SOMERVILLE SCHOOL NOIDA

WORKSHEET # 5
CLASS - 9
SUBJECT- SCIENCE
TOPIC – FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION - 1

SYNOPSIS

FORCE : Force is an influence that changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform
motion of a body or changes the shape and size of a body.

BALANCED FORCES UNBALANCED FORCES

• If the resultant of all forces acting on a body • If the resultant of all forces acting on a
is zero then the forces are called balanced body is not zero then the forces are
forces. called unbalanced forces.

• Balanced forces cannot produce motion in a • Unbalanced forces can

stationary body or stop a moving body but  move a body at rest or stop a
they can change the shape and size of the moving body.
body.  change the speed and
direction of a body in motion.
 change the shape and size of
an object.

Example: an object rests on a surface Example:

Weight of the block is balanced by the reaction force Resultant force = F1 – F2 = 120 – 60 = 60 N
from the table. F1 = F2 This net force can accelerate the body.
Resultant force = F1 – F2 = 0 N Therefore, the block would begin to move in
So the object remains at rest on the surface. the direction of the greater force F1.

Galileo first showed that objects move with a constant speed when no forces act on them.
This means if an object is moving on a frictionless surface and no other force is acting upon it, the object
would be moving forever.

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Laws of motion

Sir Isaac Newton in his work Principia Mathematica, gave three laws of motion to explain and
investigate the motion of physical objects and systems.

Newton's First Law of motion

Statement: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless
compelled to change that state by an applied force.

Inertia: The tendency of undisturbed objects to resist a change in their state of rest or uniform motion
is called inertia. Hence, the first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.

Mass is a measure of inertia of the body. Larger the mass, greater is the inertia.

Greater the inertia of the body greater will be the force required to bring a change in the state of rest or
uniform motion of the body.

Applications of Newton's first law of motion based on –

Inertia of rest:

 Dust particles on a carpet fall when we beat the carpet with a stick.
 Fruits fall down when the branches of a tree are shaken vigorously.
 A passenger standing in a bus leans backwards when the bus starts all of a sudden.

Inertia of motion:

 A passenger in a moving bus leans forward when the brakes are applied suddenly.
 A man carelessly alighting from a moving train falls forward.

Inertia of direction

 Water particles sticking to a bicycle wheels are found to fly off tangentially.
 Whenever a driver negotiates a curve, the passengers experience force acting away
from the centre of the curve.

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Momentum
• The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and velocity.
p=mv
• Momentum is a vector quantity. It has both direction and magnitude. Its direction is the same as
that of velocity.
• The SI unit of momentum is kg m s-1

Second Law of motion

Statement: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced
force in the direction of force.
େ୦ୟ୬୥ୣ ୧୬ ୫୭୫ୣ୬୲୳୫ ୊୧୬ୟ୪ ୫୭୫ୣ୬୲୳୫ – ୍୬୧୲୧ୟ୪ ୫୭୫ୣ୬୲୳୫ ௠௩ି௠௨
Rate of change of momentum = = =
୘୧୫ୣ ୲ୟ୩ୣ୬ ୘୧୫ୣ ୲ୟ୩ୣ୬ ௧

௠ (௩ି௨)
F∝
௧
௄ ௠(௩ି௨)
F= ௧
= K ma

• Where, k is a constant of proportionality. Unit of force is so chosen that value of K becomes 1.

1 unit of force = k × (1 kg) × (1 m s-2).

• One newton is defined as the amount of force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in an
object of 1 kg mass.

F = ma

Applications of Newton’s second law of motion:

 To catch a fast moving ball, a player pulls his hands backwards in order to increase the time
during which momentum of the ball is reduced to zero. Thus the ball exerts a smaller force on
his hands.
 In athletic events like high jump, long jump, pole vault etc. athletes are made to fall on a
cushioned bed or bed of sand. This increases the time during which high velocity of the athlete
is reduced to zero which in turn decreases the rate of change of momentum of the athlete.
 A karate player breaks a brick or a slab of ice in a quick single blow.

Third Law of motion

Statement: To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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According to third law of motion

• Whenever a body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite
force on the first body instantaneously.
• This tells us that all forces in nature act in pairs.
• These two forces are always equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
• These forces act on different objects and never on the same object.

Applications of Newton’s third law of motion

 Walking is enabled by 3rd law. To walk we push the ground backwards with our foot. As a
reaction the ground pushes our foot forward with equal force.
 While trying to swim, a swimmer pushes the water with his hands and feet. This is the force of
action. The water pushes the swimmer forward with an equal force of reaction.
 When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun recoils. On firing the gun exerts force on the bullet
(i.e. action) in forward direction. In turn the bullet exerts an equal force on the gun in the
backward direction (i.e. reaction).
 A boat moves backwards when a sailor jumps out of it to the shore.
 Rowing of a boat.

For further reference please follow the link below:

http://ncert.nic.in/textbook/textbook.htm?iesc1=9-15

QUESTIONS
1. An object of mass 2 kg is sliding with a constant velocity of 4 m/s on a friction less horizontal
table. Find the magnitude of force required to keep the object moving with the same velocity.

2. Velocity versus time graph of a ball of mass 50 g rolling on a concrete floor is shown in the
figure below. What will be the frictional force of the floor on the ball?

90
80
70
Velocity (m/s)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8
Time (s)

3. A passenger in a moving train tosses a coin which falls behind him. Observing this statement
what can you say about the motion of the train?

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 4. What inference can you draw about the momentum of a body in motion if the net force acting
on it is zero?

5. A man wearing a bullet-proof vest stands on roller skates. The total mass is 80 kg. A bullet of
mass 20 g is fired at 400 m/s. It is stopped by the vest and falls to the ground. What is then the
velocity of the man?

6. Deduce the law of inertia using Newton’s second law of motion.

7. A bullet of 10 g strikes a sand bag at a speed of 103 m/s and gets embedded after travelling
5 cm. Calculate
(i) the resistive force exerted by sand on the bullet.
(ii) the time taken by the bullet to come to rest.

8. An iron sphere of mass 1 Kg is dropped from a height of 10 m. If the acceleration of sphere is

9.8 ms-2, calculate the momentum transferred to the ground by the ball.

9. Two objects A and B, having mass 100 kg and 75 kg, moving with velocity 40 kmh-1 and 6 kmh-1
respectively. Answer the following:
a. Which will have greater inertia?
b. Which will have greater momentum?
c. Which will stop first if equal negative acceleration is applied on both?
d. Which will travel greater distance?
e. Which will impart greater impulse if collides with a wall?

10. A hammer of mass 500 g, moving at 50 m/s, strikes a nail. The nail stops the hammer in a very
short time of 0.01 s. what is the force of the nail on the hammer?

11. Give reasons:

(i) Seat belts are provided in the cars.
(ii) Athletes are made to jump on a bed of sand or cushion.
(iii) It is dangerous to jump out of a moving bus.

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