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Lecture 4.2 - Applied-Genetics

Johann Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He discovered the principles of inheritance, including independent assortment and dominant and recessive genes. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs from each parent. Genes come in dominant and recessive forms, and an organism's genotype refers to its specific gene combination while its phenotype is its observable traits. Applied genetics includes selective breeding, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and more modern techniques like genetic engineering of plants, animals, bacteria, and humans, which raises moral issues.

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70 views28 pages

Lecture 4.2 - Applied-Genetics

Johann Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics. He discovered the principles of inheritance, including independent assortment and dominant and recessive genes. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs from each parent. Genes come in dominant and recessive forms, and an organism's genotype refers to its specific gene combination while its phenotype is its observable traits. Applied genetics includes selective breeding, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and more modern techniques like genetic engineering of plants, animals, bacteria, and humans, which raises moral issues.

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john
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Genetics Notes!

Johann Gregor Mendel


• Father of Genetics
• Principle of Independent Assortment –
Inheritance of one trait has no effect on the
inheritance of another trait
Traits
• Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent
to offspring
• Traits are determined by the genes on the
chromosomes. A gene is a segment of DNA that
determines a trait.
• Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, thus genes
come in pairs.
Homologous pairs – matching genes – one from female
parent and one from male parent
• Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
One set from dad – 23 in sperm
One set from mom – 23 in egg
Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” –
dominant
• Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present –
recessive
• Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T
Recessive gene – lower case letter – t

Recessive
Dominant
color
color
Genotype and Phenotype
• Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene
makeup) – genotype
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
• Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up –
phenotype
Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb
Applied
Genetics
selection
Choosing parents with desirable
genes and rejecting parents with
undesirable genes.

Luther Burbank (1849-1926)


He is the world’s foremost selective breeder,
and produced more than 250 varieties of fruit.
INBREEDING
HYBRIDIZING OR CROSSBREEDING
Other plant breeding methods

Plant breeding

Embryo culture technique

Synthetic seed engineering

Gene splicing technique


Genetic improvement on humans

 the Mendelian laws also applies to humans


 researchers theorized that men may be able to
discover the secret of life, the cure of hereditary
diseases and defects and possibly produce a race
with superior qualities through genetic engineering
 moral and ethical issues are involved in manipulating
genes to clone human beings
mutation
Restriction enzymes
Dna insertion
THE HUMAN
GENOME
Dna sequencing

Modern Dna sequencing


Dna fingerprint
CLONING
• type of genetic engineering in which an exact
duplicate of an organism is created from a single
body cell.
• This is done in trees to produce many organisms from
a single organism in order to reforest certain areas has
only been the last few years that it has been possible
in mammals as well.
• This type of genetic engineering is artificial and done
in a laboratory.
Genetic engineering
plants animals
Genetic engineering
humans
APPLICATIONS OF DNA
TECHNOLOGY

3 Main Areas Of Use


Industrial
Medical
Agricultural
TRANSGENIC BACTERIA
IINDUSTRIAL USES
• Breaking down pollutants to harmless products
• Degradation of spilled oil, extraction of minerals from
ores, bioremediation

MEDICAL USES
• Production of hormones: growth hormone, insulin
• Producing phenylalanine for artificial sweeteners

AGRICULTURAL USES
• Reduction of frost damage to plants
• Increased rate of nitrogen fixation in the soil.
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
Plants are more difficult to genetically engineer than
bacteria because
• No plasmids
• Thick cell wall
• Mechanical vectors commonly used

Engineered plants may:


• Resist herbicides
• Produce internal pesticides
• Increase protein production
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

• Used for studying diseases and roles played by


specific genes with a view to curing some
human diseases
Examples:
1. Goats engineered to produce high levels
of human protein to dissolve blood clots.
2. Cows engineered to produce higher milk
yields

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