ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS Vm

m ; Vm  mVc
I. AMPLITUDE MODULATION Vc

V AM t   V t  sin 2f c t VAM t   V  t  sin 2fc t

 Vc  mt  sin 2f c t  Vc sin 2fc t 
mVc
2

cos 2 f c  f m t  
mVc
2
cos 2 f c  f m t 
 Vc  Vm sin 2f m t  sin 2f c t carrier LSB USB

Instantaneous Value: Bandwidth:

mt   Vm sin 2f m t BW  fUSB  f LSB  2 f m

Envelope: Voltage of Side Band:

g t   Vc  mt  Vm mVc
VSB  
2 2
Vmax:
Power:
Vmax  Vc  Vm
 Psig 
Vmin: dB  10 log 
P 
 ref 
Vmin  Vc  Vm
Half Power Bandwidth:
Perfect Modulation:
Peff  0.5 Pmax
Vmin=0 ; Vm=Vc
RMS Values
Vmax=2Vm=2Vc
2
Vc
V V  Vmin Pc 
m 1 ; m  m  max 2R
Vc Vmax  Vmin
Under Modulation: Pm 
Vm 
2

mVc 
2

m 2Vc
2
 m 2 Pc
2R 2R 2R
m 1 ; Vm  Vc
2
V
Over Modulation: PSB  SB
2R
m 1 ; Vm  Vc Vm 
2
 mVc 
2

 2  2 
*more than 1 modulating signal as long as mT  1   
2R 2R
mT  m12  m22 Vm
2 2
m Vc
2
 
2 2 ( 4) 2 R ( 4) 2 R
 Vm   Vm2 
  1      ... P m 2 Pc
 Vc   c V  m 
4 4
2 2
Vm1  Vm2  ...
 Double Side Band Full Carrier
Vc
 m2 
VmT PT  Pc 1  
mT  VmT  Vc  2 
Vc
m2 m2
V AM t   V t  sin 2f c t VT  Vc 1  IT  I c 1
2 2
Vm
 Vc sin 2f c t  cos 2  f c  f m t Single Side Band Full Carrier
2
Vm  m2 
 cos 2  f c  f m t PT  Pc 1  
2  4 
Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier VPM (t )  Vc cos( 2f c t  m p cos 2f m t )
m 2 Pc 1 d (t )
PT  f (t )  
4 2 dt
Power Saving: 1 d (2f c t  k pVm cos 2f m t )
f (t )  
Power Suppressed 2 dt
% P.S . 
 m2  1
Pc 1    (2f c  2f m k pVm sin 2f m t )
 2  2
 f c  f m k pVm sin 2f m t
II. FREQUENCY MODULATION
 f c  f
 
VFM (t )  Vc cos2  f c  k f Vm cos 2 f mt  t  f  k pVm f m sin 2f m t f max  k pVm f m   p
 
f t  VPM (t )  Vc cos( 2f c  m p cos2f m t )
f t   f c  f  freq. deviation/swing  Vc cos[ 2 ( f c t   p sin2f m t ) t ]
f  Vm cos 2f m t
PM FM
f  k f Vm cos 2f m t
f max  Vm  max  m mp
k pVm
mf
k f Vm
f max  k f Vm   f  max freq. deviation fm

VFM (t )  Vc cos 2 ( f c   f cos2f m t ) t  f max   p
k pVm f m
f
k f Vm
 (t )  2  f (t )dt

 (t )  2  ( f c  k f Vm cos 2f mt )dt f 

mf   p  mp fm m
k f Vm fm fm
 2 ( f c t  sin 2f m t )
2f m
k f Vm
 2f c t  sin 2f m t
fm
k f Vm k f Vm
  sin 2f m t ;  max   mf
fm fm

VFM (t )  Vc cos 2 ( f c   f cos2f m t ) t 
 Vc cos( 2f c t  m f sin2f m t )
III. PULSE MODULATION

VPM (t )  Vc cos 2f c t  k pVm cos 2f m t 

 
 (t )
 (t )  2f c t    phase dev/shift
  Vm cos 2f m t
  k f Vm cos 2f m t
 max  Vm
  k pVm  m p  max phase dev/modulation index