MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN ART AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
ELE3113: POWER SYSTEMS THEORY

NAME REG NO COURSE

GITTA JOSHUA MERCY 19/U/18212/PSA BELE
ABOOWE IAN 09/U/2763/PS BSTE
MPANGA WILSON 17/U/1689 BELE
WAKABI ANSELM TEEGA MARK 19/U/18756/PS BELE
NAKISA BRIAN KENNEDDY 19/U/18495/PS BELE

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Question 1

With illustrations, distinguish between cylindrical and salient pole machines

Salient Pole Rotor Machine

A salient pole type machine is one in which the rotor consists of a large number of projected poles (salient
poles) mounted on a magnetic wheel. The projected poles are made up from laminations of steel and the
rotor winding is provided on these poles supported by pole shoes as shown in the figure below.

A salient pole machine is characterized by the following attributes;

 Salient pole rotors have large diameter and shorter axial length.
 They are generally used in lower speed electrical machines ranging from 100 RPM to 1500 RPM.
 Since the rotor speed is lower, a greater number of poles are required to attain the required
frequency. Typically, the number of salient poles is between 4 to 60. (Ns = 120f /P, therefore, f =
Ns*p/120   i.e. frequency is proportional to number of poles).
 Flux distribution is relatively poor than in non-salient pole rotor, hence the generated emf
waveform is not as good as cylindrical rotor.
 Salient pole rotors generally need damper windings to prevent rotor oscillations during operation.

Applications
 Used for low speed applications.
 Salient pole synchronous generators are mostly used in hydro power plants.

Cylindrical Pole Machine

A cylindrical / none salient pole machine is one whose rotor is cylindrical in shape having parallel slots
on it where rotor windings can be placed. It’s also known as a drum rotor machine and it’s made up of
solid steel. The construction of a cylindrical rotor machine is as shown in figure below.

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Cylindrical / None salient pole machines are characterized by the following attributes;
 They are smaller in diameter but having longer axial length.
 Cylindrical rotors are used in high speed electrical machines, usually 1500 RPM to 3000 RPM.
 Windage loss as well as noise is less as compared to salient pole rotors.
 Their construction is robust as compared to salient pole rotors.
 Number of poles is usually 2 or 4.
 Damper windings are not needed in non-salient pole rotors.
 Flux distribution is sinusoidal and hence gives better emf waveform.

Application
 Cylindrical / None salient pole machines are used in nuclear, gas and thermal power plants.

Question 2

Discuss the equivalent circuit of a synchronous machine and explain & draw the phasor diagram
from this circuit.

The equivalent circuit of an alternator or synchronous generator can be shown as below

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For synchronous generator the terminal voltage V t can be written as,

V t =E g− j I a X al− j I a X a r−I a Ra

V t =E g− j I a X s−I a Ra

V t =E g−I a ( R a + j X s) =E g−I a Z s

Where;

E g is the generator induced emf.

I a is the armature current,

Ra is the armature resistance,

X al is the leakage reactance,

X ar is the armature reaction reactance,

X s the synchronous reactance

Z s is the synchronous impedance

Phasor Diagrams

The complete phasor diagram of an alternator at different load conditions are shown below

1. For inductive Load

The alternator is connected with R-L load then the current lags terminal voltage by an angle θ.
The Phasor diagram of an alternator with lagging power factor load is shown below

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 2. For Resistive Load
The alternator is connected with a resistive load then the current remains in same phase with the
terminal voltage. The figure below shows Phasor diagram of an alternator with unity power factor
load.

3. For Capacitive Load

When the terminals of the armature of alternator is connected with a R-C load then the current ↳
leads the terminal voltage Vt by an angle θ . The figure below shows the complete phasor
diagram of an alternator with leading power factor load. Where;
δ is called load angle
θ is load power factor angle
Ѱ is internal power factor angle

Question 3

What parameters are key in modelling the synchronous generator?

 Field current and flux relationship (and thus between the field current and EA)
 Synchronous reactance
 Armature resistance

Question 4

Typical tests carried out on a generator are the open and short circuit measurement tests. Discuss
these tests.

Open Circuit test

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Steps;

a) Generator is rotated at the rated speed.

b) No load is connected at the terminals.
c) Field current is increased from 0 to maximum.
d) Record values of the terminal voltage and field current value

With the terminals open, IA=0, so EA = VΦ. It is thus possible to construct a plot of EA or VT against IF
graph. This plot is called open-circuit characteristic (OCC) of a generator. With this characteristic, it is
possible to find the internal generated voltage of the generator for any given field current.

At first the curve is almost perfectly linear, until some saturation is observed at high field currents. The
unsaturated iron in the frame of the synchronous machine has a reluctance several thousand times lower
than the air-gap reluctance, so at first almost all the mmf is across the air-gap, and the resulting flux
increase is linear. When the iron finally saturates, the reluctance of the iron increases dramatically, and
the flux increases much more slowly with an increase in mmf. The linear portion of an OCC is called the
air-gap line of the characteristic.

Short circuit test

Steps;

a) Generator is rotated at rated speed.

b) Adjust field current to 0.
c) Short circuit the terminals.
d) Measure armature current or line current as the field current is increased.

Notes: During the short circuit analysis, the net magnetic field is very small, hence the core is not
saturated, hence the reason why the relationship is linear.

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SCC is essentially a straight line and when the terminals are short circuited,

The armature current IA is: IA = EA/(RA + jXs)

And its magnitude is: IA = EA/(R A 2 + jXs 2)0.5

Question 5

Derive the expression for the induced torque in a synchronous generator

The power output of a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator with negligible stator (armature) resistance
as a function of the load angle is given by equation

…………………………………………………………………… 1

Making the same assumption of negligible stator (armature) resistance the output power of a salient-pole
synchronous generator has to be found out as a function of load (torque) angle (figure below). The power
output of a synchronous generator is the sum of the power due to the direct axis current and the power
due to the quadrature-axis current. Both Id and Iq contribute to the output power as shown in below:

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Determining the power output of a salient-pole synchronous generator,

Substituting in the above equations yields

The first term of this expression is the same as the power in a cylindrical rotor machine, and the second
term is the additional power due to the reluctance torque in the machine.

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Since the induced torque in the generator is given by:

Then, the induced torque in the motor can be expressed as

Where = the torque angle of the machine.

Question 6

Explain the conditions for parallel operation of generators and the advantages achieved by parallel
operation.
Conditions for parallel operation of DC generators

 The polarities of the generator must be similar

 The terminal voltage must be equal.
 The change of voltage with the change of load must be the same character.
Conditions for parallel operation of AC generators

 Should have the same frequency

 Should have same number of phases
 They should have the same voltage
 The generators should be of same phase angle
Advantages of parallel operation of generators

 It makes the system more reliable in that if one of the generators fails, the load can easily be
distributed to another. This is not possible for a single generator unit.
 Maintenance is simplified. This is simply because if one generator needs to be worked upon, it
can be detached and serviced without interrupting the proper functioning of the system.
 It is expansible. Generators can be added and removed within the same available space whenever
necessary without incurring extra costs.
 Parallel operation of generators is flexible because small size generators can be effectively used
to satisfy a certain load. This helps incase there is inadequate space[1].

Question 7
A 25kVA, 415V, three phase, 4 pole, 60Hz, wye connected synchronous generator has a
synchronous reactances of 1.5Ω/phase and negligible stator resistance. The generator is connected
to an infinite bus (of constant voltage magnitude and constant frequency) at 415V and 60Hz.
Solution a

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Voltage per phase;
415
V t=
√3
V t =240 V / phase

Stator current at rated KVA ,

25000
I a=
√ 3 × 415
I a=34.8 A

Cosϕ=0.8
0
ϕ =−36.9 for 0.8 pf lagging

0
Excitation voltage, Et =V t ∠ 0 + I a j X s

Et =240 ∠ 00 +52.2 ∠ 53.10

Et =240 [ cos ( 0 )+ jsin ( 0 ) ] +52.2[cos ( 53.1 ) + jsin ( 53.1 ) ]

Et =[ 240+0 ] +[31.3+ j 41.7]

Et =271.3+ j 41.7

r =√271.3+ j 41.7
r =274.5
−1 41.7
Φ=tan
271.3
0
Φ=8.7
Et =274.5 ∠ 8.70

Excitation voltage , Et =274.5 V / phase

Power angle=8.70

Solution b
Because the power transfer is the same, the new excitation voltage

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 '
E f =1.2 ×274.5
'
E f =329.4 V

V t Ef sin Φ V t E f ' sin Φ '

=
Xs Xs
V t E f sin Φ=V t Ef ' sin Φ '

' E f sin Φ
sin Φ =
Ef '
274.5sin 8.7
sin Φ=
329.4
0
Φ=7.2

The stator current is,

Ef −V t
I a=
j Xs
0
329.4 ∠7.2−240 ∠0
I a= 0
1.5 ∠90
329.4[cos ( 7.2 ) + jsin (7.2 ) ]−240[cos ( 0 )+ jsin ( 0 ) ]
I a=
1.5 ∠ 90 0
149.3+ j 49.2
I a=
1.5 ∠900
157.2∠ 18.2
I a=
1.5 ∠ 900
I a=104.8 ∠−71.8

Power factor=cos 71.8

Power factor=0.31 lagging
Reactive KVA=3∨V t∨I a ∨sin71.8
−3
Reactive KVA=3 ×240 ×104.8 × sin71.8 ×10
θ=71.67

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Solution c

The maximum power transfer occurs at θ=900

Pmax =3 Ef V t

3× 274.5× 240
Pmax =
1.5
Pmax =131.761 Kw

Pmax =3 Ef V t

Ef −V t
I a=
j Xs

274.5∠ 900−240 ∠0
I a=
8 ∠ 900

274.5[cos 900 + jsin 900 ]−240[cos 0+ jsin 0]

I a= 0
8 ∠ 90
j 274.5−240
I a=
8 ∠ 900
0
364.0∠ 48.8
I a=
8 ∠900

I a=45.6∠ 41.2

Stator current, I a=45.6 A

Power factor=cos 41.2=0.752 leading

Question 8
A 200 kVA, 480 V, 50 Hz, Y-connected synchronous generator with a rated field current of 5 A was
tested and the following data were obtained:

1. VT,OC = 540 V at the rated IF.

2. IL,SC = 300 A at the rated IF.

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3. When a DC voltage of 10 V was applied to two of the terminals, a current of 25 A was measured.
Find the generator’s model at the rated conditions (i.e., the armature resistance and the
approximate synchronous reactance)

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