Unit 5
Unit 5
Unit 5
Footing Design
5.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete foundations, or footings, transmit loads from a structure to the supporting soil.
Footings are designed based on the nature of the loading, the properties of the footing and the
properties of the soil.
1. Determine the requirements for the footing, including the loading and the nature of the supported
structure.
2. Select options for the footing and determine the necessary soils parameters. This step is often
completed by consulting with a Geotechnical Engineer.
3. The geometry of the foundation is selected so that any minimum requirements based on soils
parameters are met. Following are typical requirements:
• The calculated bearing pressures need to be less than the allowable bearing pressures. Bearing
pressures are the pressures that the footing exerts on the supporting soil. Bearing pressures are
measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square foot.
• The calculated settlement of the footing, due to applied loads, needs to be less than the
allowable settlement.
• The footing needs to have sufficient capacity to resist sliding caused by any horizontal loads.
• The footing needs to be sufficiently stable to resist overturning loads. Overturning loads are
commonly caused by horizontal loads applied above the base of the footing.
• Local conditions.
• Building code requirements.
1
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
2
Structural Engineer, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, KS.
1
4. Structural design of the footing is completed, including selection and spacing of reinforcing steel in
accordance with ACI 318 and any applicable building code. During this step, the previously
selected geometry may need to be revised to accommodate the strength requirements of the
reinforced concrete sections. Integral to the structural design are the requirements specific to
foundations, as defined in ACI 318-05 Chapter 15.
A deep foundation may be selected if the shallow soils cannot economically support the foundation
loads. Deep foundations consist of a footing that bears on piers or piles. The footing above the piers
or piles is typically referred to as a pile cap.
The piers or piles are supported by deeper competent soils, or are supported on bedrock. It is
commonly assumed that the soil immediately below the pile caps provides no direct support to the pile
cap.
ACI Committee 336 is in the process of developing a methodology for completing the entire footing
design using the strength design method.
1. Determine footing plan dimensions by comparing the gross soil bearing pressure and the allowable
soil bearing pressure.
3. Determine whether the footing or pile cap will be considered as spanning one-way or two-ways.
4. Confirm the thickness of the footing or pile cap by comparing the shear capacity of the concrete
section to the factored shear load. ACI 318-05 Chapter 15 provides guidance on selecting the
location for the critical cross-section for one-way shear. ACI 318-05 Chapter 11 provides guidance
on selecting the location for the critical cross-section for two-way shear. Chapter 2 of this
handbook on shear design also provides further design information and design aids.
2
5. Determine reinforcing bar requirements for the concrete section based on the flexural capacity
along with the following requirements in ACI 318-05.
Lateral loads or overturning moments result in a non-uniform soil bearing pressure under the footing,
where the soil bearing pressure is larger on one side of the footing than the other. Non-uniform soil
bearing can also be caused by a foundation pedestal not being located at the footing center of gravity.
If the lateral loads and overturning moments are small in proportion to the vertical loads, then the
entire bottom of the footing is in compression and a P/A ± M/S type of analysis is appropriate for
calculating the soil bearing pressures, where the various parameters are defined as follows:
P= The total vertical load, including any applied loads along with the weight of all of the
components of the foundation, and also including the weight of the soil located
directly above the footing.
M= The total overturning moment measured at the bottom of the footing, including
horizontal loads times the vertical distance from the load application location to the
bottom of the footing plus any overturning moments.
If M/S exceeds P/A, then P/A - M/S results in tension, which is generally not possible at the footing/soil
interface. This interface is generally only able to transmit compression, not tension. A different
method of analysis is required when M/S exceeds P/A.
Following are the typical steps for calculating bearing pressures for a footing, when non-uniform
bearing pressures are present. These steps are based on a footing that is rectangular in shape when
measured in plan, and assumes that the lateral loads or overturning moments are parallel to one of the
principal footing axes. These steps should be completed for as many load combinations as required to
confirm compliance with applicable design criteria. For instance, the load combination with the
maximum downward vertical load often causes the maximum bearing pressure while the load
combination with the minimum downward vertical load often causes the minimum stability.
3
L
1. Determine the total vertical load, P.
3. Calculate the total overturning moment M, measured at the bottom of the footing.
4. Determine whether P/A exceeds M/S. This can be done by calculating and comparing P/A and
M/S or is typically completed by calculating the eccentricity, which equals M divided by P. If e
exceeds the footing length divided by 6, then M/S exceed P/A.
5. If P/A exceeds M/S, then the maximum bearing pressure equals P/A + M/S and the minimum
bearing pressure equals P/A-M/S.
6. If P/A is less than M/S, then the soil bearing pressure is as shown in Fig. 5-1. Such a soil
bearing pressure distribution would normally be considered undesirable because it makes the
footing structurally ineffective. The maximum bearing pressure, shown in the figure, is
calculated as follows:
4
FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 1 - Design of a continuous (wall) footing
Given:
/Νc = 4 ksi
/y = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 25 k/ft
Live Load = L = 12.5 k/ft
Wind O.T. = W = 4 k/ft
(axial load due to overturning under wind loading)
Seismic O.T. = E = 5 k/ft
(axial load due to overturning under earthquake loading)
ACI Design
Procedure Computation 318-05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing. Ignoring the footing self-weight;
D/a = 25/3 = 8.3 ft
(D + L)/b = 37.5/4 = 9.4 ft Ζ controls
(D + L + W)/c = 41.5/5 = 8.3 ft
(D + L + E)/c = 42.5/5 = 8.5 ft
Use B = 10 ft
Required strength. U = 1.4D 9.2
= 1.4(25)
= 35 k/ft or 3.50 ksf
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(25) + 1.6(12.5)
= 50 k/ft or 5.00 ksf (Controls)
U = 0.9D + 1.6W
= 0.9(25) + 1.6(4)
= 28.9 k/ft or 2.89 ksf
5
= 47.5 k/ft or 4.75 ksf
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
= 0.9(25) + (5)
= 27.5 k/ft or 2.75 ksf
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)
Calculate moment at the face of the wall Mu = (5)(4.5)2/2 = 50.6 ft-k/ft 15.4.2
Shrinkage and temperature 8# 5 top and bottom longitudinal bars will 7.12
reinforcement satisfy the requirement for shrinkage and
6
temperature reinforcement in the other
direction.
Check shear for earthquake load effects. Mn = 61.9 ft-k/ft and the corresponding 9.3.4 (a)
For structural members resisting Vfn = 18.6 k/ft
earthquake loads, if the nominal shear
strength is less than the shear Vc = 2 4000 (12)(17.5) / 1000
corresponding to the development of
nominal flexural resistance, then; = 26.5 k/ft > Vfn = 18.6 k/ft
φshear = 0.6 Therefore, the use of φshear = 0.75 above is
correct.
Final Design
Determine the size and reinforcing for a square spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on
soil.
Given:
ƒ’c = 4 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 200 k
Live Load = L = 100 k
Allowable soil bearing pressures:
Due to D = 4 ksf = "a"
Due to D + L = 7 ksf = "b"
7
ACI 318- Design
Procedure Computation 05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing. Ignoring the footing self-weight;
D/a = 200/4 = 50 sq. ft. (Controls)
(D+L)/b = 300/7 = 42.9 sq. ft.
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(200) + 1.6(100)
= 400k or (400/53.7)= 7.5 ksf
(Controls)
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)
φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Two-way action
Try d = 16 in. and h = 20 in.
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 16) = 128 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16
αd
Vc = ( s + 2 ) f 'c bo d
bo 11.12.2.1
(b)
( 40 )( 16 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d
128
Vc = 7 f 'c bo d
= 388.5 k
8
One-way action φVn = φVc > Vu OK
bw = 7.33 (12) = 88 in. and d = 15.5 in. 11.12.1.1
Vc = 2 f 'c bw d 11.3.1.1
9
Final Design
Determine the size and reinforcing for a rectangular spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on soil.
Given:
ƒ’c = 4 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 180 k
Live Load = L = 100 k
Wind O.T. = W = 120 k
(axial load due to overturning under wind loading)
Allowable soil bearing pressures:
Due to D = 4 ksf = “a”
Due to D + L = 6 ksf = “b”
Due to D + L + W = 8.4 ksf = “c”
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
10
= 1.2(180) + 1.6(100)
= 376 k or (376/50) = 7.6 ksf
U = 0.9D + 1.6W
= 0.9(180) + 1.6(120)
= 354 k or 7.1 ksf
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)
φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Two-way action
Try d = 23 in. and h = 27 in.
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 23) = 156 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16
αsd
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
bo (b)
( 40 )( 23 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d
156
Vc = 7.9 f 'c bo d
= 680.7 k
11
φVc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 60 )( 23.5 ) / 1000
= 133.7 k
Vu=5[(10/2) – (8+23.5)/12](10.2)=121.2 k
Calculate moment in the long direction, Mu = (10.2)(4.33)2 (5)/2 = 479 ft-k 15.4.2
at the column face.
φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)
Compute flexural tension reinforcement
(bottom bars) using design aids in φKn = 479 (12,000)/[(5)(12)(23.5)2]
Chapter 1. = 173.5 psi
For φKn = 173.5 psi, select ρ = 0.335% Flexure 1
As = ρbd = 0.00335 (5)(12)(23.5) = 4.72
in2
7.12
Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh 10.5.4
12
Check for minimum reinforcement As,min= 0.0018 bh 7.12
As,min= 0.0018(10)(12)(27) = 5.83 in2 10.5.4
> 1.89 in2
Use As = 5.83 in2
l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 / 4 ,000 )
[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.875
Ρd =25 in. for # 7 bars
l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 / 4 ,000 )
[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 0.8 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.625
Ρd =15 in. for # 5 bars
Ρd = 15 in < Ρd (provided) = 19 in
in the short direction: use straight # 5 bars
13
Final Design
Determine the size and reinforcing for a square pile cap that supports a 16 in. square column and is placed on 4 piles.
Given:
ƒ’c = 5 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 250 k
Live Load = L = 150 k
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(250) + 1.6(150)
= 540 k = Vu (Controls)
Piles:
Pu = 540/4 = 135 k = Vu ignoring the
self-weight of pile cap
14
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0, (no shear reinforcement)
φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Try d = 26 in. and h = 33 in.
Around Column:
Two-way action
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 26) = 168 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16
αsd
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
bo (b)
( 40 )( 26 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f ' c bo d
168
Vc = 8.2 f ' c bo d
Vu = 540 k
Around Piles
Vc = 9 f ' c bo d
11.12.2.1
Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls) (c)
15
φVc = 0.75( 4 5000 ( 74 )( 26 )) / 1000
= 408 k
Vu = 135 k
16
FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 5 - Design of a continuous footing with an overturning moment
Given:
f’c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
17
Eccentricity = e = M/P = 9.2/17.6 = 0.52 ft
U = 0.9D + 1.6W
0.9D = 0.9(17.6)/7 = 2.27 ksf
1.6W =1.6(9.2)/8.167 = 1.80 ksf
e = 1.6(M)/(0.9(P))
= 1.6(9.2)/(0.9(17.6) = 0.93 ft
Since e < B/6, bearing pressure
= 0.9(P/A) ± 1.6(M/S)
U = 4.07 ksf (maximum)
U = 0.47 ksf (minimum)
18
Design for φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Shear Assume Vs = 0 (i.e. no shear reinforcement)
φVn = φ Vc 11.1.1
(
φ Vc = φ 2 f b w d
c
'
) 11.3
Try d = 10 in.
and h = 14 in.
( )
φ Vc = 0.75 2 4000 × 12 × 10 / 1000
= 11.38 k/ft
U = 1.4D
Vu = (3.52 – (1.4)(0.358))(2.17)
= 6.55 k/ft
φ Vn = φ Vc > Vu OK
19
Moment Calculate the moment at the face of the wall 15.4.2
= (7/2 – 6/12)
= 3.0 ft
measured from the edge of the footing
U = 1.4D
Mu = (3.52 − 1.4(0.358))(3.0)2 / 2
= 13.58 ft-k/ft
Compute
φ K n = M u (12,000) /(bd 2 )
φ K n = 17.45 (12,000) /(12 × 10 2 ) = 175 psi
20
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 1
11.1 Introduction
Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil
below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without
exceeding its safe bearing capacity, to prevent excessive settlement of the structure to a
tolerable limit, to minimize differential settlement, and to prevent sliding and overturning.
The settlement depends upon the intensity of the load, type of soil, and foundation level.
Where possibility of differential settlement occurs, the different footings should be
designed in such away to settle independently of each other.
Foundation design involves a soil study to establish the most appropriate type of foundation
and a structural design to determine footing dimensions and required amount of
reinforcement.
Because compressive strength of the soil is generally much weaker than that of the
concrete, the contact area between the soil and the footing is much larger than that of the
columns and walls.
1- Isolated Footings:
(a)
(b)
Figure 11.1: (a) Square isolated footing; (b) Rectangular isolated footing
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square
or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely
used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending
moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of
light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced, and in case of good homogeneous
soil. Under the effect of upward soil pressure, the footing bends in a dish shaped form. An
isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on
top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings
may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to
isolated footing. Figure 11.1 shows square and rectangular isolated footings.
b. In the case of clay soils, footings are to penetrate below the zone where shrinkage
and swelling due to seasonal weather changes are likely to cause appreciable
movement.
c. The footing should be located sufficiently below maximum scouring depth.
d. The footing should be located away from top soils containing organic materials.
e. The footing should be located away from unconsolidated materials such as garbage.
All footings shall extend to a depth of at least 0.50 meter below natural ground level. On
rock or such other weather-resisting natural ground, removal of the top soil may be all that
is required. In such cases, the surface shall be cleaned, so as to provide a suitable bearing.
Usually footings are located at depths of 1.5 to 2.0 meters below natural ground level.
For moment and shear calculations, the upward and downward pressures of the footing
mass and the soil mass get cancelled. Thus, a net soil pressure is used instead of the gross
pressure value, or
Figure 11.3 shows schematic representation of allowable gross and net soil pressures.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 5
(a)
(b)
Figure 11.3: Gross and net soil pressures; (a) gross soil pressure;
(b) net soil pressure
P
q= ( 11.3)
A
where A is the bearing area of the footing, and P is the applied load.
where hc is assumed footing depth, d f is distance from ground surface to the contact
surface between footing base and soil, γ c is weight density of concrete, and γ s is weight
density of soil on top of footing.
Based on ACI Code 15.2.2, base area of footing is determined from unfactored forces and
moments transmitted by footing to soil and the allowable soil pressure evaluated through
principles of soil mechanics. The required base area of the footing is obtained by dividing
the column service loads by the allowable net soil pressure of the soil, or
PD + PL
Areq = (11.4)
qall (net )
where PD and PL are column service dead and live loads respectively.
Select appropriate L, and B values, if possible, use a square footing to achieve greatest
economy.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure.
Evaluate the net factored soil pressure by dividing the factored column loads by the chosen
footing area, or
1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
qu (net ) = (11.5)
L× B
determines the minimum required depth of footing. The depth of the footing must be set so
that the shear capacity of the concrete equals or exceeds the critical shear forces produced
by factored loads.
As discussed in Chapter 4, the critical section for punching shear is located at distance d / 2
from column faces and usually takes the shape of the column. Footing thickness is adequate
for resisting punching shear once Vu ≤ Φ VC
The critical punching shear force can be evaluated using one of the two following methods:
where C1 and C 2 are column cross sectional dimensions, shown in Figure 1.5.
2
Vc = 0.53 f ' c 1 + λ bo d (11.7)
β
Vc = λ f 'c bo d (11.8)
α d
Vc = 0.27 s + 2 λ f ' c bo d (11.9)
bo
When β = 2, equations (11.7) and (11.8) give the same value, if β > 2 Eq. (11.7) gives
smaller value than that evaluated using Eq. (11.8).
Since there are two layers of reinforcement, an average value of d may be used. The
average effective depth is given as
d avg = hc − 7.5 cm − d b , where d b is bar diameter.
L − C2
Vu = qu (net ) B −d (11.10)
2
Vc = 0.53 f c′ B d (11.11)
B − C1
Vu = q u (net ) L −d (11.12)
2
Vc = 0.53 f c′ L d (11.13)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 11.6: Critical section for moment (a) concrete column or wall;
(b) masonry wall; (c) column with steel base plate
The reinforcement ratio is calculated based on rectangular section design, where the
minimum reinforcement ratio ρ min is not to be less than 0.0018.
(a)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 11
(b)
Figure 11.6: Flexural reinforcement; (a) square footing; (b)
rectangular footing
According to ACI Code 15.4.3, for square footings, the reinforcement is identical in both
directions as shown in Figure 11.6.a, neglecting the slight difference in effective depth
values in the two directions. For rectangular footings, ACI Code 15.4.4 specifies that the
reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly distributed while portion of the total
reinforcement in the short direction, γ s As is to be distributed uniformly over a band width,
centered on centerline of column, equal to the length of the short side of footing. Remainder
of reinforcement required in short direction, (1 − γ s ) As is to be distributed uniformly
outside center band width of footing as shown in Figure 11.6.b.
where As is the total reinforcement required in the short direction, β equals the ratio of the
long side to the short side of the footing and γ s is given as
2
γs = (11.16)
1+ β
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete.
All forces applied at the base of a column or wall must be transferred to the footing by
bearing on concrete and/or by reinforcement. Tensile forces must be resisted entirely by the
reinforcement. Bearing on concrete for column and footing must not exceed the concrete
bearing strength.
The joint could fail by crushing of the concrete at the bottom of the column where the
column bars are no longer effective or by crushing the concrete in the footing under the
column.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 12
Φ Pn = Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (11.17)
where
f c′ = compressive strength of the column concrete
A2
Φ Pn = Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) ≤ 2.0 Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (1.18)
A1
where
f c′ = compressive strength of the footing concrete
A2 = area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.
When bearing strength is exceeded, reinforcement in the form of dowel bars must be
provided to transfer the excess load. A minimum area of reinforcement must be provided
across the interface of column or wall and footing, even where concrete bearing strength is
not exceeded.
For columns, minimum dowel reinforcement is given by ACI Code 15.8.2.1 as
(Pu − Φ Pn )
As , req = (11.20)
Φ fy
Example (11.1):
Design an isolated square footing to support an interior column 40 cm × 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons.
Use f c′ = 250 kg / cm 2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , q all ( gross ) = 2.0 kg / cm 2 , γ soil = 1.7 t / m 3 , and
D f = 1.25 m .
Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 50 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
qall (net ) = 20 − 0.75 (1.7 ) − 0.5 (2.5) = 17.475 t/m 2
P 80 + 60
Areq = = = 8.011 m 2
q all (net ) 17.475
P 192
qu (net ) = u = = 23.64 t/m 2
B 2
(2.85 )2
2
Φ Vc = 0.53 Φ f ' c 1 + λ bo d
β
2
= 0.53 (0.75 ) 250 1 + (1)(323.6 )(40.9 ) / 1000 = 249.55 tons
1
Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d
α d
Φ Vc = 0.27 Φ s + 2 λ f ' c bo d
bo
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 15
40 (40.9 )
= 0.27 (0.75 ) + 2 250 (323.6 )(40.9 ) / 1000 = 299 tons
323.6
Φ Vc = 156.95 tons < 176.54 tons
Increase footing thickness to 55 cm, and repeat punching shear check.
Average effective depth d = 55 – 7.5 – 1.6 = 45.9 cm
The factored shear force
Vu = (23.64 )[(2.85 )(2.85 ) − (0.859 )(0.859 )]= 174.57 tons
Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d
Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from faces of column, as shown
in Figure 11.8.b, or:
Vu = (23.64 )(2.85 )(0.766 ) = 51.61 tons < 82.22 tons
M u = (23.64 )(2.85 )
(1.225 )2 = 50.55 t .m
2
ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb is the smaller of:
285 − 15 − 1.6
7.5 + 0.8 = 8.3 cm , or = 9.58 cm , i.e., cb = 8.3 cm
14 (2 )
cb + K tr 8.3 + 0
= = 5.1875 > 2.5 , taken as 2.5
db 1.6
f yψ t ψ eψ s 4200 (0.8 )
ld = d b = 1.6 = 38.86 cm
3.5 λ cb + K tr f ' 3 . 5 (2 . 5 ) 250
d c
b
Available length = 122.5 – 7.5 = 115.0 cm > 38.86 cm
a- Dowel reinforcement ( φ 16 mm ):
0.075 f y
d b ≥ 0.0044 f y d b
λ f 'c
Example (11.2):
Design an isolated rectangular footing to support an interior column 40 cm × 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons. Use f c′ = 250 kg/cm2 ,
f y = 4200kg/cm 2 , qall ( gross ) = 2.0 kg/cm 2 , γsoil = 1.7 t/m 3 , and D f =1.25 m .
Space limitations are such that one lateral dimension cannot exceed 2.5m.
Solution:
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 19
P 80 + 60
Areq = = = 8.03 m 2
q all (net ) 17.435
8.03
Let B = 2.5 m, L = = 3.21 m
2.5
Use 325 cm × 250 cm × 55 cm footing.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
Pu = 1.20 (80 ) + 1.60 (60 ) = 192 tons
Pu 192
qu (net ) = = = 23.63 t/m 2
L × B 3.25 × 2.5
2
Φ Vc = 0.53 Φ f ' c 1 + λ bo d
β
2
= 0.53 (0.75 ) 250 1 + (1)(343.6 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 297.37 tons
1
Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d
α d
Φ Vc = 0.27 Φ s + 2 λ f ' c bo d
bo
40 (45.9 )
= 0.27 (0.75 ) + 2 250 (343.6 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 370.82 tons
343.6
Φ Vc = 187.02 tons > 174.56 tons
Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for
beam shear (short direction) beam shear (long direction)
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in long direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in Figure 11.9.d.
M u = (23.63 )(2.5 )
(1.425 )2 = 59.98 t .m
2
M u = (23.63 )(3.25 )
(1.05 )2 = 42.33 t .m
2
2
Central band reinforcement = γ s As = (32.17 ) = 27.97 cm 2
1 + 325 / 250
Use 14 φ 16 mm in the central band.
32.17 − 27.97
For each of the side bands, As = = 2.10 cm
2
2
Use 2 φ 16 mm in each of the two side bands.
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 221 tons > 192 tons
ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb is the smaller of:
325 −15 − 1.8
7.5 + 0.9 = 8.4 cm , or =10.27 cm , i.e., cb= 8.40 cm
15 (2)
cb + K tr 8.40 + 0
= = 4.67 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 1.8
f y ψ t ψ eψ s 4200 (0.8 )
ld = d b = 1.8 = 43.72 cm
c
3.5 λ b + K
tr f ' 3 .5 (2 .5 ) 250
d c
b
Available length = 142.5 – 7.5 = 135.0 cm > 43.72 cm
b- Reinforcement in short direction ( φ 16 mm ):
ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb + K tr 8.30 + 0
= = 5.19 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 1.6
f y ψ t ψ eψ s 4200 (0.8 )
ld = d b =
+
1 . 6 3.5 (2.5 ) 250 = 38.86 cm
c
3.5 λ b K tr f '
d c
b
Available length = 105.0 – 7.5 = 97.5 cm > 38.86 cm
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 24
11.7 Problems
P11.1 Design a circular footing to support a column 40 cm in diameter, and carries a service
dead load of 60 tons, and a service live load of 20 tons.
Use fc′ = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , qall ( gross ) =1.7 kg / cm 2 , γ soil = 1.7 t / m3 , and
D f =1.5 m .