Lecture 3 Flexural Members

Flexural members are those that experience primarily bending stresses, such as beams. A typical rectangular reinforced concrete beam is shown below:

Width b

Depth to steel d Section A-A

Hanger bars (#4 or #5 bars) Stirrup bars (used to prevent diag. tension cracks) spaced at d/2 apart

Concrete cover = 2 as per ACI reqmts.

Tension bars As

Height h

Sometimes, 2 (or more) rows of main tension bars are necessary. It is important to provide minimum adequate cover around all reinforcing bars so that these bars can properly bond with the concrete. ACI 318 dictates that the minimum spacing between bars is 1.5 times the maximum concrete aggregate size. Typical concrete batches use a maximum aggregate size of diameter, so then the minimum bar spacing = 1.5() = 1. Below is a sketch of a typical concrete beam with 2 rows of tension bars:

Depth to centroid of steel d Min. bar spacing Min. bar spacing

Tension bars As

Height h

As = Total cross-sectional area of all tension bars, in2 d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) fy = yield stress of reinforcing bars = 60 KSI for ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars = 40 KSI for ASTM A615 Grade 40 bars actual = Rho actual = actual ratio of tension steel to effective concrete area A = s bd min = Rho minimum = minimum allowable ratio of tension steel per ACI 318 200 where fy = PSI = fy

Lecture 3 - Page 3 of 9

Example 1 GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam is similar to the one shown above. Use the following: Height h = 20 Width b = 12 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Concrete cover = All bars are A615 Grade 60 (fy = 60 KSI) Stirrup bar = #3 4 - #7 Tension bars REQUIRED: 1) Determine total area of tension bars, As. 2) Determine depth to center of tension bars, d. A 200 3) Determine actual = s where min = and state if it is acceptable. bd fy Step 1 Determine area of tension bars, As: As = 4 bars(0.60 in2 per #7 bar) As = 2.40 in2 Step 2 Determine depth to tension bars, d: d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) = 20 () d = 18.44 Step 3 Determine actual and min : actual =
As bd

See Lect. 1 notes

min =

200 fy

2.40in 2 (12" )(18.44" )

200 60000 PSI

actual = 0.0108

min = 0.0033

Since actual > min beam is acceptable

Lecture 3 - Page 4 of 9

A basic understanding of beam mechanics is necessary to study concrete beam behavior. Consider a simply-supported homogeneous rectangular beam loaded by a uniformly-distributed load as shown below:

Applied loads

Span L

Taking a section through the beam at any place along the length reveals the following stress distribution about the cross-section of the beam:

Compression Neutral Axis The stress distribution varies linearly from zero stresses at the neutral axis, to a maximum tensile or compressive stress at the extreme edges.

Homogeneous Beam

Tension

Lecture 3 - Page 5 of 9

In a reinforced concrete beam, the stress distribution is different. Above the neutral axis, the concrete carries all the compression, similar to the homogeneous beam. Below the neutral axis however, the concrete is incapable of resisting tension and must rely on the reinforcing bars to carry all the tension loads.

Compression Neutral Axis The actual stress distribution in the compression side varies non-linearly from zero stresses at the neutral axis, to a maximum compressive stress at the extreme edge.

Reinforced Concrete Beam Tension = T Reinforcing bars Looking at a side view of the stress distribution of the reinforced concrete beam: Whitney stress block
0.85fcb

C Neutral Axis

a = 1C

(a)

d
Moment arm = Z

T = Asfy Actual Stress Distribution

T = Asfy Idealized Stress Distribution

Lecture 3 - Page 6 of 9

Assuming an idealized beam, tension equals compression: Tension = Compression Asfy = Area of Whitney stress block Asfy = 0.85fcab Solve for a: a= As f y 0.85 f ' c b = 1C Beta

1 = 0.85 for fc < 4000 PSI = 0.80 for fc = 5000 PSI = 0.75 for fc > 6000 PSI C = depth to neutral axis from extreme compression edge Mn = Nominal moment capacity of concrete beam = Asfy(Moment arm) = AsfyZ a = Asfy(d - ) 2 Mu = Usable moment capacity of concrete beam = Mn = 0.9Mn a Mu = 0.9(Asfy(d - ) ) 2

act f y Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 f' c

bal = balanced ratio of tension steel reinforcement 0.851 f ' c = fy 87,000 87,000 + f y where fy = PSI

max = maximum allowable ratio of tension steel reinforcement per ACI 318 = 0.75bal

Lecture 3 - Page 7 of 9

Example 2 GIVEN: The concrete beam from Example 1 is used to support the loading as shown below. REQUIRED: 1. Determine the maximum factored applied moment, Mmax. 2. Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu, and determine if it is acceptable based on Mmax. 3. Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max.

Factored uniform load wu = 3000 PLF (incl. beam wt.)

20-0

Step 1 Determine maximum factored applied moment, Mmax: Mmax =

wu L2 8 (3KLF )(20'0" ) 2 8

Mmax = 150 KIP-FT Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu:

act f y Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59 f' c

where act = 0.0108 (see Ex. 1)

(0.0108)(60 KSI ) = 0.9(2.40 in2)(60 KSI)(18.44)(1 - 0.59 ) 4 KSI

Lecture 3 - Page 8 of 9

Step 3 Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max:

max = maximum allowable ratio of tension steel reinforcement per ACI 318 = 0.75bal bal = balanced ratio of tension steel reinforcement 0.851 f ' c = fy 87,000 87,000 + f y where fy = PSI

where 1 = 0.85 since fc = 4000 PSI

87,000 0.85(0.85)(4 KSI ) = 60 KSI 87,000 + 60000 PSI

max = 0.75(0.0285) max = 0.0214 > act = 0.0108 beam is acceptable

Lecture 3 - Page 9 of 9