MODULE 2 : HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA

SUBMITTED BY :

GROUP NO 3

MANOJ JAIN
SANCHIT
BHAVYA JAIN
ISHANKI
ISHAN
KASHIF
YUKTI
➢ INTRODUCTION:

• In India, urban planning usually eulogizes the Mohenjadaro-Harrappa period and shifts to
the post-independence urbanization and city planning, skipping an important historical time
period of Indian civilization that placed the subcontinent at the global stage. From Harappan
Cities to pre Mughal period, cities of India had smart technologies such as ship building,
textile weaving and some of the unique crafts that enabled them to globally network with
the Roman, Persian and other emerging global cultures of that time. Deccan Kingdoms that
ruled little more than four centuries influenced the art, architecture and city development
processes that attracted traders from across the globe. Techniques used in the production
systems that existed in urban centers, got transmitted world over generating more demand
for these commodities, consequently perpetuating spatial spread of these urban centers.
➢ TYPES OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA :

• The settlements are generally divided into two types-urban and rural or towns and villages.
• The urban settlements are differentiated from the rural settlements on the basis of certain
characteristics, such as
➢ the size and density of population
➢ economic basis
➢ administrative basis
➢ the number and quality of public utility services.
➢ RURAL SETTLEMENT:
Rural areas are also known as the 'countryside' or a 'village' in India.
• It has a very low population density.
• In rural areas, agriculture is the chief source of livelihood along with fishing, cottage
industries, pottery etc.
• The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines 'rural' as follows:

➢ An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer

➢ Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board
➢ A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities
➢ RBI defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49,000 (tier -3 to tier-6
cities).
 ➢ ANCIENT MESOPOTOMIA CIVILIZATION:

• MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION -UR CITY

➢ Famous for ziggurat.
➢ Oldest settlement of the world.
➢ Ur was an important sumerian city-state in ancient mesopotamia Iraq.
➢ It was a fertile land rich, alluvial soil laid down by the twin rivers, the tigris andeuphrates
and was enormously productive.
➢ The river changed its course, settlement came to an end.
➢ In order to harness the power of the flood, an elaborate system of canals, dams and flood.

VARIOUS ACTMTIES INSIDE LAYOUT

RESIDENTIAL AREA OF UR SETTLEMENT UR SETTLEMENT LAYOUT
➢ PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY: ➢ FACTOR AFFECTING HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS:
There are two factors which
affect the development of
human settlement which area:
physical features and human
factor.
Physical Features
• Body of water (transportation
routes, water for drinking and
farming)
• Flat land (easy to build)
• Fertile soil (for crops)
• Forests (timber and housing)

Human Factors
• People who share a common
Push factors Pull factors language, religion or culture
• Population pressure • Improvement in the standard of • Social network or supports
• Poor infrastructure living • Quality of life
• Inadequate job offer • Better health care and • Employment
• Bad educational chances availability of services
• Poor health care • Varied employment
• Ecological problems opportunities .
➢ PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY:
PRIVATE HOUSES PLANNING CONCEPTS IN UR CITY
▪ Four main residential areas of the city included
homes with baked mud brick foundations arranged
along long, narrow, winding streets and alley ways.
▪ Typical houses included an open central courtyard
with two or more main living rooms in which the
families resided.
▪ Each house had a domestic chapel where cult
structures and the family burial-vault was kept.
▪ Kitchens, stairways, workrooms, lavatories were
all part of the household structures.
▪ The houses were packed in very tightly, with
exterior walls of one household immediately
abutting the next one.
▪ The interior courtyards and wide streets provided TYPICAL LAYOUT OF PRIVATE HOUSES IN UR CITY
light close-set houses protects the exterior walls in
heating especially during the hot summers.
▪ The use of bitumen as a mortar, particularly in the
construction of large structures such as city walls,
also provided an effective protection against damp.
➢ INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION- CITADEL OF MOHENJODARO:
• A planned city based on a street grid of rectilinear buildings.
• Spread around 300 hectare.
• City divided into citadel and lower city.
• Citadel - mound of mud bricks of 12m height encloses great bath,
granary residential area for 5000 citizens and two large assembly halls.
• City has central market place and a public well.
• Large granary building in massive wooden super structure with air
ducts to dry the grain.
• Colonnaded courtyard steps leads to a built brick pool water proofed
by bitumen water proofing.
• Pool of size 12x7x2.4m. ▪ Granary of size is 150'x75'xl5’. ▪ Granary
indicates high level of a agricultural civilization.
➢ ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION
Greek civilization developed in the mainland, that extends
into the Mediterranean Sea.
▪ Greek mainland was rocky and barren and the ref ore
bad for agriculture ▪ The period of ancient Greek history
can be divided into four as follows: • 1100 B. C. - 750 B. C
Greek Dark Ages
•750 B. C. - 490 B. C. Archaic Period •5000 B. C. - 323 B. C.
Classical Period •323 B. C. - 147 B. C. Hellenistic Period .
DHOLAVIRA SETTLEMENT
➢ ACROPOLIS ATHENS
▪ Its an ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens.
▪ It has the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance.
▪ The 1nost famous being the Parthenon.
▪ The acropolis combined Doric orders and Ionic orders.
➢ AGORA – ATHENS
Located to the northwest of the Acropolis
▪ Most important gathering place in a Greek city.
▪ Open area where the council of the city met to take decisions.

➢ TOWN –ATHENS
▪ The town was where the people lived.
▪ This was the domain of women, who did not have any public role.
▪ Early Greek towns had an irregular street pattern, resulting from its organic growth.
▪ Later Hellenistic towns were made up of formal rectilinear pattern.
▪ The town was made up of only residential houses.
➢ MODERN PERIOD:
CHANDIGARH CITY PLANNING ➢ MASTER PLAN WAS TO BE REALIZED IN
▪ With the partition in the subcontinent, Lahore, the TWO PHASES
capital of undivided Punjab fell within Pakistan, leaving • Phase-I low density sector - 9000 acres
East Punjab without a Capital (Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people.
▪ It was decided to built a new Capital city called • Phase-II high density Sectors - 6000 acres
Chandigarh (fort of chandi goddess). ( Sectors 31 to 47) for 3,50,000 people.
▪ After the death of Nowicki Mayer, Le corbusier was ▪ The pri1nary 1nodule of city's design is a
given a chance to build his dream city. Sector of size 800 x 1200m
▪ The city plan was conceived as post war ' Garden City' ▪ It is a self-sufficient unit having shops,
wherein vertical and high rise buildings were ruled out, school, health centres, places of recreations
keeping in view the socio economic-conditions and living and worship.
habits of the people.

CONCEPT OF CHANDIGARH CITY

➢ NEW DELHI
▪ Delhi lies close to the geographical center of the ancient India, British
government shifted the capital to capital to new delhi from Calcutta.
▪ Construction of new delhi started at 1911.
▪ Edwin lutyens was the chief architect of new delhi.
▪ Other architect involved were Herbert baker, Robert Russel.
▪ India gains independence with delhi as its capital.

▪Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all

the streets crossing at right angles, much like
in New York. Dust storms often sweep the
landscape in these parts, so revised with
roundabouts, hedges and trees to break their
force. Delhi layout resembles giving the plans
of Rome, Paris and Washington to study and NEW DELHI ZONING
apply to Delhi.
THANK YOU