LISTENING "Listening is more complex than merely hearing.

. It is a process that consists of four stages: sensing and attending, understanding and interpreting, remembering, and responding . . .. The stages occur in sequence but we are generally unaware of them." (Sheila Steinberg, An Introduction to Communication Studies. Juta and Company Ltd., 2007) "The reason why we have two ears and only one mouth is that we may listen the more and talk the less." (Zeno of Citium) "There are four elements of good listening:
1. 2. 3. 4.

attention--the focused perception of both visual and verbal stimuli hearing--the physiological act of 'opening the gates to your ears' understanding--assigning meaning to the messages received remembering--the storing of meaningful information

In addition to the four elements, there are also four levels of listening: acknowledging, sympathizing, paraphrasing, and empathizing. The four levels of listening range from passive to interactive when considered separately. However, the most effective listeners are able to project all four levels at the same time. That is, they demonstrate that they are paying attention and making an effort to understand and evaluate what it is they are hearing, and they complete the process by demonstrating through their responses their level of comprehension and interest in what the speaker is saying." (Marvin Gottlieb, Managing Group Process. Praeger, 2003)

<1> Listening Task (Created by Mr.Bee UIA/FKIP-BI /11-M)

Listening Task
Pre Task 1. The teachers introduce the topic: Teachers, "Today we are going to read a story about a donkey named Taro. Taro likes stones. In the story, Taro finds a magic stone but something terrible happens to him. What happens?

2. Teachers tell students the goal. The teachers wrote the goal of the class was "To put the story together in English". This goal was a little difficult for the students to understand.

3. Teachers teach new words. The teachers taught students new words that appeared in the story.

4. Teachers demonstrate how to do the jumble The teachers demonstrates to students how to do the jumble and pasted phrases they thought would be useful for students to learn on the blackboard (See the picture below). The teachers explained that there were two rules for jumble: 1) The students should read and understand the text first. 2) The students should use only English and they can use the phrases on the board.

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5. The teachers confirm that learners understand the instructions Actually, the teachers only did this in one of four classes. This class was the most successful class.

During the pre task stage, the learners were supposed to listen for useful expressions to use for the task. Learners were not given any time to plan for the task. Task Cycle A.Task 1. Students do the tasks in pairs 2. The teachers let the students do the task but offer support to those who need it. They also encourage pairs to use English. 3. At the ending of the task the teachers show students the order of the story.

B.Planning 1. Students write a transcript of the dialogue they had in the task. The point of this is for students to be able to analyze the English that they used in the task.

2. The pairs make groups of 4 and each pair reenacts their dialogue. The pair that is listening is supposed to write down useful words and phrases. The point of this was for students to hear the phrases their classmates had used for
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the task and learn about the variety of language that could be used.

C.Reporting 1. The teachers call on various students to perform their dialogue in front of the class.

Developing Listening Activities

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As you design listening tasks, keep in mind that complete recall of all the information in an aural text is an unrealistic expectation to which even native speakers are not usually held. Listening exercises that are meant to train should be success-oriented and build up students' confidence in their listening ability.

Construct the listening activity around a contextualized task.

Contextualized listening activities approximate real-life tasks and give the listener an idea of the type of information to expect and what to do with it in advance of the actual listening. A beginning level task would be locating places on a map (one way) or exchanging name and address information (two way). At an intermediate level students could follow directions for assembling something (one way) or work in pairs to create a story to tell to the rest of the class (two way).

Define the activity's instructional goal and type of response.

Each activity should have as its goal the improvement of one or more specific listening skills. A listening activity may have more than one goal or outcome, but be careful not to overburden the attention of beginning or intermediate listeners. Recognizing the goal(s) of listening comprehension will help students select appropriate listening strategies.

in each listening situation

Identification: Recognizing or discriminating specific aspects of the message, such as sounds, categories of words, morphological distinctions

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Orientation: Determining the major facts about a message, such as topic, text type, setting

Main idea comprehension: Identifying the higher-order ideas Detail comprehension: Identifying supporting details Replication: Reproducing the message orally or in writing

Check the level of difficulty of the listening text.

The factors listed below can help you judge the relative ease or difficulty of a listening text for a particular purpose and a particular group of students. How is the information organized? Does the story line, narrative, or instruction conform to familiar expectations? Texts in which the events are presented in natural chronological order, which have an informative title, and which present the information following an obvious organization (main ideas first, details and examples second) are easier to follow. How familiar are the students with the topic? Remember that misapplication of background knowledge due to cultural differences can create major

comprehension difficulties. Does the text contain redundancy? At the lower levels of proficiency, listeners may find short, simple messages easier to process, but students with higher proficiency benefit from the natural redundancy of the language.

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Does the text involve multiple individuals and objects? Are they clearly differentiated? It is easier to understand a text with a doctor and a patient than one with two doctors, and it is even easier if they are of the opposite sex. In other words, the more marked the differences, the easier the comprehension. Does the text offer visual support to aid in the interpretation of what the listeners hear? Visual aids such as maps, diagrams, pictures, or the images in a video help contextualize the listening input and provide clues to meaning.

Use pre-listening activities to prepare students for what they are going to hear or view.
The activities chosen during pre-listening may serve as preparation for listening in several ways. During pre-listening the teacher may

assess students' background knowledge of the topic and linguistic content of the text

provide students with the background knowledge necessary for their comprehension of the listening passage or activate the existing knowledge that the students possess

clarify any cultural information which may be necessary to comprehend the passage

make students aware of the type of text they will be listening to, the role they will play, and the purpose(s) for which they will be listening

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provide opportunities for group or collaborative work and for background reading or class discussion activities

Sample pre-listening activities:

looking at pictures, maps, diagrams, or graphs reviewing vocabulary or grammatical structures reading something relevant constructing semantic webs (a graphic arrangement of concepts or words showing how they are related)

predicting the content of the listening text going over the directions or instructions for the activity doing guided practice

Match while-listening activities to the instructional goal, the listening purpose, and students' proficiency level.
While-listening activities relate directly to the text, and students do them do during or immediately after the time they are listening. Keep these points in mind when planning while-listening activities: If students are to complete a written task during or immediately after listening, allow them to read through it before listening. Students need to devote all their attention to the listening task. Be sure they understand the instructions for the written task before listening begins so that they are not distracted by the need to figure out what to do.
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Keep writing to a minimum during listening. Remember that the primary goal is comprehension, not production. Having to write while listening may distract students from this primary goal. If a written response is to be given after listening, the task can be more demanding. Organize activities so that they guide listeners through the text. Combine global activities such as getting the main idea, topic, and setting with selective listening activities that focus on details of content and form. Use questions to focus students' attention on the elements of the text crucial to comprehension of the whole. Before the listening activity begins, have students review questions they will answer orally or in writing after listening. Listening for the answers will help students recognize the crucial parts of the message. Use predicting to encourage students to monitor their comprehension as they listen. Do a predicting activity before listening, and remind students to review what they are hearing to see if it makes sense in the context of their prior knowledge and what they already know of the topic or events of the passage. Give immediate feedback whenever possible. Encourage students to examine how or why their responses were incorrect. Sample while-listening activities

listening with visuals filling in graphs and charts

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following a route on a map checking off items in a list listening for the gist searching for specific clues to meaning completing cloze (fill-in) exercises distinguishing between formal and informal registers

This center is designed to help you build comprehension. During this center you will listen to books on tape and use task cards to build comprehension. You do NOT have to complete all the task cards. However, you are to continue working and complete as many task cards as you can in the time provided.

Making a text to self connection

Record your responses in your Literacy Notebook/Folder Think about the text. In your own words, write about a TEXT-TO-SELF CONNECTION you made between the text you read and your own life. Write in paragraph form and use complete sentences. Be sure to provide evidence of your connection(s).

Interesting Words
Record your responses in your Literacy Notebook/Folder Review the text you just listened to. Record four

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INTERESTING WORDS from the text. Use the dictionary to look up and then record their meaning.

Asking Questions
Good readers think about the text and ask questions in order to comprehend what they are reading. As you listen to the selection on tape, press the STOP button and RECORD YOUR QUESTIONS. Organize your questions as beginning, middle, & end.

My Favorite Parts
Think about the text. Write about YOUR FAVORITE PART from the story. Write in paragraph form and use complete sentences. Include an illustration of your favorite part.

My Favorite Character
Think about the text. Write about YOUR FAVORITE CHARACTER. Tell why the character was your favorite (be

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descriptive and provide evidence). Include an illustration of your favorite character.

Problem and Solution

Think about the text. In your own words, tell about the PROBLEM (what went wrong in the story) and the SOLUTION (how the problem was corrected). Include an illustration that identifies the Problem and Solution from the story.

Beginning, Middle, and End

Think about the text. In your own words, explain what happened in the BEGINNING, MIDDLE, and END of the story. Include an illustration that identifies the Beginning, Middle, and End from the story.

The Main Idea

Think about the text. In your own words, explain the MAIN IDEA of the story. What is the story mostly about? Include an illustration that identifies the Main Idea from the story.

Story Elements

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Think about the text. Create a story map that identifies the STORY ELEMENTS from the text. Story Elements: Character(s), Setting, Problem, Solution

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Teaching Listening

Strategies for Developing Listening Skills

Language learning depends on listening. Listening provides the aural input that serves as the basis for language acquisition and enables learners to interact in spoken communication. Effective language instructors show students how they can adjust their listening behavior to deal with a variety of situations, types of input, and listening purposes. They help students develop a set of listening strategies and match appropriate strategies to each listening situation.

Listening Strategies
Listening strategies are techniques or activities that contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of listening input. Listening strategies can be classified by how the listener processes the input. Top-down strategies are listener based; the listener taps into background knowledge of the topic, the situation or context, the type of text, and the language. This background knowledge activates a set of expectations that help the listener to interpret what is heard and anticipate what will come next. Top-down strategies include

listening for the main idea predicting drawing inferences summarizing

Bottom-up strategies are text based; the listener relies on the language in the message, that is, the combination of sounds, words, and grammar that creates meaning. Bottom-up strategies include

listening for specific details recognizing cognates recognizing word-order patterns

Strategic listeners also use metacognitive strategies to plan, monitor, and evaluate their listening.

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They plan by deciding which listening strategies will serve best in a particular situation. They monitor their comprehension and the effectiveness of the selected strategies. They evaluate by determining whether they have achieved their listening comprehension goals and whether the combination of listening strategies selected was an effective one.

Listening for Meaning

To extract meaning from a listening text, students need to follow four basic steps:

Figure out the purpose for listening. Activate background knowledge of the topic in order to predict or anticipate content and identify appropriate listening strategies. Attend to the parts of the listening input that are relevant to the identified purpose and ignore the rest. This selectivity enables students to focus on specific items in the input and reduces the amount of information they have to hold in short-term memory in order to recognize it. Select top-down and bottom-up strategies that are appropriate to the listening task and use them flexibly and interactively. Students' comprehension improves and their confidence increases when they use top-down and bottom-up strategies simultaneously to construct meaning. Check comprehension while listening and when the listening task is over. Monitoring comprehension helps students detect inconsistencies and comprehension failures, directing them to use alternate strategies.

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Retelling The story

Think about the text. What was the story mostly about? In your own words, RETELL the most important parts of the story. Use paragraph form to write your summary. Be sure to name the main character(s).

Compare and Contras

Think about the text. Draw a Venn diagram and COMPARE & CONTRAST one of the following: Compare & Contrast two characters from the story. Compare & Contrast the story you listened to on tape with another store you have read.

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