Submitted By : MUHAMMAD

NAUMAN BUTT
ROLL NO : 20-MME-S1-315
Submitted To : Sir CH . Samee Ullah
 BASIC INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTERS

o Computer:
An electronic device use for storing and processing data,using different
programs to solve multiple functions.It works by the installed in its memory.

 Functions of Computers:
 It takes Data as an Input and produces information which can be use
further in future.
 Computer Components:
It has two components:

 Hardware
 Software

 Hardware:
Collection of Elements that’s make a computer system called as hardware.It
mainly composes of following parts like keyboard , mouse , monitor , HDD,Graphic Cards
etc.

 Input Devices:
Those devices which can be used as a piece of computer hardware to
provide data and controls the whole system.They commonly works by the instruction
given to them by the CPU user.

 Examples : 1- Keyboard 2-Cameras 3- Microphone

 Central Processing Unit:
 It is called as brain of the computer.It controls whole
functions happening on the monitor. It has mainly Three Units:

 Arithmetic logic Unit:

It basically controls all the arithmetic functions like addition,
mutiplications etc.
 Control Unit:
It directs operations within a Computer’s Processor.It let the Computer
logic unit, memory ,both input & output devices how to respond to a instruction
given to it.It provide data to AU.
 Registers:
Stores the data that is to executed next.It is a very”fast storage device.”
 Primary Memory :-
1-RAM:- It is basically called as RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY.It is used
for storing data in computer temporary and can be used by the
processor for further use.It ca access the data any time from memory
chips sets directly.
2-ROM:- It is basically called as Read only Memory.It stays power on if
the pc is off. Data stored on them cannot be modified.
 Secondary Memory :- The data on them can be retained if pc is off/on.
1-Hard disk:- It basically gives us access to large amount of data stored
On electromagnetic surfaces.It contains Platters.
2-Optical Disk:- It uses laser to detect data on the Drive or the optical
Disks.Recent drives uses now are called as Burners. Compact disk like
DVD , CD’s are now common.It contains microprocessors.
 Data Storing capabilites :- CD’s can store data upto 700Mbs.Alike DVD’s can
store data upto 8.4Gb. Blue ray disc can store upto 50GB.
 Flash Disk:- A storage module made of Flash memory chips.It is connected to
CPU through USB type Port.
 Output devices:- Those devices which is used to communicate the result of data
processed by the CPU.It basically converts the data in human readable form.
Examples:- Monitor,Printers etc.
 Basic Types of Monitors:- Following types are of dislay;
1-CRT 2-Liquid Crsystal Display ( LCD) 3-Light Emitting diode (LED)
Printer Types:-
1-Laser Printer 2-Inkjet printer 3-Dot Matrix Printer
 Software:- Term used for generic organization of computer data and instructions.
Types:-
1-System Software:- Used for controlling , integrating and managing
the individual hardware components of a computer components.
System Software consist of an operating system or disk formatters,
File Manager,Text editors etc.They can run independently.
2-Application Software:- It is used to perform specific task other than
just running computer OS.It is basically used to accomplished task.Such as
Spread sheet.MS Office etc.They cannot run without the presence of system
software.
 Storage Measurments:- The Basic unit used in computer data storage is
called a bit (Binary Digit).Computer are little bits having 0 or 1. These are called
Binary Number System.The Decimal number system in contrast has ten unique
digits,zero to nine.
Example: 1- 650-750mbs in CD,s 2- 4KB in images

Speed measurments :- Central processing Unit speed in measured in hertz

1MHZ=1000Hz or 1GHZ= 1000MhZ
 Computer Classification :-
1-Personal Computer :- A small,processor based unit, used by a single person.
Contains a Keyboard, a small monitor, a storage device for storing data.
2-Workstation:- powerful,single based user computer,behave like personal
computer,have more powerful processor and a higher quality monitor.
3-Mini Computer:- computer which can support 10 to 100 units for doing
work
4-Main frame:-A multi user computer which can support 100 to 1000 user
simuntanously
5-Super Computers:- A fast computer which can perform hundred of millions of
instruction per second.
6-Laptop:- Battery or Ac personal computer that can be used while travelling and
can be carried.It can be considered as a small computers.
7-Net book:- Type of laptop. More portable.Easy to use.cheaper than laptops.less
powerful than others.Can be used for email or internet access.
8-Mobile Device:- A handheld computer,extremely portable,fits in the palm of
your hand,Powerful toh perform enormous task.
 9-Table Computers:- Are like laptops.They have no keyboard.Optimized for web
browsing , watching videos.They are touch sensitive.Don’t have any touchpads like
laptop.
10-Smartphone:-Used for running many programs in addition to mobile service.
 Data,Information&Knowledge;- Data is known as the facts and figures
which relay something and not have any specific form.The process of calculation,
catogrize,
And condenced data is called information.knowledge can be regarded as the process
of implying how to do a particular task.
 Characteristics of Computers:- Speed,accuracy,diligence,storage
capability,versatility are characteristic of computers. Speed of responsing of
computer is about millions per second.Computer after a long use don’t become low
on working.Computer can perform thousands of task at ease.
 Computer Viruses:- That which can harm the computer and slow the
whole systems work. It mainly harms a program.and if we on the file virus
activates too.
 Email Virus:-It usually happen to inbox content and makes millions of
copy of such file instantly. They will be launched automatically..if you are
mailing in infected inbox.
 Torjan Horses:-A computer program mainly a game which can run in
computer but still damages the computer to somehow. It can eraise your
HDD.
 Worms:- Uses Computer Networks and security holds to replica itself. It
scans the network in computer and divides itself to new computer if it is
working with the same Network.
 Tips to Avoid Virus:- To make computer work normal install an antivirus.
Scan files once a week to remove threats. Scan every program before using it.Don’t
click on non trusted links in your social chats etc .
 Make sure u will make copy of doucments in your SSD/HDD to prevent any data lose.
REGARDS.