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M M The Publication of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual by Ellis and Stroustrup

C++ was developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrp as an extension of C with object-oriented features added from Simula 67. The name C++ was coined by Rick Mascitti. The maturation of C++ was marked by the formation of an ANSI C++ committee and the publication of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual. C++ supports object-oriented technology and modeling of information, which has contributed to its success and popularity. The basic building blocks of C++ include variables, constants, input/output functions like cin and cout, and different types of tokens like keywords, identifiers, literals, punctuators, and operators.

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235 views6 pages

M M The Publication of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual by Ellis and Stroustrup

C++ was developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrp as an extension of C with object-oriented features added from Simula 67. The name C++ was coined by Rick Mascitti. The maturation of C++ was marked by the formation of an ANSI C++ committee and the publication of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual. C++ supports object-oriented technology and modeling of information, which has contributed to its success and popularity. The basic building blocks of C++ include variables, constants, input/output functions like cin and cout, and different types of tokens like keywords, identifiers, literals, punctuators, and operators.

Uploaded by

Heena Kapoor
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C++

INTRODUCTION:
The C++ programming language was developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrp. He found C lacking for simulations and decided to extend the language by adding features from his favorite language, Simula 67. Simula 67 was one of the earliest object-oriented languages. Bijarne Stroustrup called it C with Classes originally. The name C++ was coined by Rick Mascitti ++ is the C increment operator. Ever, since its birth, C++ evolved to cope with problems encountered by users, and through discussion at AT&T. However, the maturation of the C++ language was attested to by two events: I. II. The formation of an ANSI (American National Standard Institute) C++ committee and The publication of The Annotated C++ Reference Manual by Ellis and Stroustrup.

The latest C++ standards document was issued by ANSI/ISO in year 2003. The major reason behind the success and popularity of C++ is that it supports the object oriented technology, the latest in the software development and the most near to the real world. One can easily judge the importance of C++ as given in the following lines: Object Oriented Technology is regarded as the ultimate paradigm for the modeling of information, be that data or logic. The C++ has by now shown to fulfill this goal. So, before revising the C++ concept (learnt in XI), we must brush up the OOP (Object Oriented Programming) concepts that we have already gone through in the previous class.

C++ BASIC
This section onward we take you on a revision tour of C++, that you have learnt in your previous class XI. This section talks about C++ building blocks, character set, variables, constants, basic input-output statements, decision statements, iteration statements, decision statements, iteration statements, etc., etc. The C++ revision tour will definitely help you brush up your C++ knowledge acquired so far.

C++ CHARACTER SET


Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize. A cha`racter represents any letter, digits, or any other sign. The C++ has the following character set. Letters Digits Specials Symbols A Z, a-z 0-9 Space + - * / ^ \ ( ) [ ] { } < >. $ , ; : % ! & ? _(underscore) # <= >= @ Whit Spaces Blank space, Horizontal tab ( ) Carriage return, Newline, Form feed. Other Characters C++ can process any of the 256 ASCII character as data or as literals.

INPUT / OUTPUT FUNCTION


C++ language has a collection of functions that can be used in a program with required number of arguments. These are following functions:I. Cin>> : It is used to read/ input values of a variables using the standard keyboard. It has following form. Syntax: Cin >> a>> b; a,b are the variables whose value will be input through the keyboard. Cout << : This function is used to print/display values of variables using the standred output device Monitor. It has the following form. Syntax: Cout <<enter the value of a; The message which is given inside the double quotes will display on Monitor.

II.

NOTE: When a program start the header file of C++ language must be Written.

Token
Definition:
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token. C++ has a following token: Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators and Operators.

EXPLANATION: I.
Keywords: These are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler. The original C++ (developed by Stroustrup) contains the following keywords: continue default delete float for friend new operator private signed vsizeof static try typedef union

asm auto break

cases
catch char class const

do
double else enum extesssrn

goto
if inline integer long

protected
public register return short

struct
switch template this throw

unsigned
virtual void volatile while

II. Identifier: An identifier is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters


& digits. The first character must be a letter; the underscore _ counts as a letter. Upper and lower case letters are different. All character are significant. Even though original C++ considers all the characters in an identifier, significant yet if it is implementation dependent. It varies from one version to anothor. C++ is case sensitive as it treats upper and Lower-case characters differently. The following are Some valid identifiers: My file MYFILE _CHK DATE9_7_77 _DS FILE13 The following are some invalid identifiers: DATA-REC 29CLCT Break My. file contains special character (other than A-Z, a-z and 0-9) Starting with a digit reserved keywords contains special character. Z2T0Z9 _HJI3_JK

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