Unit 5

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Chapter 5

Footing Design

By S. Ali Mirza1 and William Brant2

5.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete foundations, or footings, transmit loads from a structure to the supporting soil.
Footings are designed based on the nature of the loading, the properties of the footing and the
properties of the soil.

Design of a footing typically consists of the following steps:

1. Determine the requirements for the footing, including the loading and the nature of the supported
structure.

2. Select options for the footing and determine the necessary soils parameters. This step is often
completed by consulting with a Geotechnical Engineer.

3. The geometry of the foundation is selected so that any minimum requirements based on soils
parameters are met. Following are typical requirements:

• The calculated bearing pressures need to be less than the allowable bearing pressures. Bearing
pressures are the pressures that the footing exerts on the supporting soil. Bearing pressures are
measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square foot.
• The calculated settlement of the footing, due to applied loads, needs to be less than the
allowable settlement.
• The footing needs to have sufficient capacity to resist sliding caused by any horizontal loads.
• The footing needs to be sufficiently stable to resist overturning loads. Overturning loads are
commonly caused by horizontal loads applied above the base of the footing.
• Local conditions.
• Building code requirements.
1
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
2
Structural Engineer, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, KS.

1
4. Structural design of the footing is completed, including selection and spacing of reinforcing steel in
accordance with ACI 318 and any applicable building code. During this step, the previously
selected geometry may need to be revised to accommodate the strength requirements of the
reinforced concrete sections. Integral to the structural design are the requirements specific to
foundations, as defined in ACI 318-05 Chapter 15.

5.2 Types of Foundations


Shallow footings bear directly on the supporting soil. This type of foundation is used when the shallow
soils can safely support the foundation loads.

A deep foundation may be selected if the shallow soils cannot economically support the foundation
loads. Deep foundations consist of a footing that bears on piers or piles. The footing above the piers
or piles is typically referred to as a pile cap.

The piers or piles are supported by deeper competent soils, or are supported on bedrock. It is
commonly assumed that the soil immediately below the pile caps provides no direct support to the pile
cap.

5.3 Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design


Traditionally the geometry of a footing or a pile cap is selected using unfactored loads. The structural
design of the foundation is then completed using strength design in accordance with ACI 318.

ACI Committee 336 is in the process of developing a methodology for completing the entire footing
design using the strength design method.

5.4 Structural Design


The following steps are typically followed for completing the structural design of the footing or pile
cap, based on ACI 318-05:

1. Determine footing plan dimensions by comparing the gross soil bearing pressure and the allowable
soil bearing pressure.

2. Apply load factors in accordance with Chapter 9 of ACI 318-05.

3. Determine whether the footing or pile cap will be considered as spanning one-way or two-ways.

4. Confirm the thickness of the footing or pile cap by comparing the shear capacity of the concrete
section to the factored shear load. ACI 318-05 Chapter 15 provides guidance on selecting the
location for the critical cross-section for one-way shear. ACI 318-05 Chapter 11 provides guidance
on selecting the location for the critical cross-section for two-way shear. Chapter 2 of this
handbook on shear design also provides further design information and design aids.

2
5. Determine reinforcing bar requirements for the concrete section based on the flexural capacity
along with the following requirements in ACI 318-05.

• Requirements specific to footings


• Temperature and shrinkage reinforcing requirements
• Bar spacing requirements
• Development and splicing requirements
• Seismic Design provisions
• Other standards of design and construction, as required

5.5 Footings Subject to Eccentric Loading


Footings are often subjected to lateral loads or overturning moments, in addition to vertical loads.
These types of loads are typically seismic or wind loads.

Lateral loads or overturning moments result in a non-uniform soil bearing pressure under the footing,
where the soil bearing pressure is larger on one side of the footing than the other. Non-uniform soil
bearing can also be caused by a foundation pedestal not being located at the footing center of gravity.

If the lateral loads and overturning moments are small in proportion to the vertical loads, then the
entire bottom of the footing is in compression and a P/A ± M/S type of analysis is appropriate for
calculating the soil bearing pressures, where the various parameters are defined as follows:

P= The total vertical load, including any applied loads along with the weight of all of the
components of the foundation, and also including the weight of the soil located
directly above the footing.

A= The area of the bottom of the footing.

M= The total overturning moment measured at the bottom of the footing, including
horizontal loads times the vertical distance from the load application location to the
bottom of the footing plus any overturning moments.

S= The section modulus of the bottom of the footing.

If M/S exceeds P/A, then P/A - M/S results in tension, which is generally not possible at the footing/soil
interface. This interface is generally only able to transmit compression, not tension. A different
method of analysis is required when M/S exceeds P/A.

Following are the typical steps for calculating bearing pressures for a footing, when non-uniform
bearing pressures are present. These steps are based on a footing that is rectangular in shape when
measured in plan, and assumes that the lateral loads or overturning moments are parallel to one of the
principal footing axes. These steps should be completed for as many load combinations as required to
confirm compliance with applicable design criteria. For instance, the load combination with the
maximum downward vertical load often causes the maximum bearing pressure while the load
combination with the minimum downward vertical load often causes the minimum stability.

3
L
1. Determine the total vertical load, P.

2. Determine the lateral and overturning loads.

3. Calculate the total overturning moment M, measured at the bottom of the footing.

4. Determine whether P/A exceeds M/S. This can be done by calculating and comparing P/A and
M/S or is typically completed by calculating the eccentricity, which equals M divided by P. If e
exceeds the footing length divided by 6, then M/S exceed P/A.

5. If P/A exceeds M/S, then the maximum bearing pressure equals P/A + M/S and the minimum
bearing pressure equals P/A-M/S.

6. If P/A is less than M/S, then the soil bearing pressure is as shown in Fig. 5-1. Such a soil
bearing pressure distribution would normally be considered undesirable because it makes the
footing structurally ineffective. The maximum bearing pressure, shown in the figure, is
calculated as follows:

Maximum Bearing pressure = 2 P / [(B) (X)]


Where X = 3(L/2 - e) and e = M / P

Fig. 5-1 Footing under eccentric loading

5.6 Footing Design Examples


The footing examples in this section illustrate the use of ACI 318-05 for some typical footing designs
as well as demonstrate the use of some design aids included in other chapters. However, these
examples do not necessarily provide a complete procedure for foundation design as they are not
intended to substitute for engineering skills or experience.

4
FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 1 - Design of a continuous (wall) footing

Determine the size and reinforcement for the continuous


footing under a 12 in. bearing wall of a 10 story building
founded on soil.

Given:
/Νc = 4 ksi
/y = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 25 k/ft
Live Load = L = 12.5 k/ft
Wind O.T. = W = 4 k/ft
(axial load due to overturning under wind loading)
Seismic O.T. = E = 5 k/ft
(axial load due to overturning under earthquake loading)

Allowable soil bearing pressures:


D = 3 ksf = "a"
D + L = 4 ksf = "b"
D + L + (W or E) = 5 ksf = "c"

ACI Design
Procedure Computation 318-05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing. Ignoring the footing self-weight;
D/a = 25/3 = 8.3 ft
(D + L)/b = 37.5/4 = 9.4 ft Ζ controls
(D + L + W)/c = 41.5/5 = 8.3 ft
(D + L + E)/c = 42.5/5 = 8.5 ft
Use B = 10 ft
Required strength. U = 1.4D 9.2
= 1.4(25)
= 35 k/ft or 3.50 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(25) + 1.6(12.5)
= 50 k/ft or 5.00 ksf (Controls)

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L


= 1.2(25) + 1.6(4) +12.5
= 48.9 k/ft or 4.89 ksf

U = 0.9D + 1.6W
= 0.9(25) + 1.6(4)
= 28.9 k/ft or 2.89 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L


= 1.2(25) + (5) + 12.5

5
= 47.5 k/ft or 4.75 ksf

U = 0.9D + 1.0E
= 0.9(25) + (5)
= 27.5 k/ft or 2.75 ksf
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

φVn = φVc 11.1.1

φVc = φ ( 2 f 'c bw d ) 11.3

Try d = 17 in. and h = 21 in.


φVc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 12 )( 17 ) / 1000
=19.35 k/ft
Calculate Vu at d from the face of the 11.1.3.1
wall Vu = (10/2 - 6/12 - 17/12)(5.00) = 15.5 k/ft

φVn = φVc > Vu OK

Calculate moment at the face of the wall Mu = (5)(4.5)2/2 = 50.6 ft-k/ft 15.4.2

Compute flexural tension reinforcement φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)

φKn = 50.6 (12,000)/[(12)(17)2] = 176 psi

For φKn = 176 psi, select ρ = 0.34% Flexure 1

As = ρbd = 0.0034 (12) (17) = 0.70 in2/ft

Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh 7.12


10.5.4
As,min=0.0018(12)(21)=0.46 in2/ft <0.7in2/ft
OK
Use bottom bars #8 @ 13 in c/c hooked at
ends. If these bars are not hooked, provide
calculations to justify the use of straight
bars.
Note: εt = 0.040 > 0.005 for tension 10.3.4
9.3.2
controlled sections and φ = 0.9
Flexure 1
Use top bars #5 @ 13 in c/c arbitrarily
designed to take approximately 40% of
bending moment due to possible reversal
caused by earthquake loads.

Shrinkage and temperature 8# 5 top and bottom longitudinal bars will 7.12
reinforcement satisfy the requirement for shrinkage and

6
temperature reinforcement in the other
direction.
Check shear for earthquake load effects. Mn = 61.9 ft-k/ft and the corresponding 9.3.4 (a)
For structural members resisting Vfn = 18.6 k/ft
earthquake loads, if the nominal shear
strength is less than the shear Vc = 2 4000 (12)(17.5) / 1000
corresponding to the development of
nominal flexural resistance, then; = 26.5 k/ft > Vfn = 18.6 k/ft
φshear = 0.6 Therefore, the use of φshear = 0.75 above is
correct.
Final Design

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 2 - Design of a square spread footing

Determine the size and reinforcing for a square spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on
soil.

Given:

ƒ’c = 4 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 200 k
Live Load = L = 100 k
Allowable soil bearing pressures:
Due to D = 4 ksf = "a"
Due to D + L = 7 ksf = "b"

7
ACI 318- Design
Procedure Computation 05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing. Ignoring the footing self-weight;
D/a = 200/4 = 50 sq. ft. (Controls)
(D+L)/b = 300/7 = 42.9 sq. ft.

Use 7.33 ft x 7.33 ft


A = 53.7 > 50 sq. ft. OK
Required strength. U = 1.4D 9.2
= 1.4(200)
= 280 k or (280/53.7) = 5.3 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(200) + 1.6(100)
= 400k or (400/53.7)= 7.5 ksf
(Controls)
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Two-way action
Try d = 16 in. and h = 20 in.
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 16) = 128 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16
αd
Vc = ( s + 2 ) f 'c bo d
bo 11.12.2.1
(b)
( 40 )( 16 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d
128

Vc = 7 f 'c bo d

Vc = 4 f 'c bo d (Controls) 11.12.2.1


(c)
φVc = 0.75( 4 4000 ( 128 )( 16 )) / 1000

= 388.5 k

Vu = [(7.33)2 – ((16+16)/12)2 ](7.5) =


349.6 k

8
One-way action φVn = φVc > Vu OK
bw = 7.33 (12) = 88 in. and d = 15.5 in. 11.12.1.1

Vc = 2 f 'c bw d 11.3.1.1

φVc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 88 )( 15.5 ) / 1000


= 129.4 k

Vu =7.33 [(7.33/2) – (8+15.5)/12](7.5)


= 94.0 k

φVn = φVc > Vu OK


Bearing φbearing = 0.65 9.3.2.4
A2 / A1 = 2 10.17.1

Bearing resistance of footing Br = φ ( 0.85 f 'c A1 ) A2 / A1


Br = 0.65(0.85)(4)(16)2 (2)
Br = 1131 k > 400 k ฀ OK
Calculate moment at the column face 15.4.2
Mu = (7.5)(3)2 (7.33)/2 = 248 ft-k
Compute flexural tension reinforcement
(bottom bars) using design aids in φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)
Chapter 1
φKn = 248 (12,000)/[(7.33)(12)(15.5)2] Flexure 1
= 141 psi
For φKn = 141 psi, select ρ = 0.27%
As = ρbd = 0.0027 (7.33)(12)(15.5) = 3.7
in2

Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh

As,min=0.0018(7.33)(12)(20)= 3.2 in2 7.12


< 3.7in2 OK 10.5.4 Flexure 1

Use 9 #6 straight bars in both directions


Note: εt = 0.050 > 0.005 for tension
10.3.4
controlled sections and φ = 0.9.
9.3.2
Development length: 15.6.3
Critical sections for development length
occur at the column face.
(
l d = f y Ψt Ψe λ /(25 f 'c ) db) 15.4.2
12.2.2

⎛ ( 60 ,000 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 ) ⎞


l d = ⎜⎜ ⎟0.75

⎝ 25 4 ,000 ⎠
Ρd =29 in. < Ρd (provided) = (3)(12) – 3
= 33 in ฀ OK

9
Final Design

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 3 - Design of a rectangular spread footing.

Determine the size and reinforcing for a rectangular spread footing that supports a 16 in. square column, founded on soil.

Given:
ƒ’c = 4 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 180 k
Live Load = L = 100 k
Wind O.T. = W = 120 k
(axial load due to overturning under wind loading)
Allowable soil bearing pressures:
Due to D = 4 ksf = “a”
Due to D + L = 6 ksf = “b”
Due to D + L + W = 8.4 ksf = “c”

Design a rectangular footing with


an aspect ratio ≤ 0.6

ACI 318- Design


Procedure Computation 05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing. Ignoring the self-weight of the footing;
D/a = 180/4 = 45 sq.ft.
(D+L)/b = 280/6 = 46.7 sq.ft.
(D + L + W)/c = 400/8.4 = 47.6 sq.ft.
Controls
Use 5 ft x 10 ft
A = 50 sq.ft. is OK
Required Strength U = 1.4D 9.2
= 1.4(180)
= 252 k or (252/50) = 5.1 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.6L

10
= 1.2(180) + 1.6(100)
= 376 k or (376/50) = 7.6 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L


= 1.2(180) + 1.6(120) + 1.0(100)
= 508 k or 10.2 ksf (Controls)

U = 0.9D + 1.6W
= 0.9(180) + 1.6(120)
= 354 k or 7.1 ksf
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0 (no shear reinforcement)

φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Two-way action
Try d = 23 in. and h = 27 in.
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 23) = 156 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16

αsd
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
bo (b)

( 40 )( 23 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d
156

Vc = 7.9 f 'c bo d

Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls) 11.12.2.1


(c)
φVc = 0.75( 4 4000 ( 156 )( 23 )) / 1000

= 680.7 k

Vu = [(10)(5) – (16+23)/12)2 ](10.2)


= 402.3 k

φVn = φVc > Vu ฀ OK


11.12.1.1
One-way action (in short direction) bw = 5(12) = 60 in. and d = 23.5 in.
11.3.1.1
Vc = 2 f 'c bw d

11
φVc = 0.75( 2 4000 )( 60 )( 23.5 ) / 1000
= 133.7 k

Vu=5[(10/2) – (8+23.5)/12](10.2)=121.2 k

φVn = φVc > Vu OK


One-way action in the long direction is
not a problem because the footing edge is
located within the potential critical
section for one-way shear.
Bearing φbearing = 0.65 9.3.2.4
A2 / A1 = 2 10.17.1

Bearing resistance of footing Br = φ ( 0.85 f 'c A1 ) A2 / A1


Br = 0.65(0.85)(4)(16)2 (2)
Br = 1131 k > 508 k OK

Calculate moment in the long direction, Mu = (10.2)(4.33)2 (5)/2 = 479 ft-k 15.4.2
at the column face.
φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)
Compute flexural tension reinforcement
(bottom bars) using design aids in φKn = 479 (12,000)/[(5)(12)(23.5)2]
Chapter 1. = 173.5 psi
For φKn = 173.5 psi, select ρ = 0.335% Flexure 1
As = ρbd = 0.00335 (5)(12)(23.5) = 4.72
in2
7.12
Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh 10.5.4

As,min= 0.0018(5)(12)(27) = 2.92 in2


< 4.72 in2 OK

Use 8 #7 bars distributed uniformly across


the entire 5ft width of footing
15.4.4.1
Note: εt = 0.041 > 0.005 for tension
10.3.4 Flexure 1
controlled sections and φ = 0.9.
9.3.2
Calculate moment in the short direction,
at the column face. Mu = (10.2)(1.83)2 (10)/2 = 171.4 ft-k 15.4.2

Compute flexural tension reinforcement φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)


(bottom bars) using design aids in
Chapter 1. φKn = 171.4 (12,000)/[(10)(12)(22.5)2]
= 33.9 psi Flexure 1
For φKn = 33.9 psi, select ρ = 0.07%
As = ρbd = 0.0007 (10)(12)(22.5)
= 1.89 in2

12
Check for minimum reinforcement As,min= 0.0018 bh 7.12
As,min= 0.0018(10)(12)(27) = 5.83 in2 10.5.4
> 1.89 in2
Use As = 5.83 in2

(Reinf. In central 5-ft band) / (total reinf.)


= 2/(β+1) 15.4.4.2
β = 10/5 = 2; and 2/(β+1) = 2/3
Reinf. In central 5-ft band = 5.83(2/3)
= 3.89 in2

Use 7 #7 bars distributed uniformly across


the entire 5ft band.

Reinforcement outside the central band


= 5.83 – 7(0.6) = 1.63 in2

Use 6 #5 bars (3 each side) distributed


uniformly outside the central band.
Development length: 15.6.3
Critical sections for development length l d = (3 / 40)( f y / f 'c ) 15.4.2
occur at the column face. 12.2.3
[(Ψt Ψe Ψs λ ) /((cb + K tr ) / db )]db 12.2.4

Ktr = 0; and ((cb+ Ktr)/db) = 2.5

l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 / 4 ,000 )
[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.875
Ρd =25 in. for # 7 bars

Ρd =25 in < Ρd (provided) = (4.33)(12) – 3


= 49 in
in the long direction: use straight # 7 bars

Ρd =25 in > Ρd (provided) = (1.83)(12) – 3


= 19 in
in the short direction: use hooked # 7 bars

l d = ( 3 / 40 )( 60 ,000 / 4 ,000 )
[( 1.0 )( 1.0 )( 0.8 )( 1.0 ) / 2.5]0.625
Ρd =15 in. for # 5 bars
Ρd = 15 in < Ρd (provided) = 19 in
in the short direction: use straight # 5 bars

13
Final Design

FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 4 - Design of a pile cap.

Determine the size and reinforcing for a square pile cap that supports a 16 in. square column and is placed on 4 piles.

Given:

ƒ’c = 5 ksi
ƒy = 60 ksi
Dead Load = D = 250 k
Live Load = L = 150 k

16 x 16 in. reinforced concrete column


12 x 12 in. reinforced concrete piles
(4 piles each @ 5 ft on centers)

ACI 318- Design


Procedure Computation 05 Aid
Section
Factored Loads: Column: 9.2
U = 1.4D
= 1.4(250)
= 350 k

U = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(250) + 1.6(150)
= 540 k = Vu (Controls)

Piles:
Pu = 540/4 = 135 k = Vu ignoring the
self-weight of pile cap

14
Design for shear. φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Assume Vs = 0, (no shear reinforcement)

φVn = φVc
11.1.1
Try d = 26 in. and h = 33 in.

Around Column:
Two-way action
11.12.1.2
bo = 4(16 + 26) = 168 in.
4
Vc = ( 2 + ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
β (a)
4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
16 / 16

αsd
Vc = ( + 2 ) f 'c bo d 11.12.2.1
bo (b)

( 40 )( 26 )
Vc = ( + 2 ) f ' c bo d
168

Vc = 8.2 f ' c bo d

Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls) 11.12.2.1


(c)
φVc = 0.75( 4 5000 ( 168 )( 26 )) / 1000
= 926 k

Vu = 540 k

φVn = φVc > Vu OK

Around Piles

bo = 2(18 + 6 + 13) = 74 in. 11.12.1.2


4
Vc = (2 + ) f 'c bo d = 6 f 'c bo d
12 / 12 11.12.2.1
( 20 )( 26 ) (a)
Vc = ( + 2 ) f ' c bo d 11.12.2.1
74 (b)

Vc = 9 f ' c bo d

11.12.2.1
Vc = 4 f ' c bo d (Controls) (c)

15
φVc = 0.75( 4 5000 ( 74 )( 26 )) / 1000
= 408 k

Vu = 135 k

φVn = φVc > Vu OK


Note:
The effective depth is conservative for the
two-way action but is O.K. considering
the overlapping of the critical sections
around the column and the piles

One-way action will not be a problem


because the piles are located within
One-way action potential critical sections for one-way
shear.

Design for flexure Mu = 2(135)(2.5 - 0.67) = 495 ft-k


Find flexural tension reinforcement
(bottom bars) φKn = Mu (12,000)/(bd2)

φKn = 495 (12,000)/[(8)(12)(25.5)2]


= 95.2 psi
For φKn = 95.2 psi, select ρ = 0.19% Flexure 1

As = ρbd = 0.0019 (8)(12)(25.5) = 4.7 in2

Check for As,min= 0.0018 bh 7.12


10.5.4
As,min= 0.0018(8)(12)(33) = 5.7 in2
> 4.7 in2

As (required) = 5.7 in2

Use 10 #7 each way (bottom


reinforcement)
Top reinforcement:
Not required.

16
FOOTINGS EXAMPLE 5 - Design of a continuous footing with an overturning moment

Determine the size and reinforcing bars for a continuous footing


under a 12-in. bearing wall, founded on soil, and subject to
loading that includes an overturning moment.

Given:
f’c = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi

Depth from top of grade to bottom of footing = 3 ft


Density of soil above footing = 100 pcf
Density of footing concrete = 150 pcf

Vertical Dead Load = 15 k/ft (including wall weight)


Horizontal wind shear = V = 2.3 k/ft (applied at 1 ft above
grade)

Allowable soil bearing pressure based on unfactored loads


= 4 ksf

Procedure Computation ACI Design


318-05 Aid
Section
Sizing the footing Try footing width = B = 7 ft
Area = A = 1(7) =7 ft2/ft
Section Modulus = S =1(7)(7)/6=8.167 ft3/ft

Try a 14 inch thick footing


Weight of footing + soil above footing
= (14/12)(0.150) + (36-14)(0.100/12)
= 0.175 + 0.183 = 0.358 ksf

Total weight of footing + soil above footing


+ wall from top of grade to top of footing
= (0.175)(7)+(.183)(7-1)+(36-14)(0.150/12)
= 2.60 kips/ft

Total Vertical Load = P = 15 + 2.6 =17.6k/ft


(Dead Load)

Vertical distance from bottom of footing to


location of applied shear = H = 3 + 1 = 4 ft.
Overturning moment measured at base of
footing = M = (V)(H)
= (2.3)(4) = 9.2 ft-kips/ft (Wind Load)

17
Eccentricity = e = M/P = 9.2/17.6 = 0.52 ft

B/6 = 7/6 = 1.17 ft

Since e < B/6, bearing pressure


= P/A ± M/S

Maximum bearing pressure


=P/A + M/S
= (15 + 2.6)/7 + 9.2/8.167 = 3.64 ksf

Minimum bearing pressure


=P/A – M/S
= (15 + 2.6)/7 – 9.2/8.167 = 1.39 ksf

Max bearing pressure < allowable: OK


Required Strength U = 1.4D 9.2
= 1.4(17.6)/7 = 3.52 ksf

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L


1.2D = 1.2(17.6)/7 = 3.02 ksf
1.6W = 1.6(9.2)/8.167 = 1.80 ksf
1.0L = 0
e = 1.6(M)/(1.2(P))
= 1.6(9.2)/(1.2(17.6) = 0.70 ft
Since e < B/6, bearing pressure
= 1.2(P/A) ± 1.6(M/S)
U = 4.82 ksf (maximum)
U = 1.22 ksf (minimum)

U = 0.9D + 1.6W
0.9D = 0.9(17.6)/7 = 2.27 ksf
1.6W =1.6(9.2)/8.167 = 1.80 ksf
e = 1.6(M)/(0.9(P))
= 1.6(9.2)/(0.9(17.6) = 0.93 ft
Since e < B/6, bearing pressure
= 0.9(P/A) ± 1.6(M/S)
U = 4.07 ksf (maximum)
U = 0.47 ksf (minimum)

18
Design for φshear = 0.75 9.3.2.3
Shear Assume Vs = 0 (i.e. no shear reinforcement)

φVn = φ Vc 11.1.1
(
φ Vc = φ 2 f b w d
c
'
) 11.3

Try d = 10 in.
and h = 14 in.

( )
φ Vc = 0.75 2 4000 × 12 × 10 / 1000
= 11.38 k/ft

Calculate Vu for the different load combinations


that may control.

Calculate at the location d from the face of the 11.1.3.1


wall.

Delete the portion of bearing pressure caused by


weight of footing and soil above footing.

Distance d from face of wall


= (7/2 – 6/12 – 10/12)
= 2.17 ft
measured from the edge of the footing

U = 1.4D
Vu = (3.52 – (1.4)(0.358))(2.17)
= 6.55 k/ft

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L


Bearing pressure measured at distance d from
face of wall
= 4.82 – (4.82 – 1.22)(2.17/7)
= 3.70 ksf
Vu = (3.70 – 1.2(0.358))(2.17) +
(4.82 – 3.70)(2.17/2)
= 8.31 k/ft (controls)

φ Vn = φ Vc > Vu OK

19
Moment Calculate the moment at the face of the wall 15.4.2
= (7/2 – 6/12)
= 3.0 ft
measured from the edge of the footing

U = 1.4D
Mu = (3.52 − 1.4(0.358))(3.0)2 / 2
= 13.58 ft-k/ft

U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L


Bearing pressure measured at face of wall
= 4.82 − (4.82 − 1.22)(3/7) = 3.28 ksf
Mu = (3.28 − 1.2×0.358)(3.0)2 / 2
+ (4.82 − 3.28)(3.0)2 / 3
= 17.45 ft-k/ft (controls)

Compute
φ K n = M u (12,000) /(bd 2 )
φ K n = 17.45 (12,000) /(12 × 10 2 ) = 175 psi

For φ K n = 175 psi , select Δ = 0.34% Flexure 1

Compute flexural tension reinforcement


As = ρ b d = 0.0034(12)(10) = 0.41in 2 ft

Check for Asmin = 0.0018 bh 7.12


Asmin = 0.0018(12)(14) = 0.30 in2/ft 10.5.4
< 0.41 in2/ft OK

Use bottom bars #6 @12 in.

Use 7#5 bottom longitudinal bars to satisfy the


requirements for shrinkage and temperature 7.12
reinforcement in the other direction.

20
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 1

11 CHAPTER 11: FOOTINGS

11.1 Introduction
Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil
below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without
exceeding its safe bearing capacity, to prevent excessive settlement of the structure to a
tolerable limit, to minimize differential settlement, and to prevent sliding and overturning.
The settlement depends upon the intensity of the load, type of soil, and foundation level.
Where possibility of differential settlement occurs, the different footings should be
designed in such away to settle independently of each other.
Foundation design involves a soil study to establish the most appropriate type of foundation
and a structural design to determine footing dimensions and required amount of
reinforcement.
Because compressive strength of the soil is generally much weaker than that of the
concrete, the contact area between the soil and the footing is much larger than that of the
columns and walls.

11.2 Footing Types


The type of footing chosen for a particular structure is affected by the following:
1. The bearing capacity of the underlying soil.
2. The magnitude of the column loads.
3. The position of the water table.
4. The depth of foundations of adjacent buildings.
Footings may be classified as deep or shallow. If depth of the footing is equal to or greater
than its width, it is called deep footing, otherwise it is called shallow footing. Shallow
footings comprise the following types:
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 2

1- Isolated Footings:

(a)
(b)
Figure 11.1: (a) Square isolated footing; (b) Rectangular isolated footing
An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either square
or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most economical type and most widely
used footing. Whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to reduce the bending
moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of
light column loads, when columns are not closely spaced, and in case of good homogeneous
soil. Under the effect of upward soil pressure, the footing bends in a dish shaped form. An
isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on
top of the other near the bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings
may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to
isolated footing. Figure 11.1 shows square and rectangular isolated footings.

11.3 Depth of Footing


The depth to which foundations shall be carried is to satisfy the following:
a. Ensuring adequate bearing capacity.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 3

b. In the case of clay soils, footings are to penetrate below the zone where shrinkage
and swelling due to seasonal weather changes are likely to cause appreciable
movement.
c. The footing should be located sufficiently below maximum scouring depth.
d. The footing should be located away from top soils containing organic materials.
e. The footing should be located away from unconsolidated materials such as garbage.
All footings shall extend to a depth of at least 0.50 meter below natural ground level. On
rock or such other weather-resisting natural ground, removal of the top soil may be all that
is required. In such cases, the surface shall be cleaned, so as to provide a suitable bearing.
Usually footings are located at depths of 1.5 to 2.0 meters below natural ground level.

11.4 Pressure Distribution Below Footings


The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil, the relative
rigidity of the soil and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level of contact between
footing and soil. A concrete footing on sand will have a pressure distribution similar to
Figure 11.2.a. When a rigid footing is resting on sandy soil, the sand near the edges of the
footing tends to displace laterally when the footing is loaded. This tends to decrease in soil
pressure near the edges, whereas soil away from the edges of footing is relatively confined.
On the other hand, the pressure distribution under a footing on clay is similar to Figure
11.2.b. As the footing is loaded, the soil under the footing deflects in a bowl-shaped
depression, relieving the pressure under the middle of the footing. For design purposes, it is
common to assume the soil pressures are linearly distributed. The pressure distribution will
be uniform if the centroid of the footing coincides with the resultant of the applied loads, as
shown in Figure 11.2.

(a) (b) (c)


Figure 11.2: Pressure distribution under footing; (a) footing on sand;
(b) footing on clay; (c) equivalent uniform distribution
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 4

11.4.1 Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Soil


The maximum intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which causes shear failure of
soil is called ultimate bearing capacity of soil, denoted by qu .

11.4.2 Allowable Bearing capacity of Soil


The intensity of loading that the soil carries without causing shear failure and without
causing excessive settlement is called allowable bearing capacity of soil, denoted by q a . It
should be noted that q a is a service load stress. The allowable bearing capacity of soil is
obtained by dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a factor of safety on the order
of 2.50 to 3.0.
The allowable soil pressure for soil may be either gross or net pressure permitted on the soil
directly under the base of the footing. The gross pressure represents the total stress in the
soil created by all the loads above the base of the footing. These loads include: (a) column
service loads; (b) the weight of the footing; and (c) the weight of the soil on the top of the
footing, or

q gross = q soil + q footing + q column ( 11.1)

For moment and shear calculations, the upward and downward pressures of the footing
mass and the soil mass get cancelled. Thus, a net soil pressure is used instead of the gross
pressure value, or

q net = q gross − q footing − q soil ( 11.2)

Figure 11.3 shows schematic representation of allowable gross and net soil pressures.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 5

(a)

(b)
Figure 11.3: Gross and net soil pressures; (a) gross soil pressure;
(b) net soil pressure

11.5 Concentrically loaded Footings


If the resultant of the loads acting at the base of the footing coincides with the centroid of
the footing area, the footing is concentrically loaded and a uniform distribution of soil
pressure is assumed in design, as shown in Figure 11.4. The magnitude of the pressure
intensity is given by

P
q= ( 11.3)
A
where A is the bearing area of the footing, and P is the applied load.

Figure 11.4: Concentrically loaded footing


CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 6

11.6 Design of Isolated Footings


Design of isolated rectangular footings is detailed in the following steps.
1- Select a trial footing depth.
According to ACI Code 15.7, depth of footing above reinforcement is not to be less than 15
cm for footings on soil. Noting that 7.5 cm of clear concrete cover is required if concrete is
cast against soil, a practical minimum depth is taken as 25 cm.

2- Establish the required base area of the footing.


The allowable net soil pressure is
q all (net ) = q all ( gross ) − γ c (hc ) − γ s (d f − hc )

where hc is assumed footing depth, d f is distance from ground surface to the contact
surface between footing base and soil, γ c is weight density of concrete, and γ s is weight
density of soil on top of footing.
Based on ACI Code 15.2.2, base area of footing is determined from unfactored forces and
moments transmitted by footing to soil and the allowable soil pressure evaluated through
principles of soil mechanics. The required base area of the footing is obtained by dividing
the column service loads by the allowable net soil pressure of the soil, or

PD + PL
Areq = (11.4)
qall (net )

where PD and PL are column service dead and live loads respectively.
Select appropriate L, and B values, if possible, use a square footing to achieve greatest
economy.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure.
Evaluate the net factored soil pressure by dividing the factored column loads by the chosen
footing area, or

1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
qu (net ) = (11.5)
L× B

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear.


Since large soil pressures are present under footings, high shear stresses are produced and
since shear reinforcement is not normally used, shear rather than moment commonly
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 7

determines the minimum required depth of footing. The depth of the footing must be set so
that the shear capacity of the concrete equals or exceeds the critical shear forces produced
by factored loads.
As discussed in Chapter 4, the critical section for punching shear is located at distance d / 2
from column faces and usually takes the shape of the column. Footing thickness is adequate
for resisting punching shear once Vu ≤ Φ VC

The critical punching shear force can be evaluated using one of the two following methods:

Vu = qu (net ) [( L ) B − (C1 + d )(C 2 + d )] (11.6.a)

Vu = (1.2 PD + 1.6 PL ) − qu (net )(C1 + d )(C 2 + d ) (11.6.b)

where C1 and C 2 are column cross sectional dimensions, shown in Figure 1.5.

Figure 11.5.a: Critical sections for punching and beam shears


(square footings)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 8

Figure 11.5.b: Critical sections for punching and beam shears


(rectangular footings)
Punching shear force resisted by concrete Vc is given as the smallest of:

 2
Vc = 0.53 f ' c  1 +  λ bo d (11.7)
 β

Vc = λ f 'c bo d (11.8)

α d 
Vc = 0.27  s + 2  λ f ' c bo d (11.9)
 bo 
When β = 2, equations (11.7) and (11.8) give the same value, if β > 2 Eq. (11.7) gives
smaller value than that evaluated using Eq. (11.8).
Since there are two layers of reinforcement, an average value of d may be used. The
average effective depth is given as
d avg = hc − 7.5 cm − d b , where d b is bar diameter.

Increase footing thickness if additional shear strength is required.


5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction.
If Vu ≤ Φ VC , thickness will be adequate for resisting beam shear without using shear
reinforcement. The critical section for beam shear is located at distance d from column
faces.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 9

a- In the short direction:


The factored shear force is given by

  L − C2  
Vu = qu (net ) B   −d (11.10)
 2  

The factored shearing force resisted by concrete is given as

Vc = 0.53 f c′ B d (11.11)

b- In the long direction:


The factored shear force is given by

  B − C1  
Vu = q u (net ) L   −d (11.12)
 2  

The factored shearing force resisted by concrete is given as

Vc = 0.53 f c′ L d (11.13)

Increase footing thickness if necessary until the condition Vu ≤ Φ VC is satisfied.

6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction.


The critical section for bending is located at face of column, or wall, for footings supporting
a concrete column or wall, as specified by ACI Code 15.4.2. Figure 11.6 shows critical
sections for flexure for footings supporting concrete columns, masonry walls, and columns
with steel base plates.

a- Reinforcement in the long direction:


2
B  L − C2 
M u = q u (net )   (11.14)
2  2 

b- Reinforcement in the short direction:


2
L  B − C1 
M u = q u (net )   (11.15)
2  2 
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 10

(a)
(b)

(c)
Figure 11.6: Critical section for moment (a) concrete column or wall;
(b) masonry wall; (c) column with steel base plate
The reinforcement ratio is calculated based on rectangular section design, where the
minimum reinforcement ratio ρ min is not to be less than 0.0018.

(a)
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 11

(b)
Figure 11.6: Flexural reinforcement; (a) square footing; (b)
rectangular footing
According to ACI Code 15.4.3, for square footings, the reinforcement is identical in both
directions as shown in Figure 11.6.a, neglecting the slight difference in effective depth
values in the two directions. For rectangular footings, ACI Code 15.4.4 specifies that the
reinforcement in the long direction is uniformly distributed while portion of the total
reinforcement in the short direction, γ s As is to be distributed uniformly over a band width,
centered on centerline of column, equal to the length of the short side of footing. Remainder
of reinforcement required in short direction, (1 − γ s ) As is to be distributed uniformly
outside center band width of footing as shown in Figure 11.6.b.
where As is the total reinforcement required in the short direction, β equals the ratio of the
long side to the short side of the footing and γ s is given as

2
γs = (11.16)
1+ β
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete.
All forces applied at the base of a column or wall must be transferred to the footing by
bearing on concrete and/or by reinforcement. Tensile forces must be resisted entirely by the
reinforcement. Bearing on concrete for column and footing must not exceed the concrete
bearing strength.
The joint could fail by crushing of the concrete at the bottom of the column where the
column bars are no longer effective or by crushing the concrete in the footing under the
column.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 12

For a supported column, the bearing capacity Φ Pn is

Φ Pn = Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (11.17)

where
f c′ = compressive strength of the column concrete

A1 = column cross-sectional area


Φ = strength reduction factor for bearing = 0.65
For a supporting footing,

A2
Φ Pn = Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) ≤ 2.0 Φ (0.85 f c′ A1 ) (1.18)
A1

where
f c′ = compressive strength of the footing concrete

A2 = area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid, cone, or tapered wedge
contained wholly within the footing and having for its upper base the loaded area, and
having side slopes of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal.
When bearing strength is exceeded, reinforcement in the form of dowel bars must be
provided to transfer the excess load. A minimum area of reinforcement must be provided
across the interface of column or wall and footing, even where concrete bearing strength is
not exceeded.
For columns, minimum dowel reinforcement is given by ACI Code 15.8.2.1 as

As , min = 0.005 Ag (11.19)

where Ag = column gross cross-sectional area

Required dowel reinforcement is given by

(Pu − Φ Pn )
As , req = (11.20)
Φ fy

8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement.


Both flexural and dowel reinforcement lengths are checked for anchorage to prevent bond
failure of the dowels in the footing and to prevent failure of the lap splices between the
dowels and the column bars, as shown in Figure 11.7.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 13

Figure 11.7: Anchorage of reinforcement


9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided
reinforcement.

Example (11.1):
Design an isolated square footing to support an interior column 40 cm × 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons.
Use f c′ = 250 kg / cm 2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , q all ( gross ) = 2.0 kg / cm 2 , γ soil = 1.7 t / m 3 , and
D f = 1.25 m .

Figure 11.8.a: Footing dimensions


CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 14

Solution:
1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 50 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
qall (net ) = 20 − 0.75 (1.7 ) − 0.5 (2.5) = 17.475 t/m 2

P 80 + 60
Areq = = = 8.011 m 2
q all (net ) 17.475

For a square footing, B = 8.011 = 2.83 m


Use 285 cm × 285 cm × 50 cm footing, as shown in Figure 11.8.a.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
Pu = 1.20 (80 ) + 1.60 (60 ) = 192 tons

P 192
qu (net ) = u = = 23.64 t/m 2
B 2
(2.85 )2

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:


Average effective depth d = 50 – 7.5 – 1.6 = 40.9 cm
The factored shear force
Vu = (23.64 )[(2.85 )(2.85 ) − (0.809 )(0.809 )] = 176.54 tons

bo = 4 (40 + 40.9 ) = 323.6 cm

Φ Vc is the smallest of:

 2
Φ Vc = 0.53 Φ f ' c  1 +  λ bo d
 β

 2
= 0.53 (0.75 ) 250  1 +  (1)(323.6 )(40.9 ) / 1000 = 249.55 tons
 1

Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d

= 0.75 250 (323.6 )(40.9 ) = 156.95 tons

α d 
Φ Vc = 0.27 Φ  s + 2  λ f ' c bo d
 bo 
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 15

 40 (40.9 ) 
= 0.27 (0.75 )  + 2 250 (323.6 )(40.9 ) / 1000 = 299 tons
 323.6 
Φ Vc = 156.95 tons < 176.54 tons
Increase footing thickness to 55 cm, and repeat punching shear check.
Average effective depth d = 55 – 7.5 – 1.6 = 45.9 cm
The factored shear force
Vu = (23.64 )[(2.85 )(2.85 ) − (0.859 )(0.859 )]= 174.57 tons

bo = 4 (40 + 45.9 ) = 343.6 cm

Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d

= 0.75 250 (343.6 )(45.9 ) = 187.02 tons

Φ Vc = 187.02 tons > 174.57 tons


i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:

Figure 11.8.b: Critical sections for beam shear and moment


CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 16

Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53) 250 (285 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 82.22 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from faces of column, as shown
in Figure 11.8.b, or:
Vu = (23.64 )(2.85 )(0.766 ) = 51.61 tons < 82.22 tons

6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:


The critical section for moment is located at column faces, as shown in Figure 11.8.b, or:

M u = (23.64 )(2.85 )
(1.225 )2 = 50.55 t .m
2

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (50.55 ) 


ρ= 1 − 1− = 0.00228
4200 
 (0 .9 )(285 )(45 . 9 )2
(250 ) 

As = 0.00228 (285 )(45.9 ) = 29.82 cm 2 , use 15 φ 16 mm in both directions.

Figure 11.8.c: Critical section for bearing


7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 221 tons > 192 tons

i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40 )(40 ) = 8.0 cm 2

Use 4 φ 16 mm for dowel reinforcing bars.


For footing,

Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 )


(260 )2
/ 1000 = 1436.5 tons > 442 tons
(40 )2
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 17

i.e. Φ Pn = 442 tons > 192 tons

8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:


Bottom reinforcement ( φ 16 mm ):

ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb is the smaller of:
285 − 15 − 1.6
7.5 + 0.8 = 8.3 cm , or = 9.58 cm , i.e., cb = 8.3 cm
14 (2 )

cb + K tr 8.3 + 0
= = 5.1875 > 2.5 , taken as 2.5
db 1.6

 
 
 f yψ t ψ eψ s   4200 (0.8 ) 
ld = d b   = 1.6   = 38.86 cm

 3.5 λ  cb + K tr  f '   3 . 5 (2 . 5 ) 250 
  d  c 
  b  
Available length = 122.5 – 7.5 = 115.0 cm > 38.86 cm
a- Dowel reinforcement ( φ 16 mm ):

0.075 f y
d b ≥ 0.0044 f y d b
λ f 'c

0.075 (1.6 )(4200 )


ld = = 31.88 cm , or
250

l d = 0.0044 (1.6)(4200 ) = 29.57 cm > 20 cm

Available length = 55 –7.5 –1.6 –1.6 –1.6 = 42.7 cm > 31.88 cm


b- Column reinforcement splices:
l sp = 0.0073 (1.6 )(4200 ) = 49.06 cm , taken as 50 cm.

9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided


reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.8.d.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 18

Figure 11.8.d: Design drawings

Example (11.2):
Design an isolated rectangular footing to support an interior column 40 cm × 40 cm in cross
section and carries a dead load of 80 tons and a live load of 60 tons. Use f c′ = 250 kg/cm2 ,
f y = 4200kg/cm 2 , qall ( gross ) = 2.0 kg/cm 2 , γsoil = 1.7 t/m 3 , and D f =1.25 m .

Space limitations are such that one lateral dimension cannot exceed 2.5m.

Solution:
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 19

Figure 11.9.a: Critical section for punching shear


1- Select a trial footing depth:
Assume that the footing is 55 cm thick.
2- Establish the required base area of the footing:
qall (net ) = 20 − 0.7 (1.7 ) − 0.55 (2.5) =17.435 t/m 2

P 80 + 60
Areq = = = 8.03 m 2
q all (net ) 17.435
8.03
Let B = 2.5 m, L = = 3.21 m
2.5
Use 325 cm × 250 cm × 55 cm footing.
3- Evaluate the net factored soil pressure:
Pu = 1.20 (80 ) + 1.60 (60 ) = 192 tons

Pu 192
qu (net ) = = = 23.63 t/m 2
L × B 3.25 × 2.5

4- Check footing thickness for punching shear:


The critical section for punching shear is shown in Figure 11.9.a.
Average effective depth d = 55 – 7.5 – 1.6 = 45.9 cm
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 20

The factored shear force


Vu = (23.63 )[(3.25 )(2.5 ) − 0.859 (0.859 )] = 174.56 tons

bo = 4 (40 + 45.9 ) = 343.6 cm

Φ Vc is the smallest of:

 2
Φ Vc = 0.53 Φ f ' c  1 +  λ bo d
 β

 2
= 0.53 (0.75 ) 250  1 +  (1)(343.6 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 297.37 tons
 1

Φ Vc = Φ λ f 'c bo d

= 0.75 250 (343.6 )(45.9 ) = 187.02 tons

α d 
Φ Vc = 0.27 Φ  s + 2  λ f ' c bo d
 bo 
 40 (45.9 ) 
= 0.27 (0.75 )  + 2 250 (343.6 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 370.82 tons
 343.6 
Φ Vc = 187.02 tons > 174.56 tons

i.e. footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.


5- Check footing thickness for beam shear in each direction:
a- In the short direction:
Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53 ) 250 (250 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 72.12 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from faces of column,

Vu = (23.63 )(2.5 )(0.966 ) = 57.07 tons < 72.12 tons

b- In the long direction:


Φ Vc = 0.75 (0.53 ) 250 (325 )(45.9 ) / 1000 = 93.76 tons

Maximum factored shear force Vu is located at distance d from faces of column,


Vu = (23.63 )(3.25 )(0.591) = 45.39 tons < 93.76 tons
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 21

Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for Figure 11.9.b: Critical section for
beam shear (short direction) beam shear (long direction)
6- Compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
a- Reinforcement in long direction:
The critical section for bending is shown in Figure 11.9.d.

Figure 11.9.d: Critical section for bending (long direction)

M u = (23.63 )(2.5 )
(1.425 )2 = 59.98 t .m
2

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (59.98 ) 


ρ= 1− 1− = 0.00311
4200 
 (0 . 9 )(250 )(45 .9 )2
(250 ) 

As = 0.00311 (250 )(45.9 ) = 35.69 cm 2 , use 15 φ 18 mm in the long direction.

b- Reinforcement in short direction:


CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 22

Figure 11.9.e: Critical section for bending (short direction)

The critical section for bending is shown in Figure 11.9.e.

M u = (23.63 )(3.25 )
(1.05 )2 = 42.33 t .m
2

0.85 (250 )  2.353 (10 )5 (42.33 ) 


ρ= 1 − 1− = 0.00166
4200 
 (0 .9 )(325 )(45 . 9 )2
(250 ) 

As ,min = 0.0018 (325 )(55 ) = 32.17 cm 2

 2 
Central band reinforcement = γ s As =   (32.17 ) = 27.97 cm 2
 1 + 325 / 250 
Use 14 φ 16 mm in the central band.

 32.17 − 27.97 
For each of the side bands, As =   = 2.10 cm
2

 2 
Use 2 φ 16 mm in each of the two side bands.
7- Check for bearing strength of column and footing concrete:
For column,
Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 ) / 1000 = 221 tons > 192 tons

i.e. use minimum dowel reinforcement, As = 0.005 (40 )(40 ) = 8.0 cm 2 .

Use 4 φ 16 mm for dowel reinforcing bars.


For footing,
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 23

Φ Pn = 0.65 (0.85 )(250 )(40 )(40 )


(260 )2 / 1000 = 1436.5 tons > 476 tons
(40 )2
i.e. Φ Pn = 476 tons > 192 tons

8- Check for anchorage of the reinforcement:


a- Reinforcement in long direction ( φ 18 mm ):

ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8
cb is the smaller of:
325 −15 − 1.8
7.5 + 0.9 = 8.4 cm , or =10.27 cm , i.e., cb= 8.40 cm
15 (2)
cb + K tr 8.40 + 0
= = 4.67 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 1.8

 
 
 f y ψ t ψ eψ s   4200 (0.8 ) 
ld = d b   = 1.8   = 43.72 cm

 c
 3.5 λ  b + K 
tr  f '   3 .5 (2 .5 ) 250 
  d  c 
  b  
Available length = 142.5 – 7.5 = 135.0 cm > 43.72 cm
b- Reinforcement in short direction ( φ 16 mm ):
ψ t = ψ e = λ = 1 and ψ s = 0.8

cb is the smaller of:


250 − 15 − 1.6
7.5 + 0.8 = 8.3 cm , or = 8.34 cm , i.e., cb= 8.3 cm
14 (2 )

cb + K tr 8.30 + 0
= = 5.19 > 2.5 , take it equal to 2.5
db 1.6

 
 
 f y ψ t ψ eψ s   4200 (0.8 ) 
ld = d b  =  
 + 
 1 . 6  3.5 (2.5 ) 250  = 38.86 cm
c
 3.5 λ  b K tr  f '   
  d  c 
  b  
Available length = 105.0 – 7.5 = 97.5 cm > 38.86 cm
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 24

c- Column reinforcement splices:


l sp = 0.0073 (1.6 )(4200 ) = 49.06 cm , taken as 50 cm.

9- Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided


reinforcement:
Design drawings are shown in Figure 11.9.f.

Figure 11.9.f: Design drawings

11.7 Problems
P11.1 Design a circular footing to support a column 40 cm in diameter, and carries a service
dead load of 60 tons, and a service live load of 20 tons.
Use fc′ = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , qall ( gross ) =1.7 kg / cm 2 , γ soil = 1.7 t / m3 , and
D f =1.5 m .

P11.2 Design an isolated footing to support a column 25 cm × 60 cm in cross section. The


column carries a service dead load of 60 tons, and a service live load of 30 tons, in addition
to a service dead load moment of 8 t.m, and a service live load moment of 4 t.m.
CHAPTER ELEVEN FOOTINGS 25

Use fc′ = 300 kg / cm2 , f y = 4200 kg / cm 2 , and qall (net ) =1.7 kg / cm 2 .

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