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Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. There are several types of isomers: 1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. 2. Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and structural formula but different spatial arrangements, including geometrical isomers and optical isomers. 3. Geometrical isomers occur in alkenes where rotation is restricted around a double bond, giving cis and trans configurations. Optical isomers occur with chiral carbons and are non-superimposable mirror images.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
129 views31 pages

Isomerism

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. There are several types of isomers: 1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. 2. Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and structural formula but different spatial arrangements, including geometrical isomers and optical isomers. 3. Geometrical isomers occur in alkenes where rotation is restricted around a double bond, giving cis and trans configurations. Optical isomers occur with chiral carbons and are non-superimposable mirror images.

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Shofwa Annisa
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Isomers

Molecules with same molecular formula but


their respective atoms are arranged differently
in space

1
CHAIN ISOMERISM

STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM POSITION ISOMERISM

Same molecular formula but


different structural formulae FUNCTIONAL GROUP
ISOMERISM

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM

Occurs due to the restricted


rotation of C=C double bonds...
STEREOISOMERISM
two forms… E and Z (CIS and
Same molecular TRANS)
formula but atoms
occupy different
positions in space. OPTICAL ISOMERISM

Occurs when molecules have a


chiral centre. Get two non-
superimposable mirror images.
Structural Isomers

¢ Structural isomers have the same


molecular formulas but they differ
in their structural formulas.

3
Chain Isomerism
¢ The chain isomerism occurs in compounds that have the same
molecular formula and functional group but different parent chains

Compounds C5H11OH

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH CH3


|
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – OH CH3 – C – CH2 – OH
|
|
CH3 CH3
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – OH
|
CH3
Position Isomerism
¢ Position isomerism occurs in compounds that have the
same molecular formula and functional group and
framework but differ in the location (position) of the
functional groups

Compounds C3H7OH

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH 1-propanol

CH3 – CH – CH3
2-propanol
|
OH
Functional Isomerism
Compounds that have the same molecular formula
but different functional groups.

Alkanol R-OH
CnH2n +2O
Alkoksi alkana R-OR

Alkanal R-C-H
O Functional
CnH2n O
Isomerism
Alkanon R-C-R
O

Asam.Alkanoat R-COOH
CnH2n O2
Alkil alkanoat R-COOR
CH3 – CH2 – OH etanol

CH3 – O – CH3 metoksi metana / dimetil eter


Stereoisomers

¢ Stereo isomers have the same


structural formulas but they differ in
their spatial arrangements.
¢ There are two types of
stereoisomerism
1. Geometrical isomerism
2. Optical isomerism

8
Geometrical isomers

¢ Geometrical isomers occur in organic


molecules where rotation around a bond
is restricted
¢ This occurs most often around C=C
¢ The most common cases are around
asymmetric non-cyclic alkenes

9
Geometric Isomers in
alkenes
¢ A cis isomer is one in which the substituents
are on the same side of the C=C

¢ A trans isomer is one in which the substituents


are on the opposite sides of the C=C

10
Properties of Geometrical
Isomers
The chemical properties of geometrical isomers tend
to be similar but their physical properties are different

11
Properties of Geometrical
Isomers

The trans isomer has a


much higher melting point.
Unlike the cis isomer there
is little intra-molecular
hydrogen bonding

12
Catatan :
Cis dan trans terjadi pada alkena jika pada atom karbon yang
berikatan rangkap mengandung 2 gugus yang berbeda.

Periksalah, apakah terdapat isomer geometri atau tidak !


1-butena 2-pentena 1,2-dichloro etena
Polarized light
Polarized light is light that has been passed through a
polarizing prism or filter. As a result the light vibrates in a
single plane.
Optical Isomerism

¢ Dalam ilmu fisika, kita mengenal cahaya


terpolarisasi (cahaya terkutub), yaitu cahaya yang
hanya bergetar pada satu bidang.
¢ Bidang getar itu disebut bidang polarisasi. Cahaya
biasa dapat dipolarisasikan dengan menggunakan
polarisator.
¢ Berbagai jenis senyawa karbon menunjukkan suatu
kegiatan optis, yaitu dapat memutar bidang
polarisasi. Ada yang memutar ke kanan dan ada
pula yang memutar ke kiri.
¢ Senyawa-senyawa yang dapat memutar bidang
polarisasi, kita sebut bersifat optis aktif.
Example

¢ Compounds : 2-butanol

¢ Dikenal dengan dua jenis 2-butanol, satu


memutarkan bidang polarisasi 13.52̊ ke kanan
(searah jarum jam dan satu lagi memutar 13.52̊ ke
kiri (berlawanan arah jarum jam).
¢ Arah putaran selanjutnya dikenal dengan tanda (+)
atau d (dekstro) untuk pemutar ke kanan dan
tanda (-) atau l (levo) untuk pemutar ke kiri.
¢ Jadi 2-butanol memiliki 2 isomer optis, yaitu d-2-
butanol dan l-2-butanol.
Optical Isomers
¢ Optical isomerism is present in all compounds
that contain at least one asymmetric (chiral)
carbon atom
¢ An asymmetric carbon atom has four different
atoms or groups attached

In this case there are


two different ways to
arrange the four groups
around the chiral
carbon atom (shown in
blue)
17
H H H H H
| | | | |
H–C – C – C – C–H atau C2H5 – C – CH3
| | | | |
H H OH H OH
¢ Kedua tangan kita mempunyai bentuk yang sama, tetapi tidak
setangkup. Tangan kanan tidak dapat ditindihkan di atas tangan kiri
hingga jari-jari sejenis saling bertumpang tindih. Tangan kiri identik
dengan bayangan cermin dari tangan kanan.
¢ Kedua tangan kita bersifat tidak setangkup juga dapat dibuktikan
dengan sarung tangan.
¢ Hal ini juga terjadi pada senyawa yang mengandung atom C
asimetris. Senyawa yang mengandung 1 atom C asimetris (misalnya
2-butanol), mempunyai dua bentuk konfigurasi yang tidak setangkup,
yang merupakan bayangan cermin dari yang lain.
Optical Isomerism
Optical isomers can be distinguished by the way
they interact with plane polarized light
¢ Semakin banyak jumlah C asimtris dalam molekul, semakin
banyak pula kemungkinan konfigurasi molekulnya dan
semakin banyak pula isomer optisnya. Senyawa yang
mengandung n atom C asimetris dapat mempunyai
sebanyak-banyaknya 2n isomer optis.
Optical Isomers

While these structures may


look identical, in three
dimensions they are mirror
images of each other. Such
molecules are called
enantiomers.

Sedangkan isomer-isomer
yang tidak saling
mencerminkan disebut
diastereoisomers.
23
Properties of Optical Isomers
¢ Apart from their optical activity enantiomers generally
have similar physical and chemical properties.
¢ The chemical properties may be significantly different
when the enantiomers interact with other optically
active compounds.

Thalidomide has two optical isomers.


One is a tranquilizer, the other is a
Powerful teratogen.
COOH HOOC

C C CH3
CH3 OH HO
H
H
(d) Asam laktat (l) Asam laktat

Campuran senyawa dextro dan levo akan saling


meniadakan kemampuan arah putarnya. Campuran
keduanya disebut campuran RASEMAT
Reaksi pada Alkohol
1. Reaksi dengan logam Na
R-OH + Na R-ONa + H2
Na.alkanolat
2. Reaksi dengan HCl, PX3 atau PX5
R-OH + HCl R-Cl + H2O
R-OH + PX3 R-X + H3PO3
R-OH + PX5 R-X + POX3 + HX

3. Reaksi Oksidasi alkohol O


Alkohol Primer Oks.
Alkanal Oks. R-C –OH
O O
R-CH2 – OH Oks R-C-H Oks R-C –OH

Alkohol Sekunder Oks Alkanon Oks

OH O
R-CH – CH3 Oks R-C-CH3 Oks
Alkohol tersier Oks

CH3
Oks Mengapa tidak
CH3 C OH teroksidasi ?

CH3
4. Reaksi Alkohol + asam alkanoat Alkil alkanoat + air
O O
R-C –OH + HO- R’ R-C –OR’ + H2O
H2O
180oC
5. Reaksi Alkohol + asam Sulfat (pekat) Alkena
130oC
Eter
H2SO4
CH3 CH2 OH 180oC CH2=CH2 + H2O

CH3 CH2 OH H2SO4


130oC CH3 CH2 O CH2 CH3 + H2O
CH3 CH2 OH
REAKSI-REAKSI ETER
1. Pembakaran eter
CH3-O-CH3 + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

2. Reaksi dengan logam Na


R-O-R + Na Reaksi ini dapat dipakai untuk
membedakan antara alkanol dan
eter.

3. Reaksi dengan PCl5 tidak membebaskan HCl, berbeda


dengan alkohol

R-O-R + PCl5 R-Cl + R-Cl + POCl3

4. Reaksi dengan Asam Halida terutama HI

R-O-R + HI R-OH + R-I Jumlah HI terbatas

R-O-R + HI R-I + R-I + H2O Jumlah HI berlebih


REAKSI-REAKDI ALDEHID
1. Oksidasi Aldehid.
O O
R-C-H Oks R-C –OH

Sebagai oksidator dapat berupa


CuO (fehling) atau Ag2O
(tollen)

Perekasi Fehling : terdiri dari Fehling A dan Fehling B


Fehlinh A ; terdiri dari larutan CuSO4

Fehlinh B ; terdiri dari larutan K.Na.tartrat


dalam larutan NaOH

Pereksi Tollen : terdiri dari larutan perak nitrat yang diberi


amoniah berlebih (perak amoniakal)/Ag2O
O O
R-C-H 2CuO R-C –OH + Cu2O

O O Merah bata

R-C-H Ag2O R-C –OH + Ag(s)

Cermin perak

2. Reduksi Aldehid.

Reduksi aldehid (dereaksikan dengan H2) akan menghasilkan


alkohol primer.

O OH
R-C-H + H2 R-CH2

Alkanal Alkanol

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