Table Of Contents

Introduction

1.1 Python ............................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.2 Scripting Language ........................................................................................................... 2-3

1.3 Object Oriented Programming .......................................................................................... 3-3

1.4 History of python .............................................................................................................. 3-4

1.5 Behind the Scene of Python .............................................................................................. 5-5

Downloading & Installing Python

2.1 Downloading Python ........................................................................................................ 6-7

2.2 Installing Python .............................................................................................................. 8-10

2.3 Setup path of variable .................................................................................................... 10-11

2.4 Running The Python IDE .............................................................................................. 12-13

2.5 Python code Execution ................................................................................................. 13-13

Data Types & Operator

3.1 Data Type ..................................................................................................................... 14-15

3.2 Variables ...................................................................................................................... 15-15

3.3 String ............................................................................................................................. 15-16

3.4 Python Operator ............................................................................................................ 16-17

Tuple & List

4.1 Tuple ............................................................................................................................. 18-20

4.1.1 Accessing Tuple Values ..................................................................................... 18-18

4.1.2 Built in Operation ............................................................................................... 18-19

4.1.3 Built in Touple Functions ................................................................................... 19-19

4.2 List ................................................................................................................................. 20-23

4.2.1 Accessing List Values ........................................................................................... 20-21

4.2.2 Built in Operation ................................................................................................ 21-21

4.2.3 Built in Functions................................................................................................ 21-21

Loops & Conditional Statements

5.1 Loops ........................................................................................................................... 21-26

5.1.1 Loops Definition ........................................................................................... 21-22

5.1.2 Loops Example............................................................................................. 22-23

5.2 Conditional Statement .................................................................................................. 23-23

5.21Conditional Statement Definition................................................................... 23-23

5.2.2 Conditional Statement Example ................................................................. 24-25

5.3 Function ...................................................................................................................... 25-25

5.3.1 Syntax & Examples ...................................................................................... 25-26

Uses & Scope of python.

6.1 What can we do With Python? ..................................................................... 26-26

6.2 Who Uses Python Today? ............................................................................ 27-27

Python

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming

language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in
languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear
programs on both a small and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative

and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and
automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Python interpreters are available for installation on many operating systems, allowing
Python code execution on a wide variety of systems.

Scripting Language

A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs

written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could
alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator.

Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually
the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into more
complex programs. Environments that can be automated through scripting include
software applications, web pages within a web browser, the shells of operating systems
(OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous games.

A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular

environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an
extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as very
high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of abstraction, or
as control languages.
Object Oriented Programming Language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept

of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and
code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of
objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the
object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").

In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that
interact with one another. There is significant diversity in objectoriented programming, but
most popular languages are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes, which
typically also determines their type.

History

Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December
1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language
(itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba
operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing central role
in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the Python
community, benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).
Behind The Scene of Python

About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:

Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming project
that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office ... would be
closed, but I had a home Computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided to write an
interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately: a descendant
of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the
project, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying
Circus).

Downloading python

If you don’t already have a copy of Python installed on your computer, you will need to
open up your Internet browser and go to the Python download page
(http://www.python.org/download/).
Now that you are on the download page, select which of the software builds you would
like to download. For the purposes of this article we will use the most up to date version
available (Python 3.4.1).
Once you have clicked on that, you will be taken to a page with a description of all the new
updates and features of 3.4.1, however, you can always read that while the download is in
process. Scroll to the bottom of the page till you find the “Download” section and click on
the link that says “download page.”

Now you will scroll all the way to the bottom of the page and find the “Windows x86
MSI installer.” If you want to download the 86-64 bit MSI, feel free to do so. We believe
that even if you have a 64-bit operating system installed on your computer, the 86-bit
MSI is preferable. We say this because it will still run well and sometimes, with the 64-
bit architectures, some of the compiled binaries and Python libraries don’t work well.
Installing Python

Once you have downloaded the Python MSI, simply navigate to the download location on
your computer, double clicking the file and pressing Run when the dialog box pops up.

If you are the only person who uses your computer, simply leave the “Install for all users”
option selected. If you have multiple accounts on your PC and don’t want to install it
across all accounts, select the “Install just for me” option then press “Next.”
f you want to change the install location, feel free to do so; however, it is best to leave it as
is and simply select next, Otherwise...
Scroll down in the window and find the “Add Python.exe to Path” and click on the small red
“x.” Choose the “Will be installed on local hard drive” option then press “Next.”

Now that you have completed the installation process, click on “Finish.
Setup the Path Variable

Begin by opening the start menu and typing in “environment” and select the option called
“Edit the system environment variables.”

When the “System Properties” window appears, click on “Environment Variables…”

Once you have the “Environment Variables” window open, direct your focus to the
bottom half. You will notice that it controls all the “System Variables” rather than just
this associated with your user. Click on “New…” to create a new variable for Python.
Simply enter a name for your Path and the code shown below. For the purposes of
this example we have installed Python 2.7.3, so we will call the path: “Pythonpath.”
The string that you will need to enter is: “C:\Python27\;C:\Python27\Scripts;”
Running The Python IDE

Now that we have successfully completed the installation process and added our

“Environment Variable,” you are ready to create your first basic Python script. Let’s begin
by opening Python’s GUI by pressing “Start” and typing “Python” and selecting the
“IDLE (Python GUI).”

Once the GUI is open, we will begin by using the simplest directive possible. This is the
“print” directive which simply prints whatever you tell it to, into a new line. Start by typing
a print directive like the one shown in the image below or copy and paste this text then
press

“Enter”: print (“Congratulations on executing your first print directive!”)

Python Code Execution
Python’s traditional runtime execution model: source code you type is translated to byte
code, which is then run by the Python Virtual Machine. Your code is automatically
compiled, but then it is interpreted.

Source code extension is .py

Byte code extension is .pyc (compiled python code)

 Data Type

(this is called dynamic typing). Data types determine whether an object can do
something, or whether it just would not make sense. Other programming languages often
determine whether an operation makes sense for an object by making sure the object can
never be stored somewhere where the operation will be performed on the object (this type
system is called static typing). Python does not do that. Instead it stores the type of an
object with the object, and checks when the operation is performed whether that operation
makes sense for that object

Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:

Booleans are either True or False.

Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and 2/3), or even
complex numbers.

Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g. an HTML document.

Bytes and byte arrays, e.g. a JPEG image file.

Lists are ordered sequences of values.

Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.

Sets are unordered bags of values.

Variable

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when
you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what
can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to
variables, you can store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

Ex: counter = 100 # An integer

assignment miles = 1000.0 # A floating

point name = "John" # A string

String

In programming terms, we usually call text a string. When you think of a string as a
collection of letters, the term makes sense.

All the letters, numbers, and symbols in this book could be a string.
For that matter, your name could be a string, and so could your
address.

Creating Strings

In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around text. For example, we could take our
otherwise useless
• "hello"+"world" "helloworld" # concatenation
• "hello"*3 "hellohellohello" # repetition

• "hello"[0] "h" # indexing

• "hello"[-1] "o" # (from end)

• "hello"[1:4] "ell" # slicing

• len("hello") 5 # size

• "hello" < "jello" 1 # comparison

• "e" in "hello" 1 # search

Python Operator

Arithmetic Operator

Operator
Meaning Example

+
Add two operands or unary plus x+y

+2

- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x-y

-2

* Multiply two operands x*y

/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into x/y
float)
% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the x % y (remainder
right of x/y)

// Floor division - division that results into whole number x // y

adjusted to the left in the number line

**
Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y (x to the
power y)

Comparison Operator

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x ==

y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

>=
Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to x >=
the right y
<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the +x <=
right y
Tuples

A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The
differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use
parentheses.

Accessing Values in Tuples:

To access values in tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index. For example − tup1 = ('physics',
'chemistry', 1997, 2000); tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ); print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0] print
"tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − tup1[0]:
physics tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

Basic Tuples Operations

Tuples respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation
and repetition here too, except that the result is a new tuple, not a string. In fact, tuples
respond to all of the general sequence operations we used on strings in the prior chapter
−

Python Expression Results Description

len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length

(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation

('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition

3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership

for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 123 Iteration

Built-in Tuple Functions

Python includes the following tuple functions −

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.

2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.

3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.

4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.

5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

List

The list is a most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written as a list of
comma- separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is
that items in a list need not be of the same type.

Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between

square brackets. For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; list2 =
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];

Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced, concatenated and so on.

Accessing Values in Lists:

To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices
to obtain value available at that index. For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997,
2000]; list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]; print "list1[0]: ", list1[0] print "list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5]
Output: list1[0]: physics

list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

Update: list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print

"Value available at index 2 : " print list[2] list[2] =
2001; print "New value available at index 2 : " print
list[2]
Output: Value available at index 2 :
1997 New value available at index 2 :
2001
Delete: list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print
list1 del list1[2]; print "After deleting value at index 2 : "
print list1

['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

Output: After deleting value at index 2 :
['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]
Basic List Operation

Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length

[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation

['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition

3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership

for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 123 Iteration

Built-in List Functions & Methods:

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.

2 len(list) Gives the total length of the list.

3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.

4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.

5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into list.

Python includes following list methods

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list

2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list

3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

5 list.insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into list at offset index

6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns last object or obj from list

7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from list

8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of list in place

9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

Loop definition

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated
execution paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times. The
following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.

Loop Type Description

while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given
condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before executing the
loop body.

for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and

abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for
or do..while loop.

Loop Example:

For Loop:
>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
print ("Hello", mynum )
Hello 1

Hello 2

Hello 3

Hello 4

Hello 5

While Loop:
>>> count = 0 >>while(count< 4):

print 'The count is:', count count

= count + 1

The count is: 0

The count is:

1 The count
is: 2 The
count is: 3
Conditional Statements:

Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the program and
specifying actions taken according to the conditions.

Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE

as outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which statements to
execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.

Python programming language provides following types of decision making statements. Click
the following links to check their detail.

Statement Description

if statements An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed

by one or more statements.

if...else statements An if statement can be followed by an optional else

statement, which executes when the boolean expression
is FALSE.
nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside another
if or else if statement(s).
Example:

If Statement:
a=33
b=20
0
If b>a:

print(“b”)

If...Else Statement:
a=200
b=33
if b>a:

print(“b is greater than a”) else:

print(“a is greater than b”)

Function

Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ( ( )
).

Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses. You can
also define parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the documentation string of the
function.

The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.

The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to
the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.

Syntex:

Def
functionname(parameters):
“function_docstring”
Function_suite
Return[expression]
Example:
Def printme(str):
“this print a passed string into this function” print str
return

1. # Function definition is here def

printme( str ):

"This prints a passed string into this function"

print str return;

# Now you can call printme function printme("I'm first

call to user defined function!") printme("Again second
call to the same function")

SCOPE OF PYTHON

1 - Science

- Bioinformatics

2 - System Administration

- Unix

- Web logic

- Web sphere

3 - Web Application Development

What Can We do With Python?

1 - System programming

2 - Graphical User Interface

Programming 3 - Internet Scripting
4 - Component
Integration 5 - Database
Programming
6 - Gaming, Images, XML , Robot and more
WHO USES PYTHON TODAY?

• Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by real companies.

• Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and employs
Python’s creator.

• Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python for hardware
testing.
• ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GIS mapping products.

WHY DO PEOPLE USE PYTHON?

• The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.

• Python is object-oriented o Structure supports such concepts as

polymorphism, operation overloading, and multiple inheritance.

• Indentation oIndentation is one of the greatest future in Python.

• It's free (open source) o Downloading and installing Python is free
and easy o Source code is easily accessible

• It's powerful o Dynamic typing o Built-in types and tools o

Library utilities

o Third party utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, Skip) o

Automatic memory management

• It's portable o Python runs virtually every major platform used

today o As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter
installed, Python programs will run in exactly the same manner,
irrespective of platform.
 Conclusion

I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and desirable to use
Python as the principal teaching language:

o It is Free (as in both cost and source code).

o It is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take their

interest further. For many the hurdle of installing a Pascal or C compiler on
a Windows machine is either too expensive or too complicated;

o It is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional procedural

programming and modern OOP; It can be used to teach a large number of
transferable skills;

o It is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in academia

and the commercial world;

o It appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many libraries,

this offers the possibility of more rapid student development allowing the
course to be made more challenging and varied;

and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased understanding and enjoyment
for students