présidence:

11 h 30 – 12 h 30: Lunch break / Pause déjeuner.

12 h 30 Paola Puppo (Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca, Genova, Italy)