37th Short Courses

on
Modelling and Computation of Multiphase Flows
Zurich, Switzerland, 10-14 February 2020
hosted by ETH Zurich

Part I: Basics
Part IIA: New Reactor Systems and Methods or
Part IIB: Computational Multi-Fluid Dynamics (CMFD)
Part III: CMFD with Commercial Codes

THE COURSES

Multiphase flows and heat transfer with phase change are of The emphasis in these courses is on
interest to researchers, scientists and engineers working in a • A condensed, critical and updated view of basic knowledge
multitude of industries. Courses similar to this one have been and future developments, in relation to systems and
offered in the past at Stanford University, the University of phenomena encountered in industrial applications
California-Santa Barbara, in Washington D.C. and elsewhere. • Trends in modelling, design, analysis, CFD / CMFD
The courses have taken place at ETH Zurich since 1984 with methods and experimentation
over 2100 participants so far. Over the years, the courses
have continuously evolved, reflecting on-going progress, • Sources of information, data and correlations
interests, and developments; parallel sessions were • Availability as well as limitations of modern modelling and
introduced in 1989. computational techniques and codes
• Interdisciplinary transfer of knowledge from one area of
The Zurich courses not only offer the opportunity to meet and applications to another
interact with outstanding lecturers, but also with colleagues
working worldwide on similar topics but in different industries. These limited-enrolment courses feature
The courses are organized in a modular form as an intensive • 23 well-cooordinated lectures by experts and excellent
introduction for persons having basic knowledge of fluid lecturers
mechanics, heat transfer, and numerical techniques
• Movies, videos, animations, and computer simulations
(introductory tutorial texts are provided to the participants
illustrating the physical phenomena and the numerical
before the course), but also serve as advanced courses for
techniques
specialists wishing to obtain the latest information.
• A complete set of all the lecture materials (including
Part I, Basics, covers the common background material and extensive notes) will be available for download from our
emphasises the latest empirical and mechanistic modelling, website
computational and instrumentation aspects of multiphase • Tutorials as introductory texts for all parts of the course
flows. A tutorial text is provided to the participants before the • Handout-format hard copies of all the standardized
course to introduce the very basic concepts and fill any basic PowerPoint presentations for use in the classroom
gaps in their background, so that they can participate in the
most effective way. • Discussion time and discussions with the lecturers during
and between lectures
Part IIA, New Reactor Systems and Methods, covers
multiphase flow topics of particular interest to the nuclear FEES
industry. Some of the most recently proposed advanced Full course (I, IIA or IIB and III): CHF 1’950
reactor designs and the main multiphase phenomena of Part I: CHF 1’400
importance to the nuclear industry are treated. The state-of- Parts IIA or IIB and III: CHF 1’100
the-art and beyond in modelling and simulation methods
(including CFD and CMFD applications) for core design and INFORMATION
accident analysis is introduced. An article introducing Light All practical information about the course and hotel
Water Reactors will be provided to the participants as tutorial reservations can be obtained from the course web site
material before the course. http://www.lke.mavt.ethz.ch/shortcourse

Part IIB, Computational Multi-Fluid Dynamics (CMFD), REGISTRATION

reflects the growing interest in the application of CMFD https://ethzurich.eventsair.com/scomf20/reg
techniques to multi-phase flows and covers the most common
computational techniques. The introductory chapters from a CONTACT
book authored by Tryggvason, Scardovelli and Zaleski will be Prof. H.-M. Prasser, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3,
provided to the participants to prepare for the lectures. 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, Phone: +41 (44) 632 88 21
[email protected],
Part III, CMFD with Commercial Codes, is attached to both
Parts IIA and IIB. The participants will hear commercial code COURSE VENUE
developers discuss their products for both nuclear and other ETH Zurich, Monday – Wednesday: main building, D floor,
applications. room 1.1 (HG D 1.1), Thursday-Friday: ML building, F floor,
room 34 and 36 (ML F 34 and ML F 36)

The course organizers reserve the right to cancel the course on short-term notice, with full refund of the fees, in
case of force majeure.
 SCHEDULE AND CONTENTS OF LECTURES
PART I. BASICS
MONDAY, 10 February 2019 (9-12:30 and 14:00-17:30) boiling. Rewetting. Microscopic view on boiling (novel results obtained with micro-
1. Introduction to multiphase flows (09:00–10:30): M. Corradini. Definition of engineered heaters and modern diagnostics such as infrared thermography). Effects of
multiphase flows; types of flow (two-phase, three-phase, single component, multi- nano- and micro-scale surface features on nucleation, nucleate boiling, CHF and
component). Applications: power generation, hydrocarbon recovery, chemical processing, rewetting. Correlations and models.
etc. Differences to single phase flows; examples of characteristic multiphase phenomena 7. Flow boiling and condensation (14:00–15:30): M.L. Corradini. Flow boiling models
(Counter Current Flow Limitation, Departure from Nucleate Boiling, Dry out, instability). for heat transfer in a boiling channel, including onset of nucleate boiling, subcooled
History of development of the subject; principal sources of information. boiling, pool and flow boiling correlations, critical heat flux, introduction to post-CHF heat
2. Two-phase flow instrumentation and visualization (11:00–12:30): H-M. Prasser. transfer, quenching. Condensation models for heat transfer, including laminar and
Objective of measurements in two-phase flows, quantities characterizing a gas-liquid flow: turbulent films, influence of non-condensible gases.
liquid and gas holdup (“void fraction”), phase and superficial velocities, phase slip, volume 8. Empirical and phenomenological models for flows with phase change (16:00–
flow and volume flow ratio, bubble size, interfacial area density, statistical functions. 17:30): M.L. Corradini. Single component systems; heat transfer regimes, heat transfer in
Methods to measure gas fractions: cut-off valves, differential pressure method, local slug flow (equilibrium, non-equilibrium); heat transfer in annular flow, correlations,
(needle) probes, mesh sensors, liquid film sensors. Animations of measured data, flow mechanisms, models (overall, detailed, effect of nucleate boiling). Multicomponent
maps for vertical and horizontal two-phase flows. systems (droplet effects). Dryout (critical) heat flux; low quality (bubbly) and high quality
3. Basic models for two-phase flows (14:00–15:30): S. Banerjee. Objective of thermal (annular) flows.
hydraulic modelling, 1D vs. 3D modelling of two-phase flows. Two-fluid model. Averaging WEDNESDAY, 12 February 2019 (8:30-12:00 and 13:30-17:00)
of conservation quantities and fluxes. Conservation equations for mass, momentum and
energy in a two-fluid formulation. Closure equations. Wall pressure drop. Interfacial 9. Thermal non-equilibrium flows (08:30–10:00): J. Buongiorno. Importance of Depar-
friction and void fraction. Wall and interfacial heat transfer. Jump conditions at the gas- ture from Mechanical and Thermal Equilibrium. Subcooled Boiling: Net Vapor Generation,
liquid interface. Role of flow regime maps. Fully-Developed Subcooled Flow Boiling. Post-CHF Heat Transfer: Inverted-Annular and
4. Empirical and phenomenological models (16:00–17:30): H.-M. Prasser. Empirical Dispersed-Flow Film Boiling. Quenching.
models and correlations for void fraction and pressure drop; the drift flux model. 10. Multifield models (10:30–12:00): S. Banerjee. The need for multifield models.
Examples of phenomenological modelling: modelling of annular flow, flooding (CCFL). Interpenetrating continua and Lagrangian-Eulerian approaches. Closure requirements.
TUESDAY, 11 February 2019 (9-12:30 and 14:00-17:30) One-dimensional form – structure, strengths and weaknesses. Multidimensional aspects
– applicability and limitations.
5. Instability of the gas-liquid interface and flow regime maps (9:00–10:00): M.
11. Advanced two-phase flow instrumentation (13:30–15:00): H-M. Prasser. Void
Corradini. Basic theory of the interfacial instability (Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz
fraction measurement by attenuation of ionizing radiation. Phase distribution and flow
instability) and numerous applications. Flow regime maps based on phenomenological
structure: Gamma, X-ray and neutron tomography, dual energy tomography, impedance
modelling; stability of stratified flow as basis of flow regime maps.
tomography. Velocity measurements: hot film probes, laser methods, ultrasonic sensors.
6. Basics of phase transition, pool boiling (10:00–10:30, coffee, 11:00–12:30): J.
12. Numerical methods (15:30–17:00): S. Banerjee. Introduction. Initial and boundary
Buongiorno. Thermodynamics of phase transition. Bubble nucleation. Bubble growth and
conditions. Method of characteristics. Finite difference methods. Stability. Explicit and
departure, including the effect of microlayers and conjugate heat transfer. Macroscopic
implicit methods. Methods used in computer codes.
view on boiling and heat transfer: saturated and subcooled pool boiling. Transition to film

PART IIA. NEW REACTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS PART IIB. COMPUTATIONAL MULTI-FLUID DYNAMICS (CMFD)
THURSDAY, 13 February 2019 (8:30-13:00 and 14:00-17:30) THURSDAY, 13 February 2019 (8:30-13:00 and 14:00-17:30)
13A. Introduction and multiphase phenomena in Design Basis Accidents (8:30- 13B. Introduction to CMFD (8:30-9:50): D. Lakehal. Overview: single fluid modelling
9:50): M. Corradini. Introduction to thermal-hydraulics in reactor safety and historic (surface tracking by VOF, Level Set, etc.) and multi-fluid models in CMFD. Turbulence in
developments. Loss-of-coolant accidents and reactor transients; their simulation and multiphase flows: scale separation; averaging and filtering; methods for low and high
uncertainty evaluation. In-vessel accident phenomenology; modelling of core cooling. Reynolds numbers – from RANS to LES; coupled sub-scale approaches.
14A. Advanced reactor concepts and phenomena (10:00-11:20): M.L. Corradini. 14B. Introduction to Interface Tracking (10:00-11:20): G. Tryggvason. Need for
Review of advanced LWR concepts for near-term and Generation IV reactor numerical simulations and history. Overview of the governing equations and standard
development. Two-phase phenomena in passive safety systems (natural circulation, solution methods. Introduction to the various methods used to track sharp fluid interfaces.
condensation, critical flow). Coffee Break: 11:20-11:40
Coffee Break: 11:20-11:40 15B. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method (11:40-13:00): S. Zaleski. Volumetric tracking,
15A. Closure laws in nuclear systems codes (11:40-13:00): D. Bestion. Development piecewise linear interface reconstruction. Advanced VOF methods: unsplit, exactly-
and validation of closure laws dependent on flow regime. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer conserving VOF methods, oct-tree adaptive mesh refinement, height-function methods.
closure relationships in system codes and their limitations. Predicting choked flow, High-density ratio and momentum-conserving methods.
stratified flow, CCFL. 16B. Direct simulations of multiphase systems (14:00-15:30): S. Banerjee. Interfacial
16A. Advanced computational modelling of nuclear systems (14:00-15:30): D. boundary conditions. The Ghost Fluid and Level Set methods. Numerical issues.
Bestion. Development directions for codes. The multi-scale approach to reactor Boundary fitting. Direct numerical simulations of separated and dispersed flows.
thermalhydraulics simulation. Use of CMFD for Nuclear Reactor Investigations: Boiling 18B. Applications of VOF, Phase Field and Lattice Boltzmann (16:00 – 17:30):
flows, Two-phase PTS. S. Zaleski. The Gerris, ParisSimulator and Basilisk free codes. Flows with large interface
17A. Instabilities in two-phase flow (16:00 – 17:30): B. Askari. Two-phase system deformation and disruption. Ligament formation, atomization and entrainment. Droplet
instabilities. BWR Stability, stability maps, computational tools, practical applications. splashing. Multiphase flow in porous media. Introduction to the Phase-Field / Cahn-
Hilliard model. Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann. Lattice Boltzmann at high density ratio.
FRIDAY, 14 February 2019 (8:30-13:00) FRIDAY, 14 February 2019 (8:30-13:00)
18A. Multiphase phenomena in severe accidents (8:30–9:50): M.L. Corradini. 17B. Embedded Interface Methods (8:30 – 9:50): G. Tryggvason. Interface tracking for
Multiphase phenomena during severe accidents: vapour explosions, molten core direct numerical simulations (DNS) of multiphase flows. Applications to bubbly flows and
quenching and coolability, etc. Severe accident codes; systems analyses and simulation. flows with phase change and mass transfer. Multiscale issues.
19A. Applications of conventional and research-based CMFD techniques to 19B. Application of CFD codes to multiphase systems (10:00-11:20): S. Lo.
complex nuclear safety problems: (10:00–11:20): D. Lakehal. Computational thermal- Introduction to different modelling approaches for multiphase flows, including Lagrangian
hydraulics in the practice using a variety of modelling techniques for different problem tracking, Discrete Element Method (DEM), Eulerian multiphase models and Multi-
configurations. From statistical average models to scale-resolving strategies. component multiphase models for species mass transfer and chemical reaction.
Coffee Break: 11:20-11:40 Coffee Break: 11:20-11:40
20A. CFD and CMFD modelling applied to reactor systems (11:40–13:00): S. Lo. A 20B. Applications of CMFD to situations involving heat transfer (11:40–13:00):
brief review of CFD usage in the nuclear industry, including detailed modelling of a PWR, D. Lakehal. Treatment of local heat transfer with phase change, using Interface Tracking
single-phase and two-phase flows in fuel bundles, critical discharge, pebble bed reactor, and Phase averaging. Compressible multiphase flows with phase change. Applications:
spent fuel transport and storage, and environmental flow around reactor buildings. PTS, Condensing jets, Nucleate and convective flow boiling, Water hammer.

PART III. CMFD WITH COMMERCIAL CODES

FRIDAY 14 February 2019 (14:00-17:15)
21. Simulating Industrial Multiphase Flows with TransAT (14:00–14:55): D. Lakehal. Solver, models and algorithms. Examples and validation using the Eulerian-Eulerian field
approach, Level Set and VOF, Lagrangian particle tracking and three-phase flows.
22. Validation of two-phase flow models in ANSYS CFD (15:00–15:55): M. Azhar. Solver technology; Overview of model portfolio: Euler/Euler two-phase flow, free surface flow,
Euler/Lagrangian models, DDPM; Applicability and limitations. Applications and model validation including comparisons to data.
23. Modelling of industrial multiphase flows with STAR-CCM+ (16:05 – 17:00): R. Piccioli. A selection of examples illustrating some of the challenges and advanced multiphase
models used in the oil & gas, chemical & process and nuclear industries.
24. General discussion (17:00 – 17:20)
 LECTURERS
Behrooz Askari is the managing director of SwissSafeTech published widely in areas related to vapour explosion and
LTD. He graduated from the Rome University La Sapienza, severe accident phenomena, jet spray dynamics and transport
Nuclear Engineering Department and then received his PhD phenomena in multiphase systems.
from ETH Zurich on Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) stability
analysis and design. He has been working closely with Rodolfo Piccioli is a principal CFD engineer at Siemens
Professor Yadigaroglu and for the past 20 years, he studied Digital Industries Software. He joined CD-adapco, a Siemens
methodologies for 2 phase flow system instabilities, especially Business in 2010, after spending three years researching CFD
for BWRs. As the result of this research, he has developed at Bologna University. His current duties within Siemens
advanced tools to analyse instability issues in BWRs. The include development of multiphase methodologies, mainly in
tools are based on core LPRM and APRM signal time series the industrial fields of automotive, O&G, nuclear and food
analysis and, alternatively, based on fully coupled 3D processing. Over the years, Rodolfo Piccioli has been actively
neutronics and thermal hydraulics. He has been serving the working side by side with Siemens industrial and academic
nuclear industry, as a senior consultant for the past 12 years. clients to promote and extend the usage of multiphase
simulations. This involved teaching and assisting customers to
Mohammed Azhar is a principal CFD Engineer in the apply the different CFD multiphase models to their specific
chemical and process group at ANSYS Fluid Dynamics. He industrial applications.
received his PhD in Chemical Engineering at the University of
Leeds. He has worked as an Application Field Testing (AFT) Djamel Lakehal is founder and CEO of ASCOMP AG, an
lead for ANSYS FLUENT. As an Application Specialist, he ETH Spin-off company specialized in industrial thermal-fluid
develops and tests new industrial fluid dynamic applications. dynamics. He obtained his PhD in Fluid Mechanics from Ecole
As a proxy customer, he is responsible for managing and Centrale of Nantes, France. After four years of research on
communicating market requirements for multiphase flow and turbulence at the Univ. of Karlsruhe and TU-Berlin, he joined
oil & gas industry sector. the Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Systems at ETH as Group
Leader and Lecturer. Dr Lakehal authored numerous papers
Sanjoy Banerjee is Distinguished Professor of Chemical in the area of thermal-fluid dynamics. He acts as an adjunct
Engineering and Director of the Energy Institute at the City lecturer at ETH Zurich and ENS Paris.
University of New York. Previously he was Professor of Chem.
Simon Lo was the Director for Multiphase Flow Models
Engng. at the Univ. of California – Santa Barbara. Member of
the US NRC Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, Development at CD-adapco, a Siemens business until he
ACRS. Earlier in Canada, he occupied the positions of retired in July 2019. He is a Honorary Professor in CMFD at
Westinghouse Professor of Engng Physics at McMaster Univ. The University of Nottingham, UK. He received his PhD from
and of Acting Director of Applied Science in the Whiteshell Imperial College, London in 1984. Since then he has been
Nucl. Research Est. He was a founding member of the actively involved in the development of commercial CFD
Canadian Advisory Committee on Nuclear Safety and serves codes (CFX, STAR-CD and STAR-CCM+) and their appli-
as a consultant to governmental and industrial organisations cation to industrial multiphase flows.
in several countries. He has received the ASME Melville Horst-Michael Prasser is Professor of Nuclear Energy
Medal, the IChemE (UK) Danckwerts Lectureship, the AIChE Systems at ETH-Zurich and former Head of the Thermal-
Kern Award, and the ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award. Hydraulics Laboratory at PSI. He graduated from the Moscow
He has published extensively on multiphase fluid dynamics Institute of Power Engineering and obtained his PhD in 1984
and turbulence. Fellow of ANS. in Zittau. During the German reunification, he took part in the
Dominique Bestion is Research Director at CEA-Grenoble, foundation of the Res. Centre Dresden (Rossendorf), where
in France, Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique, and Editor at he later headed the group "Experimental Thermal Fluid
Nuclear Engineering and Design. Has worked extensively in Dynamics." He works on multiphase flow instrumentation and
modelling two-phase flow for system and CFD codes, and has the closure relations necessary for CMFD codes, as well as
been project manager of the CATHARE code development. on nuclear reactor safety studies.
He coordinates two-phase flow modelling in the NEPTUNE Gretar Tryggvason is the Charles A. Miller Jr. Distinguished
French multi-scale thermalhydraulic platform and he was Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical
coordinator of Thermalhydraulic activities of the NURESIM, Engineering at the Johns Hopkins University. He is well known
NURISP and NURESAFE European Projects for a multi- for the development of methods for direct numerical
disciplinary and multi-scale simulation platform. As a member simulations of multiphase flows and their applications. He is
of the OECD-CSNI- WGAMA, he coordinates a Task Group an active member of several professional societies, a fellow of
on the application of CFD to nuclear reactor safety issues. the American Physical Society and the ASME, and the former
Jacopo Buongiorno is the TEPCO Professor and Associate editor-in-chief of the J. Comp. Physics.
Department Head of Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT. Stéphane Zaleski is Professor at Sorbonne Université in the
He has published over 70 journal articles in the areas of Jean Le Rond d'Alembert Institute. He studied for his docto-
reactor safety and design, two-phase flow and heat transfer, rate at the Physics Department of Ecole Normale Supérieure
and nanofluid technology. For his research work and his in Paris. In 1992 he joined the Laboratoire de Modélisation en
teaching at MIT won several awards, including the Ruth and Mécanique which later became the Jean Le Rond ∂’Alembert
Joel Spira Award (MIT, 2015), and the Landis Young Member Institute. He investigates various numerical methods for the
Engineering Achievement Award (ANS, 2011). He is the simulation of multiphase flow with applications for atomization,
Director of the Center for Advanced Energy Systems, which is cavitation, porous media flow, boiling, hydrometallurgy and
one of eight Low-Carbon-Energy Centers of the MIT Energy droplet impact. He currently investigates several variants of
Initiative. He is a consultant for the nuclear industry in reactor the Volume of Fluid method for interface tracking and the
thermal-hydraulics, and a member of the Accrediting Board of phase field method for interface tracking. He has written
the Natl Academy of Nuclear Training. He is also a member of several computer codes for the simulation of two-phase flow
ANS (and served on its Special Committee on Fukushima in including PARIS Simulator with R. Scardovelli and G. Trygg-
2011-2012), of ASME, and was a participant in the Defense vason and he participates in the development of the Basilisk
Science Study Group (2014-2015). code. He is Associate editor of the Journal of Computational
Michael L. Corradini is Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Physics and of Computers and Fluids. He created with Patrick
Nuclear Engng at the Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. He is also Huerre a PhD and Master Degree program in Fluid Mechanics
a member of the US NRC Advisory Committee on Reactor taught entirely in English, a rarity at a French University. He
Safeguards (ACRS), member of NRC safety review panels received the Victor Noury prize of the Paris Academy of
and of the DoE Generation IV Roadmap Project. He has Sciences and the Silver Medal of CNRS; he is a Fellow of the
American Physical Society.