ANGLE MODULATION {ODUCTION ce mentioned in Sec. 3.1, angle modulation encompasses phase modulation (PM) and frequency mm (FM) and refers to the process by which the phase angle of a sinusoidal carrier wave is cording to the message signal. As we studied in Chap. 3, in amplitude modulation the of the modulated signal is essentially the translated message spectrum, and the transmission never exceeds twice the message bandwidth. In angle modulation, the spectral components jodulated waveform are not related in any simple fashion to the message spectrum. re, superposition does not apply (see Prob. 4.4), and the bandwidth of the angle-modulated sually much greater than twice the message bandwidth. The increase in bandwidth and plexity is compensated for by the improved performance in the face of noise and (see Chap. 8). MODULATION AND INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY le modulation, the modulated carrier is represented by [see Eq. (3.1)} x,(1) = Acos [wet + P(0)] @D ©, are constants and the phase angle $(¢) is a function of the message signal m(t). Eg. (4.1) as XQ) = Acos 6(0) (42) A) = Ot + OO) 43) fine the instantaneous radian frequency of x,(), denoted by o, as a) ag, Oa ed 44) (0 = constant, then ©, = 0, n (0) and dd()/dt are known as the instantaneous phase deviation and instantaneous ion of x<(1). The quantity Aw defined by Be = |e - Oehnan (4.5) taximum (or peak) radian frequency deviation of the angle-modulated signal, 68CHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 69 4.3 PHASE AND FREQUENCY MODULATION The two basic types of angle modulation are phase modulation and frequency modulation. In PM, the instantaneous phase deviation of the carrier is proportional to the message signal; that (0) = ky) (45) where k; is the phase deviation constant, expressed in radians per unit of m(0). In FM, the instantaneous frequency deviation of the carrier is proportional to the message signal; that ag(o OP = kyo) a7) or o@= an (A) d+ $9) (43) where ky is the frequency deviation constant, expressed in radians per second per unit of m(t), and (00) is the initial phase angle at = fq. It is usually assumed that f= 20 and (0) = 0. Thus, we can express the angle-modulated signal as Accos [eoct + kym(d)] 49) mit) carer aM H v V Wye rw PM q Fig. 41 AM, FM, and PM waveforms70 ANGLE MODULATION [CHAP. 4 st = toes fm] 1 From definition (4.4), we have o otk 8 for PM 1 0; = 0.+ kym(t) for FM 4.12) Thus, in PM, the instantaneous frequency «; varies linearly with the derivative of the modulating signal, and in FM, «; varies linearly with the modulating signal. Figure 4-1 illustrates AM, FM, and PM waveforms produced by a sinusoidal message wave- form. 4.4 FOURIER SPECTRA OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS An angle-modulated carrier can be represented in exponential form by writing Eq. (4.1) as Re (Aeheutt 80) — Re (Aehtel6(0y (4.13) xd where Re means the “real part of.” Because of this representation, the angle modulation is also referred to as the exponential modulation. Expanding e” in a power series yields x.() = Re a +160-5" 2 , ~ aeons = 40 sn ns BO omens BO 3 14) ‘Thus, the angle-modulated signal consists of an unmodulated carrier plus various amplitude modulated terms, such as o(/)sin wf, $(1) cos «,t, #*(N) sin @;t,..., and so on. Hence, its Fourier spectrum consists of an unmodulated carrier plus spectra of (1), $(), $*(0,.. and so on, centered at ©, It is clear that the Fourier spectrum of an angle-modulated signal is not related to the message signal spectrum in any simple way, as was the case in AM. 4.5 NARROWBAND ANGLE MODULATION if (Olax <1 (6.15) then Eq. 4.14) can be approximated by {neglecting all higher-power terms of $(0)] xl) = Acos 0.1 ~ Ag(Osin ot 4.16) ‘The signal represented by Eq. (4.16) is called the narrowband (NB) angle-modulated signal. Thus, xyppu(t) ~ Acos ogt~ Akymi(t)sin oct 17 avant) ~ Acoso ~ Afb ma) sin ot 4.18) Equation (4./6) indicates that a narrowband angle-modulated signal contains an unmodulated carrier plus a term in which (1) {a function of m(s)] multiplies 2 x/2 (rad) phase.shifted carrier. This ‘multiplication generates a pair of sidebands, and if $(1) has a bandwidth Ws, the bandwidth of an NB angle-modulated signal is 2W/g. This is reminiscent of AM.CHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION n 4.6 SINUSOIDAL (OR TONE) MODULATION A. Modulation Index: If the message signal m(t) is a pure sinusoid, that is, =f aqsin yt for PM mo {te C05 yt for FM. 19 then Eqs. (4.6) and (4.8) both give (0) = Pin Opt (4.20) py for PM where Ba 4.20 Sie for FM The parameter f is known as the modulation index for angle modulation and is the maximum value of phase deviation for both PM and FM. Note that f is defined only for sinusoidal modulation and it can be expressed as Ao p= 4.2: ars 2) where Ac is the maximum frequency deviation, defined in Eq. (4.5). B. Fourier Spectrum: Substituting Eq. (4.20) into Eq. (4.1), we obtain Halt) = Ac0s (ct + isin gf) 4.23) which is the angle-modulated signal with sinusoidal modulation, It can be shown by the use of the Fourier series that this signal can also be written as (see Prob. 4.5) XD = AY Iq(B)008 (Oe + NOt 4.24) where J,() is the Bessel function of the first kind of order n and argument f. Table B-1 (in App. B) lists some selected values of J,(f). From Eq. (4.24) and Table B-1, we observe that 1, The spectrum consists of @ carrier-frequency component plus an infinite number of sideband components at frequencies 0, + n,(t = 1,2,3,.-.) 2. The relative amplitudes of the spectral lines depend on the value of J,(f) and the value of Jq(B) becomes very small for large of 7. 3. The number of significant spectral lines (that is, having appreciable relative amplitude) is a function of the modulation index B. With f <1, only Ja and J) are significant, so the spectrum will, consist of carrier and two sideband lines. But if 8 > I, there will be many sideband lines. Figure 4-2 shows the amplitude spectra of angle-modulated signals for several values of B. 4.7 BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS A. Sinusoidal Modulation: From Fig. 4-2 and Table B-l we see that the bandwidth of the angle-modulated signal with sinusoidal modulation depends on 6 and «,. In fact, it can be shown that 98 percent of the normalized total signal power is contained in the bandwidth We ~ 28+) (4.25)n ANGLE MODULATION (CHAP. 4 a os ih ttl | pew witht Ltd ta Fig. 42 Amplitude spectra of sinusoidally modulated FM signals (1, fixed) When f < 1, the signal is an NB angle-modulated signal and its bandwidth is approximately equal to 20. Usually a value of f < 0.2 is taken to be sufficient to satisfy this condition. All the bandwidths can be expressed in hertz (Hz) simply by replacing Ac with Af and dq With fw B. Arbitrary Modulation: For an angle-modulated signal with an arbitrary modulating signal m(t) band-limited to oy radians per second (rad/s), we define the deviation ratio D as maximum frequency deviation _ Ao P bandwidth of mi) oy. (4.26) The deviation ratio D plays the same role for arbitrary modulation as the modulation index f plays for sinusoidal modulation. Replacing f by D and o, by wy, in Eq. (4.25), we have Wy ~ AD+ Noy (4.27) ‘This expression for bandwidth is generally referred to as Carson’s rule. If D<1, the bandwidth is approximately 2«,y, and the signal is known as a narrowband (NB) angle-modulated signal (see Sec, 4.4), If D >> 1, the bandwidth is approximately 2Doy = 2Aw, which is twice the peak frequency deviation. Such a signal is called a wideband (WB) angle-modulated signal. 4.8 GENERATION OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS A. Narrowband Angle-Modulated Signals: The generation of narrowband angle-modulated signals is easily accomplished in view of Bq. (4.16) or Eqs. (4.17) and (4.18). This is illustrated in Fig, 4-3 B. Wideband Angle-Modulated Signals: There are two methods of generating wideband (WB) angle-modulated signals; the indirect method and the direct method.HAP. 4) ANGLE MODULATION 2B min) + twopea(? ke Asinugt + = ACOs wt 2 @) NOP. nah anaes) J fy = A sinwt * L = Acoso z () NBEM Fig. 4-3 Generation of narrowband angle-modulated signals 1. Indirect Method: In this method, an NB angle-modulated signal is produced first (see Fig. 4-3) and then converted to a WB angle-modulated signal by using frequency multipliers (Fig. 4-4). The frequency multiplier ‘multiplies the argument of the input sinusoid by n. Thus, if the input of a frequency multiplier is M0) = Acos fot + 60] 4.28) then the output of the frequency multiplier is HO) = Acos [net + no] (4.29) NB we signal signal =O yo Fig. 44 Frequency multiplier NBFM signal WBFM signat fo fhe, ah Sh=nafi mo, 40) NORM Frequency or lt ‘multiplier Se Local Fig. 45 NB-to-WB conversion” ANGLE MODULATION (CHAP. 4 Use of frequency multiplication normally increases the carrier frequency to an impractically high value. To avoid this, a frequency conversion (using a mixer or DSB modulator) is necessary (Fig.4-5) to shift the spectrum. 2. Direct Method: In the direct method of generating an FM signal, the modulating signal directly controls the cartier frequency. A common method used for generating FM directly is to vary the inductance or capacitance of a tuned electric oscillator. Any oscillator whose frequency is controlled by the modulating signal voltage is called a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The main advantage of direct FM is that large frequency deviations are possible, and thus less frequency multiplication is required. ‘The major disadvantage is that the carrier frequency tends to drift, and so additional circuitry is required for frequency stabilization 49 DEMODULATION OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS Demodulation of an FM signal requires a system that produces an output proportional to the instantaneous frequency deviation of the input signal. Such a system is called a frequency discriminator. If the input to an ideal discriminator is an angle-modulated signal X.() = Aoos [vet + 0] then the output of the discriminator is _ ao vl = yO (430) where k, is the discriminator sensitivity. For FM, $(0 is given by (Eq. (4.8)] eo= «ff (0) dd so that Eq. (4.30) becomes Ya) = eyo) 3) ‘The characteristics of an ideal frequency dist iminator are shown in Fig. 4-6. Onin vole Slope =a Input frequency Fig. 446 Characteristics of deal frequency discriminator ‘The frequency discriminator also can be used to demodulate PM signals. For PM, (0 is given by (Eq. (4.6)] HO) = Kym) Then y,(), given by Eq. (4.30), becomes dint) at Yad) = kaky (4.32)CHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 8 Integration of the discriminator output yields a signal that is proportional to m(#). A demodulator for PM can therefore be implemented as an FM demodulator followed by an integrator. A simple approximation to the ideal discriminator is an ideal differentiator followed by an envelope detector (Fig. 4-7). If the input to the differentiator is x(t) C08 [mot + GC) then the output of the differentiator is 80 = Af og + FO] sin tox + #401 (4.33) 4 AO. ya 0) Envelope detector Fig. 47 Frequency discriminator ‘The signal x4(¢) is both amplitude- and angle-modulated. TI envelope of x.() is ago) 4 et The output of the envelope detector is, by Eq. (4.4), Yall) = 0 (4.34) which is the instantaneous frequency of the x,(0). There are many other techniques that can be used to implement a frequency discriminator, (See Probs, 4.20, 4.21, and 4.22. Solved Problems INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY 4.1, Determine the instantaneous frequency in hertz of each of the following signals: (@) 10 cos (2007+) (6) 10 cos (20n1 + n°) (0) cos 2002 cos (Ssin 2nt) + sin 200n7 sin (Sin 21) @ 64 = 20080 +5 a Coad 0m = 22(100) The instantaneous frequency of the signal is 100 Hz, which is constant. o 0) = 20m + nF @ = 202+ ane = . Sp 7 20+ Int — 210+ 0) The instantaneous frequency of the signal is 10 Hz at t and increases linearly at a rate of 1 Hs.16 42. ANGLE MODULATION [CHAP. 4 o 0s 2001 c0s (Ssin 2x1) + sin 200nrsin (Ssin 2x0) = cos (200m2~ § sin 2) 0) = 200n1~ Ssin 2nt 00 — 10z.c08 Int = 2x(100 ~ 5.e0s 2x2) a ‘The instantaneous frequency of the signal is 95 Hz at f= 0 and oscillates sinusoidally between 95 and 105 Hi. Consider an angle-modulated signal et) = 10.08 [(10* at + 5 sin 2n(10°)1] Find the maximum phase deviation and the maximum frequency deviation. ‘Comparing the given x.(1) with Eq. (4.1), we have a Lo yet + Ssin 2e(10")e and 6) Now # ott 0 Ssin 2x(10")1 52,1108) cos, oy ‘Thus, the maximum phase deviation is 16 Claas = Sad tand the maximum frequency deviation is Aer = 14! Dlx = SOm\(10") rad/s or Af = SkHe PHASE MODULATION AND FREQUENCY MODULATION 43. ‘An angle-modulated signal is described by x<(t) = 10cos (2n(10°)¢ + 0.1 sin (10°) (@ Considering x,(1) as a PM signal with k, = 10, find m(i). (0) Considering x,( as an FM signal with ky= 107, find m(e). A.c0s [o.t+ kym(0] WWo0s [2n(10)¢ + 10m} 10cos [2n(10°) + 0.1 sin (10°)4] 0.01 sin (10) @ em Thus, me o aem(O= Acos[out+hy{_ mora] = 100s [2n(10%) + 0.1 sin (10°}et} Assuming -m(0) = dy 60s (10? )atCHAP. 4) ANGLE MODULATION 1 we get 10s f Idi = Oran fc08 10" da ~ Too sin (10?)x1 = 0.1 sin (10° )ne Thus, dy, = 10, and (2) = 10.608 (10° pnt 44, Let m(0) and ma(t) be two message signals, and let x,,(2) and x,(2) be the modulated signals corresponding to my(t) and ma(1), respectively. ° (@) Show that if the modulation is DSB (AM), then m(1) + my(¢) will produce a modulated signal equal to x,(2)-+ (0. (This is why AM is sometimes referred to as a linear modulation.) () Show that if the modulation is PM. then the modulated signal produced by m() + my(¢) will not be x, (1) + %,(0}; that is, superposition does not apply to angle-modulated signals, (This is why angle modulation is sometimes referred to as a nonlinear modulation.) (@)_ For DSB (AM), from Eq, (3.3) we have m( = q() = my De08 ent mg — (0) = m{0e08 ot m0 + mK) (0 = Lom (0) + mA) 608 et ‘my (0008 ont + mg(f)008 cot =x OF XO Hence, DSB (AM) modulation isa linear modulation, (b) For PM, by Bq, (4.9) we have m= Xo = Aeos [et + ky C0] Img) Fal) = Aeos [et + Kyms60] m0 + mal) = lO) = Aoos fret + Kylom (+ ma Fx OO Hence, PM is a nonlinear modulation. 45. Derive Eq. (4.24). Ina sinusoidal angle modulation, the modulated signal (Eq. (4.23)] Het) = Ac0s (a.1-+ sin yt) can be expressed as ee) = ARe(eteitSIN Only 33 The function e/*8i" nt is clearly a periodic function with period Ty, = 2n/@q. It therefore has a Fourier series representation eSnont Fone By Eq, (1.3), the Fourier coefficients c, can be found to be Be Ive (eASIN Oat ginoteyB ANGLE MODULATION [CHAP. 4 oak f ott aca where J,() is the Bessel function of the frst kind of order n and argument f (see App. B) Ths = > Bem! (4.36) Substituting Eq, (4.36) into Eq. (4.35), we obtain x= are em x spe ard ¥ spe om] aking the rea pare yields dO= AS IG) 605 (og + oy 46. Find the normalized average power in an angle-modulated signal with sinusoidal modulation. From Eq, (4.24), an angle-modulated signal with a single-tone modulation can be expressed as xo= ¥ AUB) 008 (+ m9) The normalized average power in x,(0) is given by P= DL ehw aan See > @=1 (438) FOURIER SPECTRA OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGN 4.7. A carrier is angle-modulated by the sum of two sinusoids ¥¢(0) = Acos (w-t + B, sin t+ By sin ot) (4.39) where «, and c are not harmonically related, Find the spectrum of x,(1). In a manner similar to Prob. 45, x.(t) can be expressed as nt) = ARe(eh/eXh Si © 168 sin yh re(t) = A Rete > (4.40) = ARefelteihSinOyt gsinort, Using Eg, (4.36), we have eis YF IBe™ ensinont = F jgyemes Substituting these expressions into Eq. (4.40) and taking the real part, we obtain XD =A YY IB ua(B2) 08 (ce + ay + may) (441)CHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 9 48. From Eq, (4.47) we see that the spectrum of x,(1) consists of four categories: (1) the carrier line; (2) sideband lines at a, +7; due to one tone alone; (3) sideband lines at «7. + mua, due to the other tone alone; and (4) sideband lines at «, + no mo; due to the nonlinear property of angle modulation. Ina tone-modulated angle modulation, the modulated signal x,(0) is [see Eq. (4.23)] XA) = ACOs (0-1 + BIN Op!) When f < 1, we have NB angle modulation. (@)_ Find the spectrum of this NB angle-modulated signal. () Compare the result with that of a tone-modulated AM signal. (©) Discuss the similarities and differences by drawing their phasor representations. @ (0) = A008 (W_t-+ Bin Opt) = Acos 0.6608 (fin Ot) ~ Asin «, sin (Bsin Oy!) when Bf <1, we can write £08 (sin Gy) = 1 sin (sin Oy) = Psin yt hen the NB signal can be approximated by wey Note that Eq. (4.42) also can be easily obtained from Eq. (4./6) by letting $(1) = Bsin pt. (®)_ The preceding result is almost identical to the situation for a tone-modulated AM signal given by (see Prob. 3.4) Xam) = A008 021+ 1.608 Ont C08 .t one A (443) 1+ 1 cos 08 1+ BS cos ( 3 £03 (0 + mt where jis the modulation index for AM. ‘Comparison of Eqs. (4.42) and (4.43) shows that the main difference between NB angle modulation and [AM is the phase reversal of the lower sideband component. (O By using Eq. (4.35) and eA SINOnl 14 isin cyt for B <1 Bq. (4.42) can be weitten in phasor form as und = Re[ del + sin o42)] bom “49 )] = raf soma eos nel om (i 4b Sima, Ba, 245 can be wten in phasor fom xaull)= Re[ det + n005 040) =ne[sor(isfom'stom)] (445)80 ANGLE MODULATION (CHAP. 4 By taking the term Ae" as the reference, the phasor representations of Eqs. (4.44) and (4.45) are shown in Fig, 4-8, From Fig. 4-8, the difference between Eqs. (4.44) and (4.45) is obvious. In NB angle modulation, the modulation is added in quadrature with the carrier, which results in phase fluctuation with little amplitude change. In the AM case, the modulation is added in phase with the cartier, producing amplitude fluctuation with no phase deviation. (@) NBEM wave ©) AM wave Fig. 4-8 Phase representation BANDWIDTH OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS 49. 4.10, Given the angle-modulated signal x¢(8) = 10cos (21081 + 200c0s 2210°1) what is its bandwidth? ‘The instantaneous frequency is So Ac = 4n(10°), @y = 2n(10), and By Eq, (4.25), We = 2B + 1}eom = 8.04n(10°) rad/s Since > 1, Wa 2Ao = 8n(10')rad/s_ of fg = 400KHz ‘A 20-megahertz (MHz) carrier is frequency-modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the ‘maximum frequency deviation is 100 kHz. Determine the modulation index and the approximate ‘bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency of the modulating signal is (a)! kHz, (6)100 kHz, and (¢)500 kHz 100 kHz, f= 20MHz> fn, For sinusoidal modulation, 8 = A f/f: @ With f, ® With i 100. This is a WBFM signal, and fy ~ 2Af= 200 kHz. = 1. Thus, by Ea. (4.25), Sn 2+ Vif = 400KHz (With fy, = 500kE1z, 6 = 0.2. This is an NBFM signal, and fy = 2 = 1000 kHz = 1 MHz.CHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 81 411. 4.12, 4.13. Consider an angle-modulated signal elt) = 1008 (wet + 3 sin Gy) Assume PM and fj, = | kHz, Calculate the modulation index and find the bandwidth when (4) is doubled and (6) fy is decreased by one-half, pal) = Ao0s [ot + ym] = 1008 ca+ 3sin yt) Thus, m() = dy Sin yf and pull) = 10C0S (09.+ Kd SiN Oy) From Eq. (421) of Bq. (6.23), B= kyaq =3 ‘We see that the value of fis independent of fy. By Eq. (4.25), when Jy = 1kH2, Sy = UP+ fy = BH (2) When fy is doubled, f = 3, fn = 2kHz, and fp = 23 + 1)2 = 16KHz (8) When fy is decreased by one-half, = 3, fy, = 0.SkHz, and Sy = 23-+ 1)(0.5) = 4kH2 Repeat Prob. 4.11 when FM is assumed. rout Asser [mind] = Worst sno Thus, m(0) = dy.C08 Oat and nk se 0 (01 sin) From Eq, (4.21) or Eq. (4.23), We see that the value of fis inversely proportional to fn. Thus, by Eq. (4.25), when Jy = LkH2, fo= 2B + V) fq = 23 + D1 = 8kHz (@) When fy is doubled, 8 = 3/2, f= 2kHz, and Sa= 26+) fa () When fis decreased by one-half, f= 6, Jy fa = 2B +1) fy = 46+ 190.5) = THz 2C+1)p= ost Ostia nd ‘A cartier is frequency-modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz, resulting in a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz (a) Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal, (0) The amplitude of the modulating sinusoid is increased by a factor of 3, and its frequency is lowered to I kHz. Find the maximum frequency deviation and the bandwidth of the new modulated signal.82 ANGLE MODULATION ICHAP. 4 (@ From Eq. (4.2), yay Af _ 5010), nfm 210°) By Eq. (4.25), the bandwidth is Sia = 2B +1) fy = 20.54 19 14kHe, (®) Let By be the new modulation index. Thon Pan = ite — 6p = 60.5) =15 Thus, AS= Bs fat = SKI) = SKH2 fu= 2D, FV f= 215+ Id) = 30K 4.14, In addition to Carson's rule (4.27), the following formula is often used to estimate the bandwidth. of an FM signal: Wy~2D+2my forD>2 where cy = 2 fy and fy is the highest frequency of the signal in hertz, Compute the bandwidth, using this formula, and compare it to the bandwidth, using Carson's rule for the FM signal with A= 75kH7z and fy = 15 kHz Note that commercial FM broadcast stations in the United States are limited to a maximum frequeney deviation of 75 kHz, and modulating frequencies typically cover 50 Hz to 15 kHz. Using Eg. 4.26) with coy = 2nfy, where fy = ISKHz, we have Af _ 7540") Sur 15008) and by using the given formula, the bandwidth is So = AD + 2yfyy = NOK Using Carson's rule, Eg. (4.27), we see that the bandwidth is fa = AD + A) fay = 180KH2 Note: High-quality FM radios require a bandwidth of at east 200 kHz Thus, it seems that Carson's rule underestimates the bandwidth, GENERATION OF ANGLE-MODULATED SIGNALS 4.18. Consider the frequency multiplier of Fig. 4-4 and an NBFM signal vara () = Ae0s (0,1 + Bsin o,¢) with f<0.5 and f, = 200 kHz. Let J, range from 50 Hz to 15 kHz, and let the maximum. frequency deviation A fat the output be 75 kHz. Find the required frequency multiplication n and the maximum allowed frequency deviation at the input. From Eq, (4.22), B= Affm- Thus, _75(10°) 7510") © 150) = 1500 BosCHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 83 4.17. If B, = 0.5, where is the input p, then the required frequency multiplication is Bi The maximum sowed fequeny deviation a the iapus denoted Ai Af _ 7500) ana n 3000 A block diagram of an indirect (Armstrong) FM transmitter is shown in Fig. 4-9. Compute the ‘maximum frequency deviation Af of the output of the FM transmitter and the carrier frequency foil fy = 200 kHz, fio = 10.8 MHz, Af, = 25 Hz, m, = 64, and nm; = 48. A= (Afi) (m) (m2) = (25) (64) (48) Hz = 76.8 kHz ‘fa =m fu = (64) (200) 10") = 12.808) He = 12.8 MHz 236. MHz 20. MHz fm heeho~ (2s = 10sycutynen | Thus, when fy = 23.6MHz, then ifs = (48)(23.6) = 1132.8 MH When fy = 2MHy, then fo= mfy = (8) ) = 96 MHz mie) Po Freauen Frequensy |_*! NBFM lip mii xh Xm fh hi fe oh af fo Fig. 49 Block diagram of an indirect FM transmitter In an Armstrong-type FM generator of Fig. 4-9 (Prob. 4.16), the crystal oscillator frequency is 200 kHz. The maximum phase deviation is limited to 0.2 to avoid distortion. Let fy, range from ‘50 Hz to 15 kHz. The carrier frequency at the output is 108 MHz, and the maximum frequency deviation is 75 kFlz, Select multiplier and mixer oscillator frequencies. Referring to Fig. 4-9, we have Afi — An = (0.2)(50) — 10 He AS _75(10°) af 10 fr=m fy = m(2)(10) Hz = 7500 = nny Assuming down conversion, we have f-ho 7500(2)(10*) ~ 108(10%) me Thus, Sio=mh—&84 ANGLE MODULATION (CHAP. 4 Letting n; = 150, we obtain m=50 and fig = 9.28 MHz 4.18. A given angle-modulated signal has a maximum frequency deviation of 50 Hz for an input sinusoid of unit amplitude and a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine the required frequency multiplication factor n to produce a maximum frequency deviation of 20 kHz when the input sinusoid has unit amplitude and a frequency of 240 Hz and the angle modulation used is (a) PM and (6) FM, (@) From Eqs. (4.21) and (4.22) we see that in sinusoidal PM, the maximum frequency deviation A is proportional to fy. Thus, 240 sim (i 0) Hence, (©) Again from Eqs. (4.21) and (4.22) we see that in sinusoidal FM, the maximum frequency deviation 4 is independent of fy. Taus, Af _ 20010") ay 0 4.19. Atlow cartier frequencies it may be possible to generate an FM signal by varying the capacitance of a parallel resonant circuit. Show that the output x,(¢) of the tuned circuit shown in Fig. 4-10 is an FM signal if the capacitance has a time dependence of the form CU) = Cy kent) k ant Emel <1 Tunes j cick] ew xt oxic i Fg. 410 If we assume km() is small and stowly varying, then the output frequency «; of the oscillator is given by L 1 1 k 12 = gong eee - tel Emen TEC JER Fa gal!-am] Since k/C)m & 1, we can use the approximation anearebs and obtain omof 45 Em] +hCHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 85 where Thus, by Eq (4.12), (is an FM signal 420, An FM signal xen) = Acos oatky| mya is applied to the system shown in Fig, 4-11 consisting of a high-pass RC filter and an envelope detector. Assume that @RC << 1 in the frequency band occupied by xpy(@)- Determine the output signal y(i), assuming that k,lm()| < , for allt c Envelope detector wn nl) RE a Fig. 411 ‘The frequency response Hw) of the RC high-pass filter is R JoRC Ho) =p = OR a R+ifGaO) 1+joRC FORE < 1, then, H(o) ~ joRC Since multiplication by join the frequency domain is equivalent to differentiation inthe time domain [see Eg, (1.28) the output v() of the RC filter is 4 veo= RCH tan) ==Ancto.+hmosn fiat’ mara] The corresponding envelope detector output is HO) = ARCO. + ky which shows that, except for a de term ARCo, the output is proportional to m(0, 4.21. Delay lines might be used to approximate the derivative of the signal by realizing that x)= x6 ) xO~ (4.46) Draw the system, and suggest how small r must be in order for the right side to be a good approximation of the derivative A system to realize Eq, (4.46) is shown in Fig. 4-12. HO = x)= a0-9)] ‘Taking the Fourier transform of both sides yields 1 Yo) = 1Xo) — "KO86 ANGLE MODULATION [CHAP. 4 Wor € 1, then |e" jor and Yo) = joXo) which indicates that »() is approximately equal to the derivative of x() and must satisfy the following coneition: 14 eZ) wo, + 7 Del z a Fig. 4-12 422. Consider an FM signal xpy(O = Acos [vx ' wf ima] Let t and (fp > t)) denote the times associated with two adjacent zero crossings of xpu(t) (Fig. 413). If mdi = mNa-4) 4 SES then show that ~tL Kym) = Eo, where At = fo= ty Let xnn() = A0s 0(0) whore Hy = wat +f! mayan Zero crossings of an FM signalCHAP. 4] ANGLE MODULATION 87 423. Let 4, and #3 (4, >) be the times associated with two adjacent zero crossings, that is, Xeva(th) = Xew(ta) = 0 Then i) 04) = tg 4) kf maya ‘The bandwidth of the message m() is assumed much less than the bandwidth of the modulated signal. ‘Then m(¢) is essentially constant over the interval {t,,t3}, and we have [oct hymo)ia-n = Thus, by Eq. (6.12), + ky) or kgm = BI where Ar= 64, ‘The result of Prob. 4.22 indicates that m(t) can be recovered by counting the zero crossings in Xpy(t). Let N denote the number of zero crossings in time 7. Show that if satisfies the condition 1 1 a-+Ty From the result of Prob, 4.22, we have km = 5 “ to, + Kymi(t) This is trae for Toy Tyo that i n o, + km), SELB Thus Tt Tyt 00+ Ty=T=— T+T tes +Ty oF Rymo Hence, we obiin yet) = an or Kr ng) = komt) = Lim = kone) = The condition 1/f. < T ensures that within T there will be some zero crossings, and the condition T € 1/fiy offers no excessive averaging (or smoothing) of m()88 428, 425, 426. 421, ANGLE MODULATION ICHAP. 4 Supplementary Problems ‘An angle-modulated signal is given by (1) = 50s [2x(10°)t + 0.2.c0s 200zt] Can you identify whether x,(#) is a PM or an FM signal? Ans, No. It can be either a PM or an FM signal ‘The frequency multiplier is a nonlinear device Followed by a bandpass filter, as shown in Fig. 4-14. Suppose that the nonlinear device is an ideal square-law device with input-output characteristics et) = aeF(t) Find the output »(¢) if the input is an FM signal given by et) = Acos (at + BSin pt) et) Nonlinear sevice BDF <0) 1 xo Fig. 4-14 Ans, ¥() = 4’ c0s 201+ 2Bsin Oy), where A! = 4a, be used as a frequency doubler. . This result indicates that a square-law device can Assume that the 10.8-MH2 signal in Fig. 4-15 is derived from the 200-kHiz oscillator (multiplication by $4) and that the 200-KHz oscillator drift is 0.1 Ha. p(t) Frequengy Frequency NBEM muliplice multiplier | x 64 x Frequency multiplier 200 kHz «OS Mite 415 (@) Find the drift in the 10.8-MHz signal (®) Find the drift in the carrier of the resulting FM signal, Ans, (a) + 54 He, (b) 48 Hz A given FM signal has @ maximum frequency deviation of 25 Hz for a modulating sinusoid of unit amplitude and a frequency of 100 kHz. Find the required value of frequency multiplication n to produce a maximum frequency deviation of 20 kHz when the modulating sinusoid has unit amplitude and a freauency of 200 Hz. Ans. n= 800CHAP. 4) ANGLE MODULATION 89 428. A block diagram of a typical FM receiver, covering the broadcast range of 88 to 108 MHz, is shown in Fig. 416. The IF amplifier frequency is 10.7 MHz. The limiter is used to remove the amplitude fluctuations caused by channel imperfection. The FM receiver is tuned to a cartier frequency ‘of 100 MHz. tel) RE amplifier nies }—[yeina “Audio Loudspeaker Fig. 4-16 FM receiver, (@ A 10-Hz audio signal frequency modulates a 100-MHz carrier, producing = 0.2. Find the bandwidths required for the RF and IF amplifiers and for the audio amplifier. () Repeat (a) if B= 5. Ans, (a) RF and IF amplifiers: 24 kHz; audio amplifier: 10 kHz (8) RF and IF amplifiers: 120 kHz; audio amplifier: 10 kHz,