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POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

Assignment - 6

TYPE OF QUESTION: MCQ

Number of questions: 7 Total marks: 20

QUESTION 1: Mark: 3

L M N
IL x (1-x)

F
RL RM
IP
P

For the transmission system shown in the figure, a bolted 3-phase fault has occurred in the line MN, at a
distance of x pu from bus M. For which of the following conditions, backup protection can be ensured by the
distance relay at bus L (RL) in case of failure of the distance relay at bus M (RM)?
r represents the ratio of positive sequence currents at bus P (IP) and bus L (IL).
Consider the zone-3 reach of RL to cover up to 120% of line MN.

(A) r = 0.75, x = 0.75

(B) r = 0.6, x = 0.8
(C) r = 2.5, x = 0.4
(D) r = 1, x = 0.5

Correct answer: (D)

Detailed Solution:
𝑉 𝐼
Apparent impedance measured by the RL, 𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼 𝑀 = 𝑍1𝐿𝑀 + (1 + 𝐼 𝑃 ) 𝑥𝑍1𝑀𝑁 = 𝑍1𝐿𝑀 + (1 + 𝑟)𝑥𝑍1𝑀𝑁
𝑀 𝑀

To ensure backup protection, Zapp should be less than Z1LM + 1.2 Z1MN.

It is only valid for (D)

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QUESTION 2: Mark: 2

M N
IM IN
F
RM

A two bus equivalent transmission system is shown in the figure. Considering equal infeed from both the
ends and maximum fault resistance to be 20 Ω, which of following fault resistance coverage is most suitable
for a quadrilateral distance relay setting?

(A) 10 Ω
(B) 20 Ω
(C) 40 Ω
(D) 60 Ω

Correct answer: (C)

Detailed Solution:
For a fault resistance RF, apparent impedance measured by the distance relay at bus M,
𝑉 𝐼 +𝐼
𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 = 𝐼 𝑀 = 𝑍𝑀𝐹 + 𝑀𝐼 𝑁 𝑅𝐹
𝑀 𝑀

𝑉𝑀
Considering equal infeed condition (i.e. IM = IN), 𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 = = 𝑍𝑀𝐹 + 2𝑅𝐹
𝐼𝑀

So to ensure detection of faults with maximum fault resistance (RF) of 20 Ω, the RF coverage setting should
be minimum (2 X 20) = 40 Ω.

Much higher setting of fault resistance coverage will result in security issue in high loading conditions.

Therefore, among the options, 40 Ω seems to be most appropriate one.

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QUESTION 3: Mark: 4

A 50 Hz, two bus equivalent system is shown in the figure with positive sequence impedance data. For a
situation, power angle changes from 600 to 750 within 4 cycles. Determine the rate of change of apparent
impedance for relay RM for the situation?
M N
ZS RM ZR
ZL

ES δ IL ER 00

ZS = 5∠850 Ω, ZR = 5∠850 Ω, ZL = 36.8∠850 Ω (Positive sequence impedances)

(A) 50 Ω/s
(B) 200 Ω/s
(C) 125 Ω/s
(D) 250 Ω/s

Correct answer: (C)

Detailed Solution:
ZT = ZS + ZL + ZR = 46.8∠850 Ω

𝛿1 = 60°, 𝛿2 = 90°
𝑍𝑇 𝑍𝑇 𝛿1
𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝1 = (−𝑍𝑆 + 2 ) − 𝑗 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( 2 ) = 42 + 𝑗14.80 Ω,
𝑍𝑇 𝑍𝑇 𝛿2
𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝2 = (−𝑍𝑆 + ) − 𝑗 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( ) = 31.98 + 𝑗15.67 Ω
2 2 2
|∆𝒁| = |𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝1 | = 10 Ω

For a 50 Hz system, time period = 1/50 = 0.02s

10
Rate of change of impedance for the situation = (4×0.02) = 125Ω/s
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QUESTION 4: Mark: 3

A 50 Hz, two bus equivalent system is shown in the figure with positive sequence impedance data. For a
power swing situation, power angle oscillates between 600 to 1200 with a slip frequency, ω. What is the
maximum rate of change of apparent impedance seen by relay RM during the situation?
M N
ZS RM ZR
ZL

ES δ IL ER 00

ZS = 5∠850 Ω, ZR = 5∠850 Ω, ZL = 40∠850 Ω (Positive sequence impedances)

(A) ω/4
(B) ω
(C) 50ω
(D) 100ω

Correct answer: (C)

Detailed Solution:
ZT = ZS + ZL + ZR = 50∠850 Ω

𝑑𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 |𝑍𝑇 |
| |= |𝜔|
𝑑𝑡 2
4𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝛿
2

Rate of change of impedance will be maximum for minimum value of the power angle.
As the minimum power angle for the situation mentioned in the question is 600, maximum Rate of change of
impedance will be

𝑑𝑍𝑎𝑝𝑝 |𝑍𝑇 | 50
| |= |𝜔| = |𝜔| = 50𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝛿
4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
60°
4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
2 2
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QUESTION 5: Mark: 4

Apparent impedance (Zapp = Rapp + j Xapp) calculated by a distance relay for 3 different cases are provided in
the table below for 3 consecutive time instants with an interval of 5 ms. Identify the cases (power swing or
fault) for proper distance relay operation.

Time Case-1 Case-2 Case-3

instants Rapp (Ω) Xapp (Ω) Rapp (Ω) Xapp (Ω) Rapp (Ω) Xapp (Ω)
t1 104.7 45.9 221.46 -344.6 100.5 35.7
t2 99.6 45.2 124.8 22.8 76.7 35.1
t3 95.2 44.6 -7.9 28.8 58.9 33

(A) Power Swing, Power Swing, Fault

(B) Power Swing, Fault, Power Swing
(C) Fault, Fault, Power Swing
(D) Fault, Power Swing, Fault

Correct answer: (B)

Detailed Solution: Monotony test and smoothness test fail for case-2 indicating it to be a fault case, whereas
all the three tests (monotony, continuity and smoothness) are satisfied for other two cases confirming those
to be power swing situations. (Refer Lecture 29)
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QUESTION 6: Mark: 2

Choose the most appropriate option.

For which of the following techniques, it is difficult to differentiate between stable and unstable power
swing cases?

(A) Rate of change of impedance based technique

(B) Continuous calculation of incremental current
(C) R-Rdot based technique
(D) Swing center voltage based technique

Correct answer: (B)

Detailed Solution:

Refer Lecture 30, where continuous calculation of incremental current is used only to differentiate between
power swing and fault condition.
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QUESTION 7: Mark: 2

M N
F
RM RN

A two bus equivalent transmission system is shown in the figure. A high resistance fault in line MN is
detected in zone-1 correctly by relay RN, whereas relay RM fails to detect the fault even with its zone-2
setting. Using which of the following communication assisted schemes, accelerated protection can be
ensured from both the ends?

(A) Direct Under-reaching Transfer Trip (DUTT)

(B) Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip (PUTT)
(C) Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip (POTT)
(D) None of these can be applied.

Correct answer: (A)

Detailed Solution:
Among the mentioned schemes, only DUTT generates trip signal if it receives zone-1 trip decision from the
remote end, even the local relay does not find the fault with its zone-1 and zone-2 settings.