Antenna and Wave Propagation

Prof. Pushpendra Singh

BIT Durg
 Antennas and Wave Propagation - Syllabus
Course Objectives:
•To study guided wave propagation in metallic wave guides
•To study radio wave propagation
•To study the concept of radiation and analyze radiation characteristics of a current
element and dipole
•To study antenna fundamentals and antenna arrays: uniform and tapered and their
design
•To study some practical antennas like rhombic; Loop, yagi and log periodic antenna.
Course outcomes:
• Student is able to understand the guided and unguided
wave propagation.
• Student gets knowledge of Basic antennas, their radiation and
characteristics.
• Student gets knowledge of antenna arrays and their design.
• Student is able to understand some practical antennas.
 Frequency Ranges and Applications - RF (Radio Waves)
Sl. No. Band Name Frequency Range Typical Applications

1 VLF 3kHz-30KHz Telegraphy.

2 LF 30kHz-300kHz Marine and navigational aids, long

distance point to point service.
3 MF 300kHz-3MHz AM broadcast, navigation, Horbour
telephone etc.
4 HF 3MHz-30MHz Aircraft radio, short wave
broadcasting to distant places.
5 VHF 30MHz-300MHz FM, TV, radar, Telephony and so on.

6 UHF 300MHz-3GHz Radar, TV, short distance commn.

7 MICROWAVE 3GHz-30GHz Radar, satellite commn and so on.

8 EHF 30GHz-300GHz Experimental purposes, Amateur,

government.
N.K.Dewangan, Asso. Prof.(Sr.Scale), BIT,
4
Durg.
 Unit - III, IV, V
Antennas
Definition:
• It is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and
vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.

 In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating

at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the
antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current
as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).
 In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an
electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its
terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.
 Figure 1:
 Components
• Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio.
• They are used in systems such as:
– radio broadcasting,
– broadcast television,
– two-way radio,
– communications receivers,
– radar,
– cell phones,
– satellite communications,
– wireless microphones,
– Bluetooth-enabled devices,
– wireless computer networks,
– baby monitors, and
– RFID tags on merchandise.
 Diagram of the electric fields (blue) and magnetic
fields (red) radiated by a dipole antenna (black
rods) during transmission.

Half-wave dipole antenna

(Transmission)

Half-wave dipole antenna

(Receiver side)

Half-wave dipole antenna

Whip antenna on car, common
example of an omni-directional
antenna Mast radiator antenna of medium
wave AM radio station, Germany
Yagi-Uda television antenna for analog
channels 2-4, 47-68 MHz

Log-periodic antenna covering

140-470 MHz
Loop direction finding
antenna covers 1.75 -
30 MHz, 6 ft diameter

Microwave horn antenna

bandwidth 0.8–18 GHz
 Unit - I
Wave Guides

Definition

A Hollow metallic tube of

uniform cross section for
transmitting electromagnetic
waves by successive
reflections from the inner
walls of the tube is called
waveguide.
 Waveguide components

Rectangular waveguide Waveguide to coax adapter

Waveguide bends E-tee

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 Basic features
 Waveguides may be used to carry energy between pieces
of equipment or over longer distances to carry transmitter
power to an antenna or microwave signals from an
antenna to a receiver

 Waveguides are made from copper, aluminum or brass.

These metals are extruded into long rectangular or circular
pipes.

 An electromagnetic energy to be carried by a waveguide is

injected into one end of the waveguide.

 The electric and magnetic fields associated with the signal

bounce off the inside walls back and forth as it progresses
down the waveguide.
EM field configuration within the waveguide

 In order to determine the EM field configuration

within the waveguide, Maxwell’s equations
should be solved subject to appropriate
boundary conditions at the walls of the guide.

 Such solutions give rise to a number of field

configurations. Each configuration is known as
a mode. The following are the different modes
possible in a waveguide system
 Possible Types of modes

1. Transverse Electro Magnetic (TEM) wave:

• Here both electric and magnetic fields are
directed components. (i.e.)
E z = 0 and Hz = 0

2.Transverse Electric (TE) wave:

• Here only the electric field is purely transverse
to the direction of propagation and the magnetic
field is not purely transverse. (i.e.)
E z = 0, Hz ≠ 0
 Possible Types of modes

3. Transverse Magnetic (TM) wave:

• Here only magnetic field is transverse to the
direction of propagation and the electric field is
not purely transverse. (i.e.) E z ≠ 0, Hz = 0.

4. Hybrid (HE) wave:

• Here neither electric nor magnetic fields are
purely transverse to the direction of
propagation. (i.e.) E z ≠ 0, Hz ≠ 0.
Parallel Plate Wave Guide
Parallel Infinite Conducting Plates Wave Guide

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1/λ2 = 1/λc2 + λg2

λ = free space WL

λc = cut off WL

λg = guide WL

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Rectangular Waveguides

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Propagation of Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide

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Cut-off Frequency of a Waveguide

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Cut-off Frequency of a Waveguide

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Guide Wavelength, Group and Phase Velocity
Guide Wavelength:

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Guide Wavelength, Group and Phase Velocity

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Guide Wavelength, Group and Phase Velocity
Phase Velocity:

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Guide Wavelength, Group and Phase Velocity
Group Velocity:

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Relationship between Guide Wavelength, Group
and Phase Velocity

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TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Wave in Rectangular Waveguide

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 Wave Impedance in TM and TE Waves
It is defined as the ratio of the strength of electric field in one
transverse direction to the strength of the magnetic field along the
other transverse direction.

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Wave Impedance in TM Waves

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Wave Impedance in TM Waves

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Wave Impedance in TE Waves

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Numerical Problems

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Circular Wave-guide

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 Circular wave guide
A Hollow metallic tube
of uniform circular
cross section for
transmitting
electromagnetic waves
by successive
reflections from the
inner walls of the tube
is called Circular
waveguide.
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 Circular wave guide

 The circular waveguide is used in many special

applications in microwave techniques.
 It has the advantage of greater power – handling
capacity and lower attenuation for a given cutoff
wavelength. However, the disadvantage of
somewhat greater size and weight.
 The polarization of the transmitted wave can be
altered due to the minor irregularities of the wall
surface of the circular guide, whereas the
rectangular wave guide the polarization is fixed.

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TE Waves in Circular Waveguide

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Propagation of TM Modes in Circular Waveguide

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Cut-off Wavelength in Circular Waveguide

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Cut-off Wavelength in Circular Waveguide

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 Applications of circular waveguide

 Rotating joints in radars to connect the horn

antenna feeding a parabolic reflector (which
must rotate for tracking)
 TE01 mode suitable for long distance waveguide
transmission above 10 GHz.
 Short and medium distance broad band
communication (could replace / share coaxial
and microwave links)

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Circular waveguides offer implementation advantages over
rectangular waveguide in that :

• installation is much simpler

• Manufacturing is generally simpler, too, since only one dimension - the

radius - needs to be maintained.

• Applications where differential rotation is required, like a rotary joint for

a radar antenna, absolutely require a circular cross-section,

• so even if rectangular waveguide is used for the primary routing, a

transition to circular - and then possibly back to rectangular - is needed.

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Numerical Problems

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 Worked Example 2.5
 For the dominant mode propagated in an air filled circular
waveguide, the cut – off wavelength is 10 cm. Find (i) the
required size or cross sectional area of the guide and (ii) the
frequencies that can be used for this mode of propagation

The cut – off wavelength = λC = 10 cm

The radius of the circular waveguide ,

r = 10  1.841
 2.93 cm
2

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 Solution
• Area of cross section =
πr   (2.93)  26 .97 cm
2 2 2

The cut – off frequency

C3  10 10
= fc   = 3 GHz
c 10
Therefore the frequency above 3 GHz can be
propagated through the waveguide.

Area of cross section = 26.97 cm2

Cut – off frequency = 3 GHz
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 Exercise problem 2.3

 For the dominant mode of operation is an air filled

circular waveguide of inner diameter 4 cm. Find (i) cut
– off wavelength and (ii) cut – off frequency.

Hint: λC = 6.8148 cm and fc = 4.395 GHz

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