HISTOGRAM, FREQUENCY POLYGON, and OGIVE

Introduction

You can present the data in a graphical form after organizing it into a
frequency distribution. The purpose of graphs in statistics is to convey
the data to the viewers in pictorial form. The data presented
graphically is easier to interpret than the data presented numerically
in tabular form. Statistical graphs can be used to describe the data
set or to analyze it.
A statistician named John Turkey introduces the stem-and-leaf plot.
This method is used to organize data as they are collected.

The stem is the leading digit or digits and the leaf is the trailing digit.
The stem is placed at the first column and the leaf is at the second
column.

Chapter 3.2.1
EXAMPLE:
M & J Travel Agency, a nationwide local travel agency, offers special
rates on summer period. The owner wants additional information on the
ages of those people taking travel tours. A random sample of 50
customers taking travel tours last summer revealed these ages.

5 28 36 40 46 49 53 57 61 67

18 29 37 42 47 49 54 58 62 68

19 31 38 44 48 50 54 58 63 70

24 34 39 45 48 51 55 59 64 74

27 36 39 46 48 52 56 60 66 77
SOLUTION:
The stems (leading digits) for the raw data are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The
leaves for each stem (trailing digit are recorded at the same row and are
ordered to form a stem-and-leaf plot.

STEM LEAF
0 5
1 8, 9
2 4, 7, 8, 9
Tens digit 3 1, 4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9 Unit digit
(leading (trailing
4 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9
digits) digits)
5 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9
6 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8
7 0, 4, 7
When data contains large number of values, making conclusions
from an ordered array or stem-and-leaf plot is often difficult. We
will need graphs or charts in such situations. There are many
different types of charts and graphs, and each one has a specific
purpose. They can be used to discuss an issue, reinforce a
critical point, or summarize a data set, and discover trend or
pattern in a situation over a period of time.

Chapter 3.2.2
Is a graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and the class
frequencies on the vertical axis (y-axis). The height of the bars represents the class
frequencies, and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other.

Constructing a Histogram
Step 1: Find the midpoints of each class.
Step 2: Draw and label the x-axis and y-axis.
Step 3: Represent the frequency on the y-axis and the midpoints on the x-axis.
Step 4: Use the frequency to represent the height and draw the vertical bars.
Chapter 3.2.2.1
Example: Given the example of the previous lesson (Grouped Frequency
Distribution), let’s create a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive.

Class Cumulative Class Marks

Class Limits Frequencies
Boundaries Frequencies (Midpoints)

14 – 16 13.5 – 16.5 4 4 15
17 – 19 16.5 – 19.5 9 13 18
20 – 22 19.5 – 22.5 16 29 21
23 – 25 22.5 – 25.5 23 52 24
26 – 28 25.5 – 28.5 17 69 27
29 – 31 28.5 – 31.5 8 77 30
32 – 34 31.5 – 34.5 3 80 33
Total n = 80
 Histogram for Call Center Agents’ Salary
25

20
Frequency

15

10

0
15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Salary (in Thousands)

The class frequencies are scaled along the vertical axis and the
class midpoints along the horizontal axis. From the graph in the
previous slide we can conclude that there are 4 employees in the
Php15,000.00 class midpoint or Php14,000.00 – Php16,000.00. Also, as
the histogram shows, the class with the greatest number of data
values, which is 23 employees, is Php23,000.00 – Php25,000.00,
followed by 17 employees for Php26,000.00 – Php28,000.00. The
graph also has one peak with the data clustering around it.

CONCLUSION
Is a graph that displays the data using lines that connect points plotted for the
frequencies at the midpoints of the classes. The frequencies are represented by the
heights of the points.

Constructing a Frequency Polygon

Step 1: Find the midpoints of each class.
Step 2: Draw and label the x-axis and y-axis.
Step 3: Represent the frequency on the y-axis and the midpoints on the x-axis.
Step 4: Connect adjacent points with line segments. Draw a line back to x-axis at the
beginning and at the end of the graph.
Chapter 3.2.2.2
Example: Given the example of the previous lesson (Grouped Frequency
Distribution), let’s create a histogram, frequency polygon, and ogive.

Class Cumulative Class Marks

Class Limits Frequencies
Boundaries Frequencies (Midpoints)

14 – 16 13.5 – 16.5 4 4 15
17 – 19 16.5 – 19.5 9 13 18
20 – 22 19.5 – 22.5 16 29 21
23 – 25 22.5 – 25.5 23 52 24
26 – 28 25.5 – 28.5 17 69 27
29 – 31 28.5 – 31.5 8 77 30
32 – 34 31.5 – 34.5 3 80 33
Total n = 80
 Frequency Polygon for Call Center Agents’ Salary
25

20
Frequency

15

10

0
15 18 21 24 27 30 33

Salary (in Thousands)

Is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies
for the classes in a frequency distribution. The vertical
axis represents the cumulative frequency of the
distribution while the horizontal axis represents the
upper class boundaries of the frequency distribution.
 Constructing a Cumulative Frequency
Polygon (Ogive)

Step 1: Find the cumulative frequency and the Class Cumulative

upper class boundaries of the data set. Frequencies
Boundaries Frequencies
Step 2: Draw and label the x and y axes. Label 13.5 – 16.5 4 4
the x-axis with the class boundaries. Use an
appropriate scale for the y-axis to represent the 16.5 – 19.5 9 13
cumulative frequencies. Do not label the y-axis 19.5 – 22.5 16 29
with the numbers in the cumulative frequency 22.5 – 25.5 23 52
column. In this example, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 will
be used. 25.5 – 28.5 17 69
Step 3: Plot the cumulative frequency at each 28.5 – 31.5 8 77
upper class boundary. 31.5 – 34.5 3 80
Step 4: Connect adjacent points with line Total n = 80
segments.
 OGIVE FOR CALL CENTER AGENTS’ SALARY
Cumulative Frequency 100

80

60

40

20

0
13.5 16.5 19.5 22.5 25.5 28.5 31.5 34.5 37.5

Salary (in Thousands)

 Activity #2

Given the data set,

construct the following:

a. Histogram
b. Frequency Polygon
c. Ogive