Name HARIS SHERAZI

Roll No SP21-1040
Class BBA 4th semester (2 years)
Section A
Subject Production Operational Management

ASSIGNMENT NO: 2

LATHE MACHINE
 A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes the undesired material from a rotating work
piece in the form of chips with the help of a tool that is traversed across the work and can be
feed deep into the work. It one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over
the world. This is also known as the ‘Mother of all Machines’. Nowadays, Lathe Machine has
become a general-purpose machine tool, employed in production and repair work, because it
permits a large variety of operations to be performed on it.
Products made by Lathe Machine
A variety of products can be made from the lathe machine and that are Nuts, bolts, piston, ram,
pump part, electric motor parts, sleeves, Aircraft parts, gun barrels, candlesticks, train parts,
cue sticks, wooden bowls, baseball bat, crankshaft and many more things.
Working process of Lathe Machine
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation, facing, and turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about that axis.

SHAPER MACHINE
A shaper is a type of machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the
workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is
analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of helical.

Shaper Machine Operation

Generally, There are Four types of Operation performed on Shaper that are:

 Vertical Cutting Operation

 Horizontal Cutting Operation
 Inclined Cutting and
 Angular or Irregular Cutting Operation

In a standard shaper, cutting takes place during the forward stroke of the ram and the
backward stroke remains idle. The forward and backward motion is obtained by “Quick Return
Mechanism”. The depth of the cut is adjusted by moving the tool downwards towards the work
piece.

There are nine different types of Shaper Machine:

 Standard Shaper.
 Vertical Shaper.
 Horizontal Shaper.
 Geared Shaper.
 Universal Shaper.
  Crank Shaper.
 Draw cut Shaper.
 Hydraulic Shaper
 Contour shaper machine

MILLING MACHINE

The milling machine is a type of machine which removes the material from the
workpiece by feeding the work past a rotating multipoint cutter. The metal removal rate
is higher very high as the cutter has a high speed and many cutting edges.

It is the most important machine in the tool room as nearly all the operations can be
performed on it with high accuracy.

Milling Machine Application or Uses

Milling Machine is used for Machining flat surfaces, Slotting, Contoured surfaces. It is
also useful for making Complex and irregular areas, Revolution surface, Gear cutting,
Machining external and internal threads. Machining helical surfaces of various cross-
sections and many more.

Milling Machine Parts

The Milling Machine consists of

 Base,
 Column,
 Knee,
 Saddle,
 Table,
 Over-Arm,
 Spindle or Arbor,
 Arbor supports,
 Ram,
 and Milling Head.

Types of milling machines

 Horizontal or Plain Milling Machine. Plain milling machines are more robust than
hand millers
 Vertical Milling Machine. The position of the spindle on a vertical milling machine
is perpendicular or vertical to the table.
 Universal Milling Machine.
.

DRILLING MACHINE
A drilling machine is a type of machine in which the holes are being made on the
workpiece by making use of a rotating tool called drill bit or the twist drill.

Drilling is basically a technology of creating holes. Drilling operations can also be

performed on Lathe machines.

In the lathe machine, the workpiece rotates and the drilling tool is held stationary in the
tailstock.

Drilling Machine working

Drilling Machine has based upon the principle that the rotating edge of the tool exerts a
large force on the workpiece and holes are being created in the workpiece. The material
is removed from the workpiece by the shearing and extrusion process.

Types of drilling machines

 Radial drilling machine.

 Upright drilling machine.
 Automatic drilling machine.
 Multiple Spindle drilling machine.
  Deep hole drilling machine.
 Sensitive drilling machine.
 Portable drilling machine.
 Gang drilling machine.

PLANER MACHINE

Planer Machine Definition

Planer Machine is a machine in which unwanted material is cut from the workpiece to
produce a flat surface on the workpiece. Unlike Shaper Machine, in this machine, more
than one tool can be set and perform an operation.

Following are the five types of planer machine

 Standard or Double housing type planer machine.
 open side type planer machine.
 Pit planer machine.
 Edge or plate type planer.
  Divided table planer.
Planer Machine Working
The worktable can be move and the tool head of the machine is in a stationary position.
The workpiece is fixed on the work table and The single point cutting tool is attached to
the tool head and now we switch on the machine that means power supply to the
machine and the worktable moves forward.
Hence it cuts the material and it is called cutting stroke. The worktable moves
downward there is no cutting of material so this is called the return stroke. The process
will be continued unless you change the power supply or others.

SLOTTER MACHINE

Slotter Machine Definition

The slotting machine is used for cutting grooves, keyways, and slots of various sizes, making
both internal and external surfaces, regular and irregular surfaces, cutting internal and external
gears, and other such operations which can not be done easily on other machine tools.

Types of Slotter Machine

 Puncher Slotter Machine

The puncher slotter is a rigid and heavier machine designed mainly for the removal of a large
amount of metal from large castings or forgings. The length of the puncher slotter is sufficiently
large which may be as long as 1800 to 2000 mm. The ram of the slotter is driven by a spiral
pinion meshing with the rack teeth cut on the underside of the ram and the pinion is driven by
a variable speed reversible electric motor which is similar to the planer.

 Precision Slotter Machine

It is a simple and lighter machine. It is operated at high speeds and the machine is mainly
designed to take light cuts for accurate surface finish.The machine can handle a number of
identical works on a production basis by using special jigs. These machines are fitted with a whit
worth quick return mechanism

GEAR HOBBING MACHINE

Gear Hobbing Machine Definition

Gear Hobbing is the process of generating gear teeth by means of a rotating cutter
referred to as a 'hob'. A hob resembles a worm gear; it has a number of flutes (also
referred to as a gash) around its periphery, parallel to the axis, to form cutting edges.

The different types of gear hobbing are: hobbing with axial feed, hobbing with radial
feed, or hobbing with tangential feed. Axial feed is when the hob is fed along the face of
the blank and parallel to axis. This method is used in spur and helical gear manufacture.

Working Of Gear Hobbing

Gear hobbing is a process in which gear is cut by a generating process by rotating the gear blank
and the cutter called a hob at the same time with a fixed gearing ratio between hob and gear
blank. In this process the gear blank is fed towards the rotating hob until the required depth is
reached. The hob is fed across the face of the blank until all the teeth are complete.

In hobbing spur gear the hob teeth are set parallel to the axis of rotation of the blank. For
helical teeth bobbing, the axis of the hob is set over an angle to produce the proper helix. While
worm gears are produced with the axis of the hob set the right angle to the gear blank.

Generally two techniques are used in the hobbing process.

 Conventional hobbing
 Climb hobbing.

GRINDING MACHINE
A machine is a production machine tool used in the manufacturing industry in which the
grinding wheel is attached in the tool post and the workpiece is fixed to the work table and
when the operation starts it removes the unwanted material to get the desired surface finish,
correct size, and accurate shape of the workpiece.

Grinding Machine Parts and Function

 Base or Bed
 Column
 Headstock
 Tailstock
 Worktable
 Wheel Head
 Grinding or Abrasive Wheel
 Crossfeed or Traversing Wheel and
 Coolant Supply Nozzle

Grinding Machine Working

First, clean the machine with a clean brush.

The workpiece is fixed in the worktable. And tool which is the grinding wheel is also fixed in the
tool holder section.

Now with the help of the traversing wheel, we adjust the tool and workpiece and bring it into
the contact and make sure there is little gap available as you have not started the machine.

After all, set between workpiece and tool make sure to check the coolant supply nozzle and fill
the liquid into it So that when operation starts it automatically or manually can supply.

Now supplying the power to the system, The wheel starts rotating and Now brings the tool in
contact with the workpiece. Gradually provide the feed as per the dimension you want.