Parametric Test
{ With Computer-Aided Solutions
PEDRITO B. MALICDEM
The Parametric Tests are tests
applied to data that are
normally distributed, the
levels of measurement of
which are expressed in interval
and ratio.
Parametric Tests
The Parametric tests are:
t-test for Independent Samples
t-test for Correlated Samples
z-test for Two Sample Means
z-test for One Sample Group
F-test (ANOVA)
r (Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of
Correlation)
y = a+bx (Simple Linear Regression Analysis)
y = bo + b1x1 + b2x2 + ….+ bnxn (Multiple Regression
Analysis)
Parametric Tests
Distribution is normal, that is when
skewness is equal to zero and
kurtosis is .265
The level of measurement to be
analysed are expressed in interval
and ratio data.
When do we use
parametric tests?
They are more powerful
compared to the nonparametric
tests.
Why do we use
parametric tests?
First, determine whether
the data are distributed
normally or abnormally
by solving for the value of
skewness and kurtosis
using the formula:
How do we use
parametric tests?
Second, if the result of the skewness is
equal to zero and the kurtosis equals
.265 then the distribution is normal.
Third, determine if the data are
expressed in interval and ratio data
How do we use
parametric tests?
Interval data provide number that reflect
differences among items. With interval
scales the measurement units are equal.
Examples:
Scores of intelligence tests, and time as reckoned from
the calendar. They have no true zero value.
What is interval data?
The ratio data are the highest type of
scale.
The basic difference between the
interval and the ratio scale is that the
ratio scale has an absolute zero value.
Examples:
Common ratio scales are measures of length, width,
weight, capacity loudness and other.
What is ratio data?
T-TEST FOR
INDEPENDENT
SAMPLES
The t-test is a test of difference
between two independent
groups. The means are
compared x̅1 and x̅2.
What is the t-test for
independent samples?
When we compare the means of two
independent groups
When the data are normally distributed, Sk
= 0 and Ku = .265
When data are expressed in interval and
ratio.
When the sample is less than 30
When do we use the t-test
for independent samples?
Because it is a more powerful test
compared with other tests of
difference of two independent
groups.
When do we use the t-test
for independent sample?
Use the formula:
How do we use the t-test for
independent samples?
In a Practical Research class the scores in
quiz of 10 male and 10 female STEM
students. Test the null hypothesis that there
is no significant difference between the
performance of male and female STEM
students in PR2. Use the t-test at .05 level of
significance.
Male: 14, 18, 17, 16, 4, 14, 12, 10, 9, 17
Female: 12, 9, 11, 5, 10, 3, 7, 2, 6, 13
Sample Problem 1
How do you solve t-test
for independent samples
using Microsoft Office
Excel?
Step 1. Enter the Data for Male and Female.
Step 2. Click Data on the Menu Bar and Select
Data Analysis
Step 3. The Data Analysis dialogue box
appears. Select t-test: Two-Sample Assuming
Equal Variances and click ok.
Step 4. Enter the values of the Variable Range 1 and
Variable Range 2. Enter the level of significance of
0.05 in the ALPHA
Step 5. On the output option select output range.
Click anywhere in the blank worksheet and click
OK.
Step 5. On the output option select output range.
Click anywhere in the blank worksheet and click
OK.
I. Problem:
II. Hypotheses:
III. Level of Significance:
IV. Statistics:
V. Decision Rule:
VI. Conclusion:
Solving by the Stepwise
Method
I. Problem:
Is there a significant difference between
the performance of the male and the
female STEM students in Practical
Research 2?
II. Hypotheses:
H0 = There is no significant difference between
the performance of the male and female STEM
students.
H0: x̅1 = x̅2.
H1 = There is a significant difference between
the performance of the male and the female
STEM students in PR2.
H1: x̅1 ≠ x̅2.
III. Level of Significance:
∝ = .05
𝑑𝑓 = n1 + n2 – 2
= 10 + 10 – 2
= 18
t .05 = 2.10 t-tabular value at .05
IV. Statistics:
t-test for two independent
samples
V. Decision Rule:
If the t-computed value is
greater than or beyond the t-
tabular/critical value,
disconfirm H0.
VI. Conclusion:
Since the t-computed value of 2.88 is greater than
the t-tabular value of 2.10 at .05 level of
significance with 18 degrees of freedom, the null
hypothesis is disconfirmed in favor of the
research hypothesis. This means that there is a
significant difference between the performance of
the male and female 12 STEM students in
Practical Research 2 implying that the male
students performed better than the female
students considering that the mean/average score
of the male students of 13.1 is compared to the
average score of female students of only 7.8.
