Wireless Communications SAP2-1

Solutions to Analytical Problems

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Chapter 2 Mobile Communication Engineering

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P2.1 Find the average fade duration for threshold levels of ρ = 1, 0.1, and 0.01, when

the maximum Doppler frequency is 200 Hz.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Maximum Doppler frequency, fdm = 200 Hz (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Average fade duration, Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ)

For ρ = 1; Ť = 0.4 (e1- 1) / (200 Hz x 1) = 3.4 ms Ans.

For ρ = 0.1; Ť = 0.4 (e0.01- 1) / (200 Hz x 0.1) = 0.2 ms Ans.

For ρ = 0.01; Ť = 0.4 (e0.0001- 1) / (200 Hz x 0.1) = 19.9 µs Ans.

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P2.2 Determine the maximum and minimum spectral frequencies received from a

stationary GSM cell-site transmitter that has a center frequency of exactly 900

MHz, assuming that the receiver is traveling at uniform velocity of

(a) 1 km/h

(b) 5 km/h
Wireless Communications SAP2-2

(c) 100 km/h

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of GSM cell-site transmitter, fc = 900 MHz (Given)

The maximum and minimum spectral frequencies received are given by fc + fdm

and fc – fdm respectively, where the maximum Doppler frequency fdm (Refer Eq.

2.9) is given by

fdm = Vm / λc = Vm . fc / c

where fc is the frequency of transmission in Hz, Vm is the speed of the mobile and

c is speed of light in same units..

(a) For given Vm = 1 km/h or 0.278 m/s

fdm = (0.278 m/s) x (900 x 106 Hz) / (3 x 108 m/s) = 0.834 Hz

Maximum spectral frequency = fc + fdm = 900,000,000.834 Hz Ans.

Minimum spectral frequency = fc - fdm = 899,999,999.166 Hz Ans.

(b) For given Vm = 5 km/h or 1.389 m/s

fdm = (1.389 m/s) x (900 x 106 Hz) / (3 x 108 m/s) = 4.167 Hz

Maximum spectral frequency = fc + fdm = 900,000,004.167 Hz Ans.

Minimum spectral frequency = fc - fdm = 899,999,995.833 Hz Ans.

(c) For given Vm = 100 km/h or 27.778 m/s

fdm = (27.778 m/s) x (900 x 106 Hz) / (3 x 108 m/s) = 83.34 Hz

Maximum spectral frequency = fc + fdm = 900,000,083.34 Hz Ans.

Wireless Communications SAP2-3

Minimum spectral frequency = fc - fdm = 899,999,916.66 Hz Ans.

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P2.3 A mobile receives a 900 MHz transmission while traveling at a constant velocity

for 10 sec. The average fade duration for a signal level 10 dB below the rms level

is 1 ms.

(a) How far does the vehicle travel during the 10 s interval?

(b) How many fades does the signal undergo at the rms threshold level during

10 sec interval? Assume that the local mean remains constant during

travel.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 900 MHz or 900 x 106 Hz (Given)

Average fade duration, Ť = 1 ms or 1 x 10-3 s (Given)

Specified signal level below the rms threshold level = 10 dB (Given)

It implies that -10 dB = 20 log (ρ), or ρ = 0.316

(a) To calculate the distance traveled by the vehicle during 10 s interval.

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Average fade duration, Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ)

Or fdm = 132.93 Hz

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.9)

Wireless Communications SAP2-4

fdm = Vm . fc / c

Or, Vm (m/s) = . fdm (Hz) . c (m/s) / fc (Hz) = 44.31 m/s

Distance traveled during 10 s = 44.31 m/s x 10 s = 443.1 m Ans.

(b) To determine number of fades during 10 s.

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.13)

Average fade rate = 2 Vm / λ c = 2 Vm (fc / c)

Or, Number of fades/sec = 2 x 44.31 m/s [(900 x 106 Hz) / (3 x 108 m/s)]

= 265.86

Number of fades during 10 s = 265.86 x 10 = 2658.6 fades Ans.

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P2.4 For a mobile receiver operating at carrier frequency of 850 MHz and moving at a

constant velocity of 100 km/h. Compute the level crossing rate and average fade

duration if ρ = -20 dB.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 850 MHz or 850 x 106 Hz (Given)

Velocity of the mobile receiver, Vm = 100 km/h or 27.778 m/s (Given)

Normalized specified level, ρ = -20 dB or 0.1 (Given)

Maximum Doppler Frequency, fdm = Vm . fc / c = 78.7 Hz

We know that level crossing rate, NL (Refer Eq. 2.12)

Wireless Communications SAP2-5

NL = 2.5 (Vm / λc) ρ e- ρ2 = 2.5 (Vm . fc / c) ρ e- ρ2

Or, NL = 2.5 (fdm) ρ e- ρ2 = 19.48 crossings/sec Ans.

Average fade duration, Ť, is given by (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ) = 5.1 ms Ans.

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P2.5 The Doppler spectrum of the wireless system deployed for indoor radio

applications operating at 1.9 GHz is often assumed to have a uniform distribution

with a maximum Doppler shift of 10 Hz. Threshold for fading is chosen to be 10

dB below the average rms value of the signal. Determine

(a) the average number of fades per second.

(b) the average fade duration.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 1.9 GHz or 1.9 x 109 Hz (Given)

Maximum Doppler frequency, fdm = 10 Hz (Given)

(a) We know that (Refer Eq. 2.13)

Average fade rate = 2 Vm / λ c = 2 Vm (fc / c)

Since fdm = Vm (fc / c), Therefore,

Average number of fades per second = 2 fdm = 20 times/sec Ans.

(b) Average fade duration Ť, is given by (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ)

Wireless Communications SAP2-6

Where threshold level for fading, ρ = -10 dB or 0.316 (Given)

Therefore, Average fade duration = 13.3 ms Ans.

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P2.6 A flat Rayleigh fading signal at 1 GHz is received by a mobile traveling at a

velocity of 80 km/h.

(a) Determine the number of positive-going zero crossings about the rms

value that occur over a time interval of 5 seconds.

(b) Determine the average fade duration just below the rms value.

(c) Determine the average fade duration at a level of 20 dB below the rms

value.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 1 GHz or 1 x 109 Hz (Given)

Velocity of the mobile, Vm = 80 km/h or 22.2 m/s (Given)

Maximum Doppler Frequency, fdm = Vm . fc / c = 74 Hz

(a) We know that (Refer Eq. 2.11)

Number of positive-going zero crossings per sec., NL = 2.5 fdm ρ e- ρ2

Assuming normalized specified rms threshold level, ρ = 1

Therefore, NL = 2.5 x 74 x 1 x e- 1 = 68 crossings per sec.

NL over given time interval of 5 seconds = 68 x 5 = 340 crossings Ans.

(b) Average fade duration Ť, is given by (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Wireless Communications SAP2-7

Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ) = 9.28 ms Ans.

(c) Threshold level below rms level, ρ = -20 dB or 0.1 (Given)

Therefore, Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ) = 0.543 ms Ans.

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P2.7 How rapidly would the signal fade if a mobile operating at 800 MHz is in a

vehicle moving at 100km/h? If the vehicle is moving directly across a cell of

radius 3 km, how long will it remain in that cell before it has to be handed off to

the next cell?

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 800 MHz or 8 x 108 Hz (Given)

Velocity of the mobile, Vm = 100 km/h or 27.8 m/s (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.13)

Average fade rate = 2 Vm / λc = 2 Vm . fc / c

Or, the time between fades = c / (2 Vm . fc ) = 6.74 ms Ans.

Radius of the cell = 3 km (Given)

Since the vehicle is moving directly across the cell, the distance traveled by

vehicle to cross the cell is equivalent to diameter of the cell, that is, 6 km..

Therefore, time taken by vehicle before it has to be handed off to the next cell is

equal to the distance traveled divided by its speed, that is, 6 km / 100 kmph or

0.06 hours or 3.6 minutes. Ans.

Wireless Communications SAP2-8

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P2.8 A PCS signal at 1990 MHz arrives at a mobile receiver antenna via two reflected

waves differing in path lengths by 19m.

(a) Calculate the difference in arrival time for the two waves.

(b) Compute the phase difference between the two reflected signals.

Sol.: Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 1990 MHz or 1990 x 106 Hz (Given)

Speed of em waves, c = 3 x 108 m/s (Standard)

Therefore, wavelength of transmission, λc = c / fc = 0.1507 m

Path difference between two reflected waves, ∆d = 19 m (Given)

(a) The difference in arrival time, ∆t, for the two reflected waves can be

calculated by dividing the path difference, ∆d, with speed of em waves,

that is,

∆t = ∆d / c = 19 m / 3 x 108 m/s = 63.3 ns Ans.

(b) The phase difference between the two reflected signals is fraction of path

difference expressed in wavelengths multiplied by 360°, that is,

Path difference expressed in wavelengths ∆d (m) / λc (m) = 126.033 λ

Ignoring the whole wavelengths as multiples of 360° is same as that of 0°

as far as phase is concerned. Therefore, the phase difference between the

two reflected signals is equal to 0.033 x 360° = 11.88° Ans.

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Wireless Communications SAP2-9

P2.9 Compute the level crossing rate with respect to the rms level for a vertical

monopole antenna assuming the Rayleigh fading. The speed of the mobile is 20

km/h, and the transmission occurs at 800 MHz.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 800 MHz or 8 x 108 Hz (Given)

Velocity of the mobile, Vm = 20 km/h (Given)

Normalized specified level w.r.t. rms level, ρ = 1 (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.12)

Level crossing rate or number of positive-going zero crossings per sec.,

NL = 2.5 (Vm / λc) ρ e- ρ2 = 13.65 crossings/sec Ans.

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P2.10 Compute the Doppler frequency for the Rayleigh channel if the average fade

duration is 400 µs and the threshold level ρ = 0.01.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Average fade duration, Ť = 400 µs (Given)

Normalized threshold level, ρ = 0.01 (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.14)

Average fade duration, Ť = 0.4 (eρ2 - 1) / (fdm ρ)

Therefore, fdm = 10 Hz Ans.

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Wireless Communications SAP2-10

P2.11 A mobile receiver is moving at a uniform speed of 80 km/h, and is receiving the

signals at 1 GHz frequency. It encounters Doppler frequencies ranging from 10

Hz to 50 Hz. What is the beam width of the mobile antenna?

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.5)

Carrier frequency of transmission, fc = 1 GHz or 1 x 109 Hz (Given)

Doppler frequency 1, fd1 = 10 Hz (Given)

Doppler frequency 2, fd2 = 50 Hz (Given)

Speed of the mobile, Vm = 80 Km/h or 22.222 m/s (Given)

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.14)

fd = (1/ λc) Vm cos θ

Or, cos θ = (λc x fd) / Vm

Where λc = c / fc = (3 x 108 m/sec) / (1 x 109 Hz ) = 0.3 m/s

Therefore, cos θ1 = (λc x fd1) / Vm = (0.3 x 10) / 22.222 = 0.135

Or, θ1 = cos-1(0.135) = 82.24ο

Similarly, θ2 = 47.54ο

Hence, Beamwidth of mobile antenna = θ1 – θ2 = 34.7 ο Ans.

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P2.12 Determine the coherence bandwidth corresponding to delay spread of 1

microsecond.

Sol.: (Refer Section 2.5.6)

Wireless Communications SAP2-11

We know that (Refer Eq. 2.15)

Coherence bandwidth, Bc ≈ 1 / (2 π Ŧd)

Where Ŧd is delay spread = 1 µs (Given)

Hence, Bc ≈ 1 / (2 π x 1 µs ) = 159.15 KHz Ans.

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