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Quantum KEE 101T

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Quantum KEE 101T

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Raj Ch
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QUANTUM Series = pve = Oe neste . tag 4 \ | Scanned by CamScanner 1 QUANTUM SERIES TS For B.Tech Students of First Year of All Engineering Colleges Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) Basic Electrical Engineering By Ashish Thombre ™ pA Quantum — Page — QUANTUM PAGE PVT. LTD. Ghaziabad m New Delhi Scanned by CamScanner z (A Unit of Quantum Page Pvt. Ltd,) Plot No. 59/2/7, Site - 4, Industrial Area, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 010 Phone : 0120-4160479 Keemaizcom . Wepre rywaluantumpage.coin 6590, Bast Rohtas Nagar, Shahdara’ Delhi-t10039 Ags J gnuisonigntt HA Yo U fscigrau RiwreRisiiebibdA LA ogy No port of this pation may ke produced o tranemited in any f any pean, without potmiesion oT degbard wil yinorriod) Information contained in this work is derived from sources believed to be reliable. Every efforthas been made to ensure accuracy, however neither the publisher nor the authors _Suarantee the accuracy.or completeness of any information “pablisited ferehn/andl Reithet te publisher or aati shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this ififormation. Electrical Engiiiéuritig’ Gettzi 2) ion : 2007-08 13" Edition : 2019-20 2 Edition : 2008-09 3" Edition : 2009-10 4® Edition : 2010-11 5 Edition : 2011-12 6 Edition : 2012-13 ion : 2013-14 8" Edition : 9" Edition : 10" Editio: 11" Editio: 12" Edition i ughly Revised Edition) BAG MUT up _ Scanned by CamScanner IKEE 101/201 : B. UNIT-1 : DC CIRCUITS { ati iz trical; direuit efients (R, L and C), Concept of adtive and passive | atéments; Voltage attd current sources, concept of linearity and tinear network, sltenl ad Hise seat Kirchhoff’s laws, Loop. nodal methods of analysis, Star-delta transformation, GG hivédréin;-Thévenin- theorem,-Norton-theorem. « UNIT: 2: STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS OF, A | Representation of Sinusoidal wavelonms = Ai | Form and peak factors, Concept of phas i sinusoidally varying voltage and’ éurrent ‘Analysis of single phase\AG Circuits consi combiiations (ees and Paralle), Apparent active f reactive power Power factor, power factor improvement. Concept of Resonance in series ; & parallel cicuits, bandwidth and.quality factor, Three phase balanc * circuits, Voltage and current relatigns in star and delta connections. “TRANSFORMERS ...... (-1Dt0.3-24D) Magnetic materials, BH characteristics, deal and. practical transformer, | equivalent circuit losses in transformers, regulation and efficiency, Auto transformer and three-phase transformer connections. A ‘UNIT-4 : ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 (Cr w'4-48 0) DC machines: Principle & Construction, Types, EMF equation of generator © and torque equation of motor, applications ‘of DC motors (simple cabal A )—I problems). Three Phase Induction Motor Principle & Construction, ‘Types, ‘Slips torque (Es¢¢-characteristics; Applications (Numerical problems related to slip only) Single Phase Induction motor: Principle of operation and ‘introduction methods of starting, applications. Three Phase Synchronous Machines: Principle of operation falterrator and“ { synchronous motor and their applications. ° woah a UNIT-5: ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS (-1D to 5-19D) 1a.{ - Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit SFU), MCB, ELCB, MCB, ., pes of Wires and Cables, Inportatice of earthing: Types of Batteries,” > ‘Important characteristics for Batteries Blementaty'éalculations for fiery” - consumption and savings, battery backup. age and effective value 3, phasor wep sentation ‘of! Vyo aout UNIT: SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-1D to $Q-20D) SOLVED PAPERS (2013-14 TO 2018-19) (SP-1D to SP-59D) | Scanned by CamScanner DC Circuits A. Concept Outline : Port B.Long and Medium. aibeg! 11D Gem-1&2) 1-2 (Sem-l &2) DCCireuits CONGEPT OUTLINE : PART+1 + ‘Anelectrie circuit whose characteristics change with the direction ‘Anetwork that contains energy it elements are known as active called bilateral cireuit ees Of its operation is ealled the unilateral circuit e.g., diode, Gus, | Define folowing: _L-Resintance H) 2 Capsctance (©) Insuctance 1 Resistance (R) :A resistor is an electrical eomponent that limits the ccarrentin circuit. nt fe = ce g Inductance fe property of an electrical eonductor by which change in int through it induces the electromotive voltage jh eonductor. An inductor converts electrical energy (f) into magnetic energy (®) Lad v Scanned by CamScanner os ‘GSD (Gomi ey, "ita BS ical Bngneering —_—— Desir | “Active and passive ele its “2 Linear eiroults and non-linear circuit ‘8 Unilateral ad bilateral elements” 4 = 4 Active and passive elements: ae |.L_‘The elements whith supply letgy fo the Retwvirk are known as actiye 2.5: MThe voltage sources lke batteries, DC generator, AC generator an, |S coment souees like photoelectric ells, metadyne generators fall undee | cathe category of active elements: silts ago ‘8.15Mfbe componente whic. asipate or store energy are known as passive “components. Resistors, inductors and capacitors fall under the category 1 ofpassiveclements. i HL Linear efrouts and non-linear clreuits | + 10cosotsin 5 Scanned by CamScanner jealBogineering 209) ‘Basie Electrical P ‘emt g ia joao snare ee aa ial 2-10 (Gem-1 &2) Steady-State Analysis of 1 AC Circuits 8 [sin of cs 4, + cos wt sing, between voltage and current phasor for ee us ive phasor relationship 299) Derive phasor relations sing, 288 ) | ly resistive circuit 148 where ten 1 958 ¢,stan-! D> = 0.199 radian 0.1) ‘Ths 2.9.2)can be writen as (203) = 148sin (ot +6) = 14.8 sin (ot 4 0.199 148. 98 nx) ee R or iv Phasor diagram ly resistive cicoit, 3 e expressed as tec (2.102) ane said that the applied voltage and = tant 2 2 or a 4, Fromeg.(2.10.1)andeq seen 7 and current are in phast to the cireuit sin ot [_,, sin ot = Ving fay Sin? Ot I as Weare tr Re * InseriesRLCcircuit, a4 2 Vou Inge. — Yaar Fess cos 20t 2.103) and § = tant 2L-1/0C ‘consumed in a purely resistive R Le Pe Avgt onan vgot Yano os 2 Vow La 1, re Wan «VoD vat 2 “ye bi ‘where V and I are the rms values of applied voltage and current REIT] sow hat tensa - taneous power consumed in a pure ductive circuit, prove that the current esiative cireuit i is not con: stant but it is fluctuating. Jags behind applied voltage by quarter of a eycle und also show that se average power demand is zero. Scanned by CamScanner = Sera AC cock ontaining inductance of. Fc, 1 Cons nected vat souoidlvel® sin at ser 2 Stindaadentintbcol “ny eed ai tener) dia Yet sin ot de we Jot= Yassin tat L aii — », -—_©- il v 1 Vou sinet : 122 x Phasor diagram @ ; ‘Integrating both sides, we get ai i= “me 008 at) + ‘where, Cis aconstant which is found to be zero from initial condition. (213.8) 6 2-12D Gem-1&2) Steady-State Analysis of 14 AC Circuits ‘The power measured by wattmeter isthe average value ofp which is sn Mince average ofa sinusoidal quantity of double frequency over & “Shupltecylais zero. Hence ina purely indutive circuit power absorbed is zero. ‘Quenaa| Explain the concept of phasors. Derive the phasor Beenie p bebreen voltage and current phasors for pursy Inductive, purely capacitive and purely resistive ci its. [ARTO 2017-18(Sem-1), Marks 07 Purely capacitive circuits: Let an alternating voltage represented by v = V.,, sin at be applied ‘across a capacitor of capacitance C farads. Instantaneous applied voltage, v= V,,sin ot (2.124) ‘The expression for instantaneous charge is given as 9=CV,, sin ot =4.4 sin ix B-Ziov,, snes Mow sin aa's® = 00V,,,c18 ot = Yams sin(at 9 (212.2) ‘Fig. 212:1, rely eepaiitive trek: is observed that current leads the Scanned by CamScanner 20 xi = Veg ‘ tsa oer? = 28" eB Tag sin (ap 2 p= VewInu SiN Ot 608 at 2 = Yanda sin 2ot Vouk Vou ba Average of sin bra oer Be angen erage of. 20 er coma ley educe an expression for the average power; eries RL circult. na singy, IT Consider an ACeircut consisting of resistance of R TL benrys connected in series, a8 shown in Fig, 2 = Re - 12 where, X,=0b=29f1 Quantity JJ°+37 is known as impedance, denoted nani fed by Z and ig 4 From phasor heaped ane tw in Fig 2.18, ‘plied voltage Vby angle , which is given by Steady State Analysis of AC Ciruits sion forthe cireit current will be T,,,8in(ot-@) Von an tan aria V,gsin ot x,sin(ot-9 1 = Vana 84-9 Vachon 8 @at-@ Veg I pl get : an ap apo vient sotto dae a agen whore V and Fare the rms ¥ Sand is the phase angle betwe How do you analyse series RC circuit ? Draw its phasor 1 Consider an AC cieuit consisting of resistance of Roms and capacitance ore farads connected in series, as shown in Fig. 2.14.1(0). pet () Circuit diagram Yaasor diagram 2 Voltage drop aeross resistance Vz = IR in phase with current. Yas rp aeatepatne Vom lashed / 2 radians 3. The applied voltage is equal to phasor sum of V, of Ve Vm (UFO = (RP OF = (Row =z where 2 RE Xe ‘The applied voltage lags behind the current by an angle @ vei Px,Y rah 1 where, tangs Yoo %o Xe 1 VY, iy RoR Scanned by CamScanner ‘Basie Hectricl Bagineering asco E——- ge te ane factor, casge % Powe factor, z 45, Ifinstantaneous voltage is represented by 6 P=VIcos} [RGERAET] Derive expression for impedance, curren; factor for an RLC series cireuit when applied with a, Also draw vector diagram, B 1 Consider an AC rei containing resistance ifsc of OF nels coon et 2 frequney be ¢ He, he circuit be of amperes and supp ‘Voltage drop across resistance, Vp = in phase with Ve i 2 tape drop srs inductance V;, = lal. leading I by r2radiane, or, Voltage drop across capacitance, Vox gr py Pradiansor 0, - 4 Thee The creultcn either be efetivel inductive or lagging behind by Ce rich eles dep Vo Ve) predominant" APO 1: When Vi greater than V, I oR L c Me W—+}Lv, ls ERIS ot Diagran, oe sand power C Voltage, | ‘Steady-State Analysis of 16 AC Circuits 2-16D (Sem-1 &2) ohm, age and current is given by Se ee = Ke _ gant Xe =Xe tan willbe} ,d voltage will lead the current ifX, >X;and ‘will be negat "applied voltage will be behind the current if Xi 4 s the RLC circuit behaveslike inductive circuit and eurrent phasor lags the voltage phasor. Case III : When ol < ithe ciruitbohaves as capacitive iret and {Qurrent phasor leads the voltage phasor. AO QeeaIE.] A metal lament lamp, rated at 760 W, 10 V, i tobe connected in series with a capacitor across 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate the value of capacitor. [ARTU 2019-14(Gema-1), Marks 05 Scanned by CamScanner Haare cpaciorCfrads be connected in Serio yi in Fig. 216. borane 1750 W lamp ic Mea, ‘ 8 ¢ 4 oh if 5 fear —a— roa] 6 290, 80 Hs 1 2. Since in this ease voltage drop across the capacitor lag, 4. artat by 90" while that across the lamp will be in phage 100) with 7 ol 1 * BF Xo Ie xb0xa76 = VSSIuP V 2.17-] A resistance and inductance are connected in series th voltage v= 285 sin 314. The current expression is found toke i=4sin (314 t- 45%), Find the value of resistance, inductance and ower factor. 1 From eq, (2.17.1) applied voltage v by, 2. Power factor ofthe eire = cos 45° = 0.707 (lagging) wen Seu, 18D Sem-1&2) ‘Steady-State Analysis of 19 AC Circuits Vu 288 -ros80 cot impede, = Ye = vee inc, Z= Zen 6=7,7520701= 100 estes pant 7075 xint 800 f= ott ae 5,80 eso isaoteee ee Qf 2nx50 Frequency; antaneous current. : ‘and V, across resistor, capacitor and iagram using all the voltage relations. (ARTU 2014 15(Sem-1), Marks 10° 4. Instantaneous curr = A cos (1oOat + §) = 4.188 0s (1000 + 4) 33.76 where stant 21 Xe Scanned by CamScanner Steady-State Analysis of 1 AC Circuits Wg+Ve ‘Thos 5. Vy2IR= 4.188 Supply voltage, Vs= vei, = 4.188% = 200" — 10" = 160 V2 = 4.18 x 63.662 = 266.62,V 6 Phasor diagram + la Mote i 5. = 0.051H =51mH Vor Wy = 198.05 a : oa powertior athe cits (tn !8) = 0224 Caps0) R 12 . jong 0.6 ageing) "2" ae Veoh fo + 16" =10 x /260 = 161.245 V coil has a resistance of 10 ohm. How 220,| 46 V,= 13157 | much current will it draw, if connected across 100 V, 50 Hz source ? [Figi2.18.2, Tr] = sich termine the value of capacitance that must be connected FBBBB] 4 non-inductive resistance of 10 ohm is connected Als? cc the coil to make the power factor of the cireuit to be unity. a ARTO 201617 Gem-2), Marks 07 series with an inductive coil across 200 V, 50 Hz AC s Carta rea bythe series combination 10g nicl. Ta of coil is 2 ohms. Determine: : vsitency | Tarver] L Inductance of the coil eeeer | ii Power factor 1 fare connected in series j R=109 L=46mH iii, Voltage across the coil. 1 Tealresitance ofthe circuit, Fig: 2204, R= Non-induetive resistance + Resistance of oil 2 X_ = Unf] = 2 x nx 5046 x 10% joe =10+2=129 = 14440 »p across the resistance of whole circuit, a 2=R+iky V,=IR=10x12= 120 = 10 +14.44=17.56 255.00 10020" _ 25.7 2-55.30°A 1756 265.80° 5. Let Cis connected in series with R and L. R=100 X,= 14440 Xe mcev 3 Lette votag Wigzagas 7a drop serees the ma 2.20.2, 2? Acros the inductance of the coil be V, volts. ZeR+jX,-X0) Scanned by CamScanner ‘Steady-State Analysis of 19 AC Circuits 9-22 (Sem-1&2) [ae -F aaa a +, - Xe) Rte B+ Ok, -XoP Xo=X, —Li-uu4 .C=220pr J Averies AC circuithas aresistance of 150 ang reactance of 10 0. Calculate the value of a capacines ni ‘connected scross this series combination 50 that eysier, "hich power factor. The frequen-v of AC supply is 50 Hz." 5&8 uni, "The procedure is sami as Q. 220, Page 2-20D, Unit. (Ans. C=318,) ae Discuss the parallel RLC circuit with its phasor oer] | eBBSI] im the given parallel RLC cireuit, determine f, i,,(#). Determine the phasor diagram showing all 1. Intheparallel RLC circuit, lage, V, is common to all tiny sists of three parts 2 Current lowing through the resistor =, SP Current flowing through the inductor = /, Current through the capacitor=1, i Taswer | 1. Frequency, 2 3. Scanned by CamScanner a obs fy, @isthe resonant frequen, 0+ 0,7 400rad/sec af As 1, 2008 1, + [c= 0 (at resonan “? 5 & : i= 2 cos 400¢ A j 7 1 = 500 J, =500 20°. | : u(t) = 50/2 cos 400¢ V I mgr _ ¥ -s800 _, . j Apparent power 2eTrue power Ns Fel7 10 80 <-90°A oY areeie powet 4 Power factor. ) = 50/2 c0s (400 t - 90°) | TRaswer rms values of current and vot = jo, V= . 1-1 The product ofrms values of current and voltage, euvencora Pen wee ae a 50/2 cos (400¢ + 90°) Kilo-volt amperes (kVA). I,+1,= ~j80 +j50=0A = vance power The tue power inan ACeircitisobiained by 90 eurrent = 60 A ‘rue errant power By the power factor and s expressed in ws Keilo-watts (kW. Tees Factor, Power Factor c ONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-3 : cone aia Hema be detned as 1 L Cosine of the phase c 2 Theratio ae * angle between voltage and current or, 8 Tharstooltrese eee tnpedance a, : true power tothe apparent power. Reactive power + the angle between vol ‘Thisis also known as watt] amperes or kilo-volt amperes reactive (KVAR) ey a g Zh, Se, wu Reactive power (KVAR) ‘True power (KW) (@) Power triangle Fig: 2.24.1. 4. Power factor may be defined as i. Cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current or ‘of the resistance to impedance or :rue power to apparent power, 225, | Two impedances Z, = § +j100 and Z, = 10 -j152 are cted in parallel. If total current is 20 A, then find + 4. Current taken by each branch 2 Power factor 3. Power consumed in each branch. ‘The product of apparent power, VI and the ‘tage and current, sin is called the reactive “ess power and is expressed in reacti (ARTO 2019-14Gem-1), ‘Marks 05 Scanned by CamScanner | 26D em-1&2) Steady-State Analysis of AC Circuits 50H: Fig. 226.1) 1. Inductive reactance ofthe eireut, 2 Current taken by each branch : Xee Ee pans 89 Je 2094 jp) 8+ AM AO~ jx | , 0) 5410) 00~ 15) A (5 ~ 78)(5 + jig) | 3, Magnitude of impedance, Z= (R® +(X; -Xo}? 360.4 2~56.a1° 1581 2-18.49° A = 29 6+ /10 3 15—j8 “15812-1843 = 14.14 281.86" A = 716.25 VA. 26.) A coil havi t ‘Rusdat. are the causes of low power factor in supply - am tment . ce of 30 1 and inductance . : eno iced ing ee Se ey [aa oan TE] ‘aleulate impedance, earean single phase 230 V, 50 Hz supply: = Power ofthe circuit, Define power factor. Discuss reasons for poor power factor. How can power factor be improved ? [ARTU 2016-17(Sem2), Marks 07 ; R=30 120.05 C= 100pF| 200 | | Scanned by CamScanner re | | Steady-State Analysis of 1p AC Circuits on SN, ssnenta® she eases of low power factor. HOW can ithe 228) ARTO ROTTER, 7 Dy plain jescribing the steady state frequency for which the ‘souree function despite resonance when Ter factor : Refer 2.24, Page 2-24D, Unit.2, A B, Causes of low power factor : L 2 + Aparallel AC cir reactive current, [ALAC motor and transformers operate at low power factor, 4. Industral heating furnaces and induction furnace operates agg | "aston enn ine LC vith the help lunch how igusy of impedance vis frequency diagram and derive an expression for ineeaottht 2 gouant fregueney. Wet properties of series resonance ISS TARTU 2015-16(Sem-2), Marks 10} C. Power factor can be improved by: oR 1. Using induction motor with phase advancers. Derive the condition for resonance in series RLC circuit, What are thedifferent applications of resonance ? TARTU 2019-14 Sem:2), Marks 10 1. Consider an AC circuit containing a resistance R, capacitance C connected in series, as shown in Fi 3, Ifresonant frequency is denoted by /,, then X,=oL=2nf,L eto of Resonance in Seria un ii) Eugen here + una Parallel Ci ih aA MRR Ge ation os organ Scanned by CamScanner SSP eas 2-90 (Sem-1 & 2) Steady-State Analysis of 16 AC Circuits 1 and Xe* FE | _ dance v/s frequency diagram : 4. Since for resonance a, = Xe : Ce 5. ee epee 1 From eq, (2.28. that the value of resonance $8 depends on the parameters ofthe two energy-storing clea eS Vi : ‘Que 2.29. | Deri the expression of half power frequencies in terms of resonant frequency f,- on Derive bandwidth for series resonance. ARTO BOIS 14(Seme1), Marks 05 oR Derive resonance conditions in series RLC cireuit. Also derive the expression for bandwidth, _ [ARTU-2014-15(Sem:2),'Marks 10} A ‘condition : Refer Q. 2.28, Page 2-28D, Unit-2. Scanned by CamScanner ‘Basic Electrical Engineering 2-81D Bemig,, ee he 2 Cut off frequency or half power frequency is the frequency wi. current inthe cireuit is V V2 times to maximum value of the curry, At fiyX, TEER As phase toad consisting of rsistance 250, inductance (15H and capacitor of 100 Fis conneciedto400V, Fz Caleulte line current, power factor, total power i When connected in star _ 1. Inductive reactance, X; =2nfL=2nx 50x 0.15=47.120 2 Capacitive reactance Ko = 1, = U2 xx 50x 100 10) = 91.880 Impedance, = (RFX? ~ fas? + as29F = 29.050 at 15.29 Phase angle = tant ¥ = tan-1 = $ Ron 31.440 2-44 (Sem-1 &2) Steady-State Analysis of 1) AC Circuits ‘A. When connected in star: Vy V8 _ Ve 4, Line current = Phase current = Ip = “> => 400/ V3 . =788A be Wp= Vp / V5) zaa05 = 75° p= M1 2,” Power factor, c08 $= 7 = 35 gpg = 0-859 (again) ‘Total power = V3 Vit, = VB % 400 « 7.88 = 5459.42 W 3. B. When connected in delta : ¥ 400 | Phase current, [p= —2 = ——— |= 13.65 2 : dp Z 29.305 2 Linecurreat,t,= vB I, = V3 x 18.65 =23.648 Total power= VV; J, = vB 400 x 29.64 x= 16978.27 W @24i,| A bala lelta connected load impedance Ree2AR] A balanced delt 16 + j12 A/phase is connected to a three-phase 400 V supply. Find the phase current, line power factor, active power, reactive power and total power. Also draw the phasor diagram. [ARTU 2014-16(Sem-1), Marks 10 L V,=V,=400V 2 Phasecurrent, — 1,= 400-40 99 ¢-36.9°A=202-37° °° 16+ 12 3 Power factor, cos 4= c0836.9" = 0.8 (lagging) 4 T= Bx 20234644 SC hetive power, P= (3 x 400 x 34.64 « 0.8 = 19.2 kW 6. - Reactive power, Q= 3 x 400 x 36.64 x sin 36.9° = 14.4 kVAR. 1 ‘Total power, S= IP" + Q!)¥* = 24 kVA & Phasor diagram is shown in Fig. 2.41.1, Scanned by CamScanner on Nu -_ | Ip Wie 24nr, | WaETAT] Derive the relation between line and phase voltage ani current fora della connected $-phase balanced system. A balancel deltaconnected load of impedance, Z «30 2 00°11 ie connected {ine voltage of 40 V. Obtain the current and power supplied to load [AKTU 2014-15(Sem-2), Marks 10] ie stots SeCeeis ie ed ps ls ad cote a at eee ae eee g ban Page) a, Uae B. Numerical: 2.41, Page 2-44D, Unit-2. A3-phase, star connected balanced lot ‘The load takes a leading current of 100 J A and power 20 k¥, eoree |] jon between line and phase voltage in balanced sit! ted system : Refer Q. 2.37, Page 2-40D, Unit-2. p46 (Sem-1 &2) Steady-State Analysis of 19 AC Circuits p. Numerical? t Power, P= VB Vitzeos Pee 20 x10" = 0,167 (lead) a powertictr, 00802 ET = 00 1008 Phamvoltge, Vat Viv 2400/8 =25090V 4k Pasocurrent, Iya f= 10015 Vig _ 280.94 =1339 1008 = 1.38 x 0.167 = 0.220 faasF—-O22F = 1510 2417x109 H Xn 8. Phaseindictance, Ly = 7% GucBAt | Derive relation between line and phase values in delta connected 3-phase balance system. A S-phase voltage source has a Shase voltage of 120 V and supplies star connected load having Jmpedance of (24 +736) © per phase. Calculate i, Line voltage ii, Line current iii, Total 9-phase power supplied to the load. 2xB.14%60 AKTU 2016-17(Sem-1), Marks 07 Refer Q. 2.38, Page 2-41, Unit-2 B, Numerical: 1 Linevoltage: V,= V3 V, Vp = vB x 120=207.84V Line current: Z,= (@a?+(G6? ~43.2699 Vy __ 120 Lel= 2 ele 7” 48.265 [22778 between line and phase values in delta connection + Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering 2ATD emi gy ena es ee re 3 Total 3-phase supplied to the load : S28 Vii, S= JB «207.84 2.77 5 = 997.17 VA | RGERAT] A balanced star connected lond of 8 +6) 0 per phase, connected to a S-phase 400V supply. Find the line current, rower factor and total volt-amperes. [AKTU 2017-1 -18(Sem-2), Marks 0 ‘The | ‘is same as Q. 2.40, Page 2-431 (Ans. Line curren QBEZAG] A balanced star connected load of (8 +6) 0 per phase i connected to a 3-phase 400 V supply. Find the line current, power factor, S-phase power and S-phase volt-amperes. Also draw the phasor diagram. [ARTU 2010-17 (Gem-2), Marks 07 procedure is same as Q. 2.40, Page 2-43D, Unit-2 (Ans, Line current = 23.09 A, cos 6 0.8 lagging, jactance of 0.0318 H in series are connected in delte. Th#’ ine voltage is 400 V, 60 Hz. Calculate: i. Phase current 9-48 D (Sem-1&2) Steady-State Analysis of 19 AC Circuits sgeia lr ———————— ii. iii. .. Total power in the cireuit ime] Line current Power factor eee 10, Page 2-43, Unit-2 cedure is same a8 Q. 24 bane (Ans. Phas = 28.28 A; Line current = 49.98 A; procedure is same as Q. 2 a ‘Tar (Ans. [, = 69.28 A; '2; Total active power = 38.4 kW; ‘Reactive power = 28.8 kVAR; S = 48KVA) @0o Scanned by CamScanner ‘Transformers | sgp(Semi@2) _____TAAES | | PART-1] | “Mognetic Materials, B-H Characte: “deal and Practical Transform GONGEPT GUTLINE : PART-1 Transformers vagnetic induction. amon magnetic | Partel sn ee ee (8-2D to 3-60) Questions-Answers 3-20 3-20 Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions pin esl Ques. | Write short notes on the following : | ZD. Antifes 3-6), /E. Ferrimagnetic. A. Concept Outline : Part-3 a B. Long and Medium Answer 265 itmaageltic. hydrogen, jpoles are already present. sized but dipoles are randoraly oriented and have a low net magnet 31D Sem-1&2) Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering FAD Gomi ey) 4 sn en-1&2) ‘Transformers When thse atrlepplaedinevervalmagneti fl ding orient themselves inthe direction of external magnetic field. Tig property is known as paramagnetism. nen ae paramaguetism the B-H curve for a magnetic material and iy and the coereive field on the curve. Tower : 1 Thee ween flux density B and magnetizing force H, drawn for 1 The graph bet gecreasing vas of magnetizing force is known es B-H curve. ie mater ization fel, ar ervomaguetic material ix paced in a magnetiat 2 When ton lag behind the magnetization fd Tis phenomenon TB known as hysteresis ‘ Se Sc srial is known flux produced by the external field. This property is known as betwen B and for aeromagnetic material ferromagnetism. “urve or B-H curve as shown in Fig. 3. So it According to curve at point c, H=0 but. Bis not zero and sergiocnetri Ot? . 1. In antiferromagnetic material the atomic magnetic dipoles line up antiparallel to each other and cancel out exactly. 2 Therefore, these have no external magnetic field effects. This property iscalled antiferromagnetism. ‘Examples : Chromium, manganese, MnO, MnS and FeO. E. Ferrimagnetic : In ferrimagnetic materials the atomic magnetic dipoles line up antiparallel to each other, but donot cancel out, because they have different magnetie dipole moments. The resultant magnetic i, moment may be quite large. This property is called ferrimagnetism. Examples :MeO, Fe,0, Scanned by CamScanner Basi Blectrical Engineering 5D Gem 4, oe eee ce ‘Que33. | What are soft magnetic materials ? Also, give ig, characteristies. ‘Answer are those which have thin and narrow 2.3 curves, i., the area within the hysteresis loop is small. 2 Hence, soft magnetic materials are used in devices that are subjected to alternating magnetic fields and in which energy losses must be los 3. A material possessing se properties may reach it magnetization with a relatively low applied field and hysteresis energy losses. ‘The B-H curve for soft magnetic materials is shown in Fig. 3.3.1, Fig, 3.3.1. Hysteresis curve for soft magnetie materials B. Soft magnetic materials have following characteristics : Magnetically soft materials have high permeability, negligible coercive force and have low remanence, ‘Their B-H curve is steep and area under B-H eurve is small |. They have high permeability. ‘They have low remanence. Examples : Pureiron, cast iron, carbon steels, silicon steels, manganese and nickel steels, and ferrites, Que 34. | Discuss about magnetically hard materials. Also, enumerate characteristics of hard materials. ears] A. Hard magnetic materials : L pep 56D Sem-1&2) ‘Transformers 3 ee eee “Magnetically hard materials are used for making permanent magnets. at Be i.e cv ford magic mate stelcontaiing cain, tngten,hrmiumorcobst ised for making crmanost magnets . agactically hard materials have following cinasaterstics Tey bee large are under hytreris np Highretensviy. High cour 1. Examples : Alnico, tungsten steel, cobalt steel and chromium steel Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions (935 What is transformer ? Explain the constructional features of different types of transformer. [AKTU 2014-18(Sem-1), Marks 05 Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering 3-7 (Sem-1 & 9) A pe former : A transformer is a static electrical device transfer trical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induetion. ‘Types: Core-type transformer + Inthe core-type transformer, the magnetic circuit consists of two vertical legs or limbs with two horizontal seetions, called yokes. ‘Tokeep the leakage lux to aminimum, halfof each winding is placed on ‘each leg ofthe core as shown in Fig. 3.5.1 ‘The low-voltage winding is placed next to the core and the high-voltage ‘winding is placed around the low-voltage winding to reduce the insulating material required. ‘Thus, the two windings are arrariged as concentric coils. Sucha winding is, therefore, called concentric winding or cylindrical winding. In the shell-type transformer (Fig. 3.5.2), both primary and secondary ‘windings are wound on the central limb, and the two outer limbs complete the low-reluctance flux paths. | Central limb [4x Outer limb pel P: are present. g-sp (Sem-1&2) ‘Transformers 3 Bach winding is subdivided into sections. Low-voltage (Iv) and high-voltage (tv) are alternately put in the form of a fandwich. Such a winding is, therefore, called san disc winding. Sasa Define ideal transformer and practical transformer. Compare ideal transformer and practical transformer. ical device that transfers 4, Transformer: Atransformer is stati ‘through electromagnetic electrical energy between two or more induction. .sformer : The transformer which is free from all types of jown as ideal transformer. It has no core loss, no ohmic no leakage flux etc. transformer :In this types of transformer all types of losses BNo.| Ideal transformer Practical transformer 1. _ | thas 100% efficiency. Tthas below 100 % efficiency. 2, | Tthasno losses. thas losses. 3 |Thereisnoohmicresistance | There is ohmic resistance drop. arop. 4 _ |Ithasno leakage drop. Tehas leakage drop. & GaeSH_] Explain working of single phase transformer. (Answer pa 1. Consider two coils 1 and 2 wound ana.simplemagnetic circuit as shown in Fig. 2.7.1. These two coils are insulated from each other and there is no electrical connection between them. Scanned by CamScanner is ‘0 coil 1, an alternati sna source of alternating voltage V, is applied to coil 1, ing Fen ee ta Tas cena curent rodues en erhaling Foyitbemapet de 4. Themean path of this flux is shown in Fig. 9.7.1 by the dotted line, 5, This alternating flux links the turns N, of coil 1 and induces in them ay Teagasc 6. Thus, all the flux produced by coi so links N, turns of coil 2 ang thon lage tant Menudo bt ten leet tl ay Sedan wilder rn -ctrical energy is transferred from coil 1 to coil 2 by a common oa ich receives energy from the source of AC supply, is called the or primary winding or simply the primary. scondary winding or simply the secondary, of operation of transformer. AKTU 2015-16(Sem-1), Marks 10) oR Derive the induced emf-flux relationship of the transformer. AKTU 2014-15(Sem-1), Marks 05] Discuss the principle of operation of a single phase transformer. Derive emf-equation for a single phase transformer. AKTU 2017-18(Sem-2), Marks 07] B. Derivation: 1. Let the flux at any instant be given by $= 4,8i0 2. The instantaneous emfi given by Faraday’s law as luced in a coil of V turns linked by this fh ex -4@y)--w4~_ ye GoM =-N B= NA, sine) = =Nog,, cos ot = Nod, Sin (ot—W/2) 3-10 (Sem-1&2) “Transformers ne ——_$_________ Transformers e=£,, sin (ot ~x/2) (8.8.2) where E,, = No#,, = Maximum value ofe. 4. Forasine wave, the rms value of emf is given by Eu = B= Eg h\O pe Node NOP, v2 2 E=4440,fN (383) eq, (3.8.3)is called the emf equation ofa transformer.” 14, The emf induced in each winding of the transformer can be caleulated from its emf equation. Let subscripts 1 and 2 be used for primary and secondary quantities. The primary rms voltage is B= 4.446,fN, (B84) 5, The secondary rms voltage is By= 44d bf Ny (38.5) where ¢,, is the maximum of flux in webers (Wb), fis the frequency in hertz (Hz) and &, and E, are in volts. ‘Que $8F | A single phase, 50 Hz core type transformer has square % of 20 cm side, permissible maximum flux density is 1 Wb/m?. Calculate the number of turns per limb on high and low voltage sides for a 300/220 V ratio. [AKTU 2017-18(Sem-2), Marks 07] i= Given: Core length = 20m, f=50Hz, B,,.=1 Whfm? perlimb,N'= 300220 ‘To Find : Number of turns per limb. » L Core area = 20 x 20 = 400 cm? = 0.04 m? Maximum value of permissible flux $oue® Brae ® @= 1 0.04= 0.04 Wh 2 Number of turns of low voltage winding es) Taafe, £4450 «0.04 Na = 24.77 =26 (Number of turns is rounded off to the next higher even number in order that maximum flux density does not exceed the permissible maximum flux density) Number of turns of high voltage winding, E, 300 N,= Fixn,=32 x26= = Ba 39x 28 = 96 Scanned by CamScanner i 3-11 Gem. Basic Electrical Engineering Gem gy a 36. 4. Number of HV turns on each limb = > = 18 cape 5, Number of LV turns en each limb = = 13 Que S01] Explain why the hysteresis loss and eddy current Jog occur in a transformer ? Explain how these losses can be reduced jy a transformer? OR Explain various types of losses occur in transformers. Sees A. Ironor core losses :Iron loss is caused by the alternating flux in the core and consists of hysteresis and eddy current losses : Hysteresis loss + Be ? § % former is subjected to an alternating magnetizing force and for each cycle of emf a hysteresis loop is traced out. 2 The hysteresis loss per second, P,=1'Byg,)/0 joules per second or watts (8.103) where, f = Supply frequency in Hz : v= Volume of core in cubic metres n= Hysteresis coefficient Bagx= Peak value of flux density in the core x = Between 1.5 and 2.5 depending upon the material andis often taken as 1.6. b. Eddy current loss : 1. Ifthe magnetic circuit is made up of iron and if the flux in the eireuitis variable, currents will be induced by induction in the iron circuititsell All such currents are known as eddy currents, 2 Eddy currents result in aloss of power, with consequent heating of tht material 3. Theeddy currentloss, P= K(Byy, ft? v watts or joules per second ——_.. (3.102) 4. The hysteresis and eddy current losses depend upon the maximun flux density in the core and supply frequency. 5. ‘These losses are determined open-cire Minimization : These losses are minimized by u: silicon content for the core and by using very thin lami ‘to 0.5mm) insulated from each other either by insulating varnish or! layer of papers. 9-12 (Sem-1 &2) ‘Transformers sap Genie tranaormere B, Copper or Ohmic losses : 1 mse lsc cur deta oereistane the ratormer windings 2, If, and/, are the primary and secondary currents respectively and R, andi are the respective resistances o pinay and ereeaege then copper losses occurring in primary and secondary windings will be I,3R; and I,2R, respectively, 3, Sototal copper losses will be (1, + 1,3R,). ; aoeeeoe ean oses are determined on the basa of constant equivalent determined fom theshertsveit fos, BueSat.] Derive and explain the equivalent circuit of transformer. [AKTU 2014-15 (Sema), Marks 05) 1. Transformer has 8 main parts {Primary winding i. Core Bi Secondary winding. 2. Primary winding is shown by series combination of resistance R, and reactance X,,, whereas secondary winding is shown by series combination of resistance R, and reactance Xs 3 The core of transf seumed to be farallel combination of resistance R, and: represents the core loss and hence known as core loss resistance, whereas X, represents magnetising reactance of the care. 1 AW" Ry %, Ph Ry Xy j Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering 3-1SD(Sem-1&2) he “smber of tans. The voltage levels of Primary ang 4 Nand, secondaryaredifferent: valent cieuit to one voltage level, 5, Tobring all the component ta be shifted on secondary gp ,. As compared to primary component of secondary current I,’ [yi either primary side com} eats ite i tite ae Fig. 311.2! ._Ry!=Secondary resistance transferred to primary v2 & Rye X},= Secondary leakage reactance as transferred to primary. where less, fy 0 aD. a B) B ot arlost, +B -osn, 2 5, Foraminimum D, R, 4.12) P) 9,28, & Als, ~f)-0- 80 .., d°D, itis i . 7. Since “Fis positive, the expression given by eq, (4.12.1) isa condition for the minimum value ofD,,and therefore the condition for maximum value of efficiency. variable copper loss is equal to the constant iron (core) loss. ‘Ques.13. the condition for maximum efficienc transformer the iron and copper lo: respectively. Calculate the efficiency at half oi lagging. Determine also the maximum corresponding load. the various losses occurring in transformer and 25 kVA, 2000/200 V wre 200 W and 400 W 1d 0.8 power factor iency and the [ARTU 2015-16(Sem-1), Marks 10] oR 1n.a25 kVA, 2000 V/200 V transformer the iron and copper losses are 200 W and 400 W respectively. Calculate the efficiency of half load and 0.8 pf lagging. Also determine the maximum efficiency and corresponding load. [ARTU 2016-17(Sem-2), Marks 07 4. Losses in transformer : Refer Q. 3.10, Page 3-11D, Unit-3. 4%. Condition for maximum efficiency : Refer Q. 8.12, Page 3-14D, Unit. © Numerical : Given : Volt-ampere rating = 25 VA, P, = 200 W, Pa, = 400 W, Bie 0s 6-08 Scanned by CamScanner : 17D Gem a, Basic Electrical Engineering xx KVAx 10° x 608} 7 "a> FHRVA x10 xeos +P +2°Pe, 0.5 x 25 «10° x 0.8 ~ Den Bex 10" x0.8+ 200+ 08" «400 = 0.9708 or 97.08 % 2 Losdformaximum efficiency: etx = Percentage ofload at which maximum effiiency occurs = [B= 2% -or0r a, = 400 Load for maximum y= Fullload x 2 = 25 x 0.707 = 17.68 kVA Maximum efficiency = __#xRVAx108 x08 Maas” FERVA x10 xe08 $2, +P, 0.707 +25 x10? x08 0.707 x25 « 10° «0.8 + 200+ 0.707 x 400 = 09725 ga 91.5% Que $.14)] The efficiency of a 400 kVA, single-phase transformeris 98.77 % at full load 0.8 pf and 99.19 % at halfload unity pf. Find Iron and Cu losses at halfload. [ARTO B0IS 14 Seiaci); Marke ‘Answer |]. Given : Volt-ampere Fating = 400 kVA, ng = 98177 %; pf = 0.8 eal ty = 9.18%, p= 1 ‘ToFind : Copper loss, Py; Iron loss, P, At full-oad and 0.8 power factor: Output power, P= 400 x 0.8 = 320 kW. ‘Transformer efficiency, n = 98.77 % or 0.9877 ; P__320 ‘Transformer input power = / . _320_ _ 323.985 kW oe n 0.9877 - 2 yep ‘Transformer losses, (,+Po,)= Input-Output = 923.985 ~ 320 = 3.985 kW - At halfload and unity power factors Output power, P= 1 x 400.1 = 200 KW ‘Transformer efficiency, x’ = 99.13 % or 0.9913 eye ‘Transformer input power = P Gat = 201.755 KW seperti 2 4 Toallosses=P,+ (SY Pea Input-Output 201755200 =1.756W = L755 W 2 (8.14.2) at half oad = P,= 1.0117 ew Copper loss at full-load, P= 2.9739 kW 2 r ‘Then, Copper loss at haload =(2)" 2.0739 0749895 KW {Que9.15. | A single phase 250kVA transformerhas an efficiency of 96 %on full load at 0.8 power factor and 97% efficiency at half full load unit power factor. Caleulate on half load : i. Iron losses i, Full load copper losses, “Answer ‘The procedure is same as Q. 3.14, Page 3-17D, Unit Ans. Pry, = 2.98 KW; Pog = 1.49 KW; Po, 9 = 5.36 kW) Que.16. | Derive the emf equation of a single-phase transformer. A single phase 100 KVA, 6.6 kV/230 V, 50 Hz transformer has 90 efficiency at 0.8 lagging power factor both at full load and also at halfload. Determine iron and cop; »per loss at full load for transformer. AKTU 2014-15(Sem-2), Marks 10] ‘answer A EMP equation : Refer Q. 38, Page 880, Unit 3, Perm The procedures same as Q, 314, age 9-17D, Unit. (Ans. = 992596 W, P= 2962.01 1) Que: 17. |A 25 kVA, 2000/200 ‘V transformer has full-load copper Josses are 1.8 kW and 1.5kW respectively, [AKTU 2013-14(Sem-2), Marks 10) i, The ctficiency at half the rated kVA and at unity power factor. ii, 186 efficiency at fulltoad and at 08 power factor lagging, Si EVA load for maximum efficiency and Value of eectmum efficiency. [AKTU 2017-18(Sem-1), Marks 07] Scanned by CamScanner 1&2 B19DGemig, gD SeMIED ‘Transformers pasctinatageeeet Lagoon §qhe maximum efficiency and the load at which maximum efficiency occurs. [ARTUR Goma) Marke 0) one procedure is same as Q. 3.17, Page 3-18D, Unit-3. ‘The (Ans. i= 97% fim Se and KVA = 35.35 kVA) high-voltage and low-voltage si + A.34 system is used to generate and transmit large amount of power. + Sptransfo various stages of a power system network. ‘Que 3.19, | Explain single-phase auto-transformer and give its two iii, LVAlload for maximum efficiency ‘spifeations. [ARIU B01516GomD) Marks 75 Losses at maximum efficiency, “ PewtP, = 15kW Maximum efficiency, KVAg. 00597 22.821 cosg+ P+ 2282+15+15 (or 88.38 %) of BEBE aso wa wanstrmer ins cores 0 Wa at load copper loss of 800 W. The power factor of the load is 0.9 laggin& calculate Fae Scanned by CamScanner 3-21D Gem-1 &9) Basic Bletrical Engineering 5. ‘The auto transformer voltage ratio is oe BM VY “s oe V1, =U,-1) Va igsi90) WA) pote = Vily=Valy hen Eh Me, 1. But te Be ahs (3.19.4) i, Tea 8 Substituting ~omnen 99) 1 = (1-4) aryen (1-2) vite = (1-4) (7A pus (A) Warne WA pag? 9, tia easily een from eq. (3.10.5) that the nearer a! is larger is (VA),,,9 compared to (VA). 10. An autotransformer is applied for voltage ratios close to unity. B. Applications: 1. It is used as balance coil to give neutral in a 8-wire AC distribution system. 2, Its used as boosters to raise the voltage in AC feeders. Draw delta-delta connection for 0° and 180° phase shift. gaa Gem &2) ‘Transformers (4-4) connection for 0° phase shift : Figs shows the A~A connection of three identical single-phase transformers or three identical windings on each of the prinacy ond secondary sides of the 9 transformer. 2. Fig. 3.20.10) shows the phasor diagrams for lagging power factor cos 6 3. The secondary line-to-line voltage V,,, V,, and V., are in phase with * primary line-to-line voltage Vy, Vag and Vx. with voltage ratios equal to the turns ratio: Jan. Ine tea ta. Tate) Tes The bee te oy Tet 5. Itis to be noted that in Fig. 3.20.1 each winding is drawn along the line ofthe phasor © The primary and secondary line voltages are in phase, This connection fscalled 0° ~connection. B. Delta-Delta connection (A- A) for 180* phase shift: Scanned by CamScanner onnections ofthe Bhase ersed on eithe windings are reverse = aa, L Thee se enn ca eeeen the PBA da obtain the eee Senecio is known es 180" ~ connec " ae y ‘Que821,] Draw and explain the connection diagram of V1 transformer. ‘Answer | 1. Fig. 3.21.1 shows the ¥ ~ ¥ connection of three identical single-phus® transformers or the three identical windings on each ofthe primary st! secondary sides of the 3 transformer. 2% The phase current is equal tothe line eurrent and they are in phat. 8. The line voltage is /3° times the phase voltage. There is a phs# separation of 30° between line and phase voltages, 4. Forfdeal transformer the voltage ratio are Ye = Yaw Vow Von” Von 24D Gem-1.&2) = _ Transformers and current ratios are o Fig: 8211. Starstar consiecion of transformer 170) 0" phase shit 6) 180" phase shit. ©00 Scanned by CamScanner Part l suman (4-2D to 4-22p) DG Machines : Principle, Construction and Types EMF Equation of Generator and Torque Equation of Motor ‘Applications of DC Motor (Simple Numerical Problems) 4-20 A. Concept Outline : Part-1 . . 4-2D sm Answer Type Qt ‘SlipTorque Characteristics sod plications (Numerical Problem Related to Slip only) 4-920 4-32) A. Concept Outline : Part-3 B. Long and Medium Answer Type Questions (4-38D to 4-43D) Three Phase Synchronous Machines Principle of Operation of Alternator and Synchronous Motor and their Applications 4-38D 4-39D 4-1D (Sem-1 &2) 4-20 (Sem-1.&2) ee eos 0s’ + DC machine is an alternating current machine, furnished with ‘a special device called the commutator, which under certain condition converts into DC and vice versa. + ‘Types of DC generator : Series generator Shunt generator ‘Types of DC motor: DC series motor DC shunt motor Cumulatively compounded motor Differentially compounded motor ‘Questions-Answers. ing Aaa eS maa ee os Se (BEEF | Baplain the principle of working of DC generator. [Answer 1. DCgenorator works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induetion. 2 Consider elementary generator as shown in Fig. 4.1.1. 3. When the mechanical input ie., P,= Tw (Torque x Angular speed) is, given to generator, armature conductors start rotating. These armature conductors cut the magnetic field set up by the field poles electromagnetically. Hence an emf is induced in armature whose direction is decided by \demf in case of generator. To create the .s are wound with field coils. When field current flows through these field coils, flux gis set 1 whose moenitude is directly pronortional to field current J, Scanned by CamScanner oh Magnetic (Held) poles ‘Armature ceonductors 6, Thusinarmature, alt emfis gonerated which willbe convene, into direct current (J th the help of commutator and brushes, 4 1 DE motor has two basic coils namely field coll and armature ei shown in Fig. 42.1. 2. When the DC supply is given urzent lows through fell as well as armaturecoil. Duc to ths field, poles are magnetised a> setsup. Due to interaction of this field flux and armature current) generated (7). The direction of torque is given by Flemingslet™™ rule. 4-4 (Sem-1 & 2) Electrical Machines | Since armature current i ‘unidirectional torq. proportional to ¢and J, lternating nature, due to commutation ‘generated whose magnitude is directly 5. Thus lectrical input P,is converted into mechanical output P, ia DC motor. ‘To field coil ‘Que 43. | Give the construction and principle of DC machine. ‘Answer ‘A Construction of DC machine : a. Stator 1 Yoke (or frame) is made of unlaminated ferromagnetic material. Yoke {is made up of east iron for small machines and of fabricated steel for larger machines (for higher permeability). Salient field poles bolted to the inner periphery of the yoke, and bearings, brush-rigging carrying brush holders, end covers ete. Field poles are made up of stacks of steel plates, riveted together. The pole core where the field winding is wound, is usually of smaller eross- section than the pole shoe, s0 as to: Reduce amount of copper used for field winding. Reduce air gap reluctance. Provide mechanical strength and support to field winding. When the field winding is excited with DC, north and south poles are produced. Both armature core and yoke, carries half of flux per pole. The brush-rigging as shown in Fig. 4.3.1 consists of a group of brush holders and their attachment to the yoke or end cover. seer Scanned by CamScanner 45D (Sem, Basic Electrical Engineering 3 hold “ 5 rsh a eer of tense ek 6 Statlonary cri ommuatator surface BY me Controls pressed on springs. ‘Yoke or frame Concentrated field winding b Rotor: 1. Rotors the rotating part also called armature. 2, The insulated conductors are put in the slot of the armature ear, Armature core consists ofa stack of circular steel laminations, about 4 t00.6 mm thick, insulated from each other to avoid eddy eurrent losses. B. Principle of operation of DC motor : Refer Q. 4.2, Page 44D, Unit-5. * TERT] what are the atterentypes of DC machine ? Also wet the aplicatons of each. oR Draw and discuss the construction and principle of operation of <_DE motor and also give some of its applications. Anawer A. Construction : Refer Q. 4.3, Page 44D, Unit-4. Principle : Refer Q. 4 2, Page 48D, Unit-4, . Types of DC machine : Depending on methods of excitation theD° rachines are clase into osm, 4-6D (Sem-1&2) Electrical Machines 1, Separately excited DC machine (generator/motor) Fied 4, Armature ry F, Ag] Fig. 44.1. Separaté excitation. 2, Selfexcited DC machine: vn of DC shunt machine : If field winding and is connected in parallel, the machine is known as DC Fig: 442,00 chant madhios b. Series excitation of DC series machine: Iffield windings connected series machine. Fig. 44.3.DC series machiie, Compound excitation. or DC compound machine : If ooth series. ‘and shunt field windings are present, along with the armature winding, the machine is knowa as DC compound machine, Fig: 444. DO tinpoiina machine Scanned by CamScanner D. Applications of DC machines: S.No] Types of DC Machines a FDC shunt generator plications For electroplating, Battery charging, excitation of alternator, ‘Used as boosters, for supply to ar 2% | Series generators ey 3. | Compound generator To supply power DC welding machines, for offices, hostels anj lodges, to compensate the voltage drop in feeders. 4 3 “| Separately excited generator | For the testing purposes. &. |DC shunt motors In Lathes, Drills, Boring milis, Shapers, an ing machines, 6 |DCseries motor In Electric traction, Cranes, Elevators, Air compressor, Vacuum cleaner, Hair dryer. DC compound motor Tn Presses shears, Reciprocating ication : Refer Q. 4.4, Page 4-5, Unit-4. Current and voltage equations : ‘Equations for series generators : heheh, E, Vang" TpRy+1R, + V, 48D (Sem-1&2) Electrical Machines ji Loadpower, =P, = V1, E,=V, +1 (R, +R, 2+ B+ Vang, jj, Equations for shunt generators ; : apes Derive the expression for generated emfin DC machine. f what role back emf plays in startin, 3 lain the term back emf when applied to DC motor. Briefly expla running of motor ? Let P= Number of poles Hence, time taken by each armature conductor to move through one ole pitch 60,2 t= Dad see During this period, the conductor cuts all the flux 6, posta vd by the pole ‘and the average emf induced per conductor Scanned by CamScanner \% panne a oe Base Rugs Bato NP _ NP voltslconductor =O 60 5. ‘The emfof a DC generator ‘umber of conductors per 1) x(t ar = (emf induced per conduct i rC) ee fe ‘Ax60 PO volts 2-2 where is ps 6. ForagivenDC snerator, Zand Aare fixed and hence is proportizng topandn Ge, Bbn) 1. Incase of motor, this emfis known as back emf E, B. Role of back emf : The presence of back emf makes the DC motors ‘elf regulating machine, ie., i: makes the DC motor to draw as much {cient to develop the required load torque, Write the expression for the induced emf and torque of a DC machine. What is the value of the constant relating o and n? ‘Voltage equation ofa DC motor is V= E+ 1,R, Multiplying both, I, where, V1, = Electrical power input to rotor 4-10 (Sem-1& 2) Electrical Machines ee Sertich 12R,, = Copper loss in armature, 2, Weknow, — Input= Output + Losses 3, Mechanical power developed by the armature, Py = Oty = 2g P,,= El, = ty, = Bang, EI, = Electrical equivalent of gross mechanical power developed by the armature ‘gy = Average electromagnetic torque developed by the armature in Newton metres (N-m) = PA 4. Also, ee erefore, "PAZ 7 2m, Therefore, “ES 1, = 2am, Pa we Fo a, 2nN ‘ 2 ©. Anon 2%, tho constant relating tow and Vis 26 («0.10472), (QaEABT] Draw and explain the operating characteristics of DC series motor. A. Speed-armature current (N-I,) characteristics : 1. Incase of DC motors, N= a (4.8.1) where, N= Speed in rpm E,= Back emf, $= Flux/pole. 2 Also eel, (ince I,=1,) (4.8.2) And Ey=V-1,R,+R,) (4.8.3) very small. Hence the speed will be very 2. sases and hence the speed decreases as Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering 5 ABT, increases, 1, (Ryt By 4ALD Gem-1@ 9) is E, decreases 3). This decrease ig. 4.8.2. ) drop increases, speed also decreases as per ea (48 2 ee a speed due to ohmic drop is shown by . Torque-current ( Incase of DC motor T=. (4.8.4) InFig. 483, Before saturation : (4.85) (486) Be icra eS 1. Speed-Torque (N-T) characteristics: . As I, increases, torque increases as pet the Speed as discussed in N-T, characte ‘The further development is exactly simi sper 4-12 (Sem-1 & 2) Electrical Machines Ni (Fig. 494. DC shunt motor) 1. ForDC shunt motor Ty=h+ly (49.1) E,=V-12, 49.2) v detyandi= Y aos) - Ra x Ne Fe 49.4) o Since supply voltage V and shunt field resistance R,, is constant, I, and hence flux is practically constant, As I, increases, drop 1,R, increases, which will decrease E. ‘Thus speed V will decrease as armature current I, increases. ‘Torque-current (T-I,) or speed-current (N-I,) characteristics of DC shunt motor : Incase of DC shunt motor, since J, is constant so flux gis practically constant. Teel, Scanned by CamScanner 4130 Gem-1 ay, mature current increases, torquy 1f}= Constant, then Phy ie 08 willalso increase. 2. At starting upto small value o willbe zero, After 8s current avure current Iyq, torque of shag, f arpeases, torque Will increase lineyly ‘shown by curve lin Fig. 4.9.2. 2 cee 3. Asarmature current I, increases, armature reaction will also increase ‘This ill deerease the total tux 6. + Actual characteristics willbe as shown in eurve Il in Fig. B. Speed torque (N-T) characteristics of DC shunt m 1. AtI,=Iy, ie, at small valuos of torque, the speed N will be of rated 2 torque increases, since F, decreases due to LR, tly decrease. Geese Que4.10,)] Draw and explain the characteristics of DC compound \umoter s ofshunt motor as shownin Fig. 4.10.25 2. AsI, increases, series flux, inereases whereas shunt fax 6, Femail practically constant. 4-14 (Gem-l & 2) t= tat be Speed N decreases as N « c This is shown in characteristics by curve Il in Fig. 4.10.2. 4. For differentially compounded motor total ux 4 bya~ be 4q increases which decreases the total ux by Tease, sir ses. This is shown by curve NX Differentially (Curve 1) Shunt (Curve D) Cumulatively compounded (Curve I) 1 igi 4i02) B. T-I, characteristics : 1. Consider 7-1, characteristics of DC shunt motor. If effect of series winding flux is added to motor, the characteristics will bel compound mot As [, increases, series flux 4, increases, For cumulatively compounded motor, the total flux ¢yincreases since r= bat 4, es the torque since TI, , ase in torque is shown by curve Il in Fig. 4.10.3 in case of cumulatively compounded motor. In case of differentially compounded motor, the total flux ¢- decreases with the increase in armature current ,. Thisis due to §;=0,~ 0, and 4. increases as I, increases. Scanned by CamScanner +150 (Sem-1&, ical Engineering becca Tempared to shunt motor, as shown py [Torque wil be lest as compared curve Ilia Fig. 4103. : Cumulatvely compounded curve IT Shunt eure! Dittrestially compounded curve II 1 meds! . NoT characteristics of DC compound motor : The NT ON rTacencs are exactly similar to the N-I, char ‘compound generator. N Differentially ‘compounded Shust Cumulatively ‘compounded WEeAAT | How can the speed of DC motor be varied ? Explain the method by which you can vary speed above and below the base speed. (ager oar ratBem 2) ark 1] ower] Speed of motor can be varied by varying field ux and armature resistance. ‘ A. Field flux control method : 1. Since the flux is produced by the field current, control of speed by this ‘method is obtained by control ofthe field curren 2 Inthe shunt motor, this is done by connecting a variable resistor R,i@ series with the shunt field winding as shown in Fig. 3.11.1. The resist" A, isshunt field regulator. i< ‘The shunt field currents gvenby fy = = : rar 4416 D (Sem-1 &2) Electrical Machines ‘4. Theconnection of R, in the field reduces the field current and hence the result in an increase in the speed. runs at a speed higher than normal speed. UPI BALL: Speed-contrél 6faDO") Fig. A11.2. Diverter in parallel “ahunt motor by v: of field ux. ‘of DC motor. ical speed/torque curves for se speed are controlled by the Variation ofthe Geld fur 2 Ret ae 3 t mle | | 3 le > & 5 x Ry Fiat ea Ry, Ra, Torque—e Torque eo o Fig. 3.11.8. Typical speed torque Gurves (0) shunt motor (b) series ator, B. Armature resistance control method : 1. Inthis method a variable series resistor R, is putin the armature circuit, 2 Inthis case the fields directly connected across the supply and therefo the flux ¢ is not affected by variation of R,. sod Scanned by CamScanner Basic Electrical Engineering #A7TD Gem &2) 3. Fig. 8.11.5 shows the method of connection of external resistance R, in the armature circuit ofa DC series ator. 4. Inthis, ‘the current and hence the flux are affected by the variation of ure circuit resistance. cop in R, reduces the voltage applied tothe armature and the speed is reduced. (a) and 3.1.6() shows typical speed-current characteristics and series motors respectively. Hettsamonnioanan! Seayeeaa sano irront chacterstiés (a) shun 21 run ata lower peed asthe vale of i . ture current, it must be designed to carry usly the full armature current, A 4-pole DC generator with wave connected armature and 12 conductors/ slots. Armatu stance are 0.5 2 and 200 0. Flux per; N= 1000 rpm, calculate the voltage drop acrot 18D (Sem-1&2) ee Gaaswer Given: No, ofslote = 41, Conductor/stots 2 Ry =2002,N = 1000 rpm, d/pole = ‘To Find : Voltage drop, V,, 12,P=4,R,=050) 125 mWb,R, =100 Gorton = WEP 150% po stret2 4 BAIT e000 tte 4 = 2050. oy 2 2 Letthe voltage across 100 adresses be Vols Lesdeurent, t= Ye Shunt field current, 2050 x 400 Voltage drop, V, = tage drop, V4= SO Que 418. | A 280 V DC series motor is taking 50 A. Resistance of armature and series field winding is 0.2.0 and 0.1 A respectively, Caleulate : * pectively. i Brush voltage ii Backemf. AKTU 2013-14(Sem-2), Marks 05) “Answer Given: V=290V, R,=029,R,=010,1= 1,21, 504" ‘To Find : Brush voltage and back omf, 1 Forseties motor, V= E,+1(R, +2,) 2 Let brush e £ Brush voltage, V, i, Gio 414°] A 6-pote lap wound DC shunt motor has 250 armature “onductors, a flux of 0.04 wb/pole and runs at 1200 rpm. The armature Scanned by CamScanner +19 Gem a2) Basic Bectrcal Engineers aaa eens omer — sears tol to a320¥ DC sapply. Deter™ if “duced emfin the motor Armature current fii Input supply current Ae MRSUMIEE power developed in the motor v. Torque developed. 6 Torque, (Que 445)] A 120 V DC shunt motor having an armature ciretit resistance of 0.2 9 and field circuit resistance of 60 0, draw line 4 Athalfload, 1&2) {of 40 A.at full load. The brush j catoad speed 1800 rpm. Caleulats 88° 40P 83 V and rated fall pe speed a half load & The peed at 125 % of fllload, Scanned by CamScanner 4210 (Sem-1 gy) Basic Electrical Engineeriné Tattage dp aya Bao toa) -9e TAY = Eat 1 Ngo Bt | A074. 3g00 #176708 1767 pen * 7004 QasAies] ADC shunt generator delivers 50 kW at 250 V when gece] field resistances are 0.05, running at 500 rpm. The armature and on 0 ean spectively. Calculate the speed of oe nemachineang developed torque when running as ®) ‘shunt motor and taking 50 kW at250¥. Given: F,=0.050 R, = 1250 As generatar,N, = B00 Pm, COntput power; P, = 60KW, V=250'V As motor, Input power, P= 5OKW, V=250V ‘ToFind ; Speed of motor, N,, and Torque developed, ty ¥_ 250 ent, [y= Ve 2A 1 Shunt Geld currents las= “a5 2. As generator: Load.current, ty= 2220 22008 50 pomturecurent; T=I, vin =200+2=202.8 armas IAP 250+ (2020.08) = 2603V 3 Asmotor! : Linecurent, yx 2210 2004 rcstre current T= 2200-25198 A Aa aa, I PIER = 250 (188+ 0.05)= 240.1 : By y = M01 i. Speed of motor, N,,= + N,= 500 = 461.55 rpm E, #2601 a fi, Torque developed, t= Fix = 240.1% 198 60 _ 953.58 N-m BN, 2x xx 461.55 60 ‘Que 417, | Give the EMF equation of a DC generator and draw the characteristics of a DC series motor. A 25 kW, 250 V, DC shunt gap Sem-1 &2) ae a ee ae generat foo ohm men wee Se “Three Phase Induction Motor Electrical Machines or has armature and field resistances of 0.06 ae Mat ied Doferaien toad omer en ed AKTU 2017-18(Sem-1), Marks 07] Arr equation of aDC generator Refer Q.6, Page 48D, Unit, Characteristics of DC series motor : Refer Unit Q. 48, Page 4-100, 2500 Given R= 1000, R, = 0060, V=! ‘To Find : Power developed, P, ‘Load current, Shuntfieldeurrent, 1, = ‘Armature current, Generated emf, Ey = V-+1-R,= 250 + 102.5 x 0.06 = 256.15 V Power developed, P= E, x ,= 256.15 x 102.5 * 2 ob 26kw ‘Types, Slip-Torque Chara (Numerical Problems Related to Slip only). CONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-2 ‘+ 3-4 Induction motors are of two types ccage induction motor fi, Wound-rotor or slip-ring induction motor. + Slip: oe NON Question Long Answer Type and Medi Scanned by CamScanner . 4-23 (Sem-1@ 9) Basic Electrical Engineering details about three phag, of rotors are used in 34 induction Give the constructional ion motor. Which types f silicon steqy side of the stator. or closed type. In these ‘The slots may be open type, semi-open type: ype. slots, Pree peeereeriont sientd connected, 4. The three ends ofthis winding are brought out into the terminal boy where 39 AC supply ean be connected. 5. The stator windings, stator and the AC supply connected to the stator winding are shown in Fig. 4.18.1. Stator Stator winding a, Squirrel cage type rotor: 1. Thisis the simplest and most rugged construction. The rotor consistsot | cylindrical laminated core with skewed rotor slots. End ring Rotor Bars (slightly skewed) ‘The rotor conductors which are slots and are brazed or welded fare permanently short-circuit external resistance in the roto phosphor bronze and’ 'm. External connections rushes, the slip-rings are short-circuited ied along the shaft and the brushes are luce the frictional losses and wear, Fig. 4.18.5. Slp-ring type ators Toten) ‘Rue 4:19.] Explain the principle of operation of a ‘3-phase induction ne 7 us consider that the rotor as shown in Fig, is stationary and one conductor is on the Scanned by CamScanner 4-250 (Sem-1g, Basic Electrical Engineering Motion of conductor ative to eld staig,/ omtcar oN Motion of lating Moses ora Direction of tux o © Stator Direction } oft due ‘to rotor Rotor ~ toreent lone Motion ofrobting miagneticfed | © @ Fore experienced yemiuctor luz © (Fig:4204.) 2. Lethe rotation of the magnetic field be clockwise. 3. Amagnetic field moving clockwise has the same effect as a conduttt ‘moving anti-clockwise in astationary field, 4, ByFaraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, a voltage will be induced in the conductor. Due to this induced voltage, a current starts tof in rotor conductor. 5. By right-hand rule the direction of induced current is downward shown in Fig. 4.19.10), goon Sem &2) Electrical Machines ‘Now the current in the rotor conductor field as shown in Fig. 419.1(¢) du to the aes Produces its own magnetic eh ar sow ue to this a foree rau ‘tor eonductor. ‘is produced on the 1, Bytheloftchand rule the direction offre can be determined tis seem thatthe force actingon the eonducas 8 othe direction ofthe rotating magne har ithe same direction a, Since the rotor conductors ina slot on * tangential direction to the rotor a torque is produced on all conductors sn, Since the rotor isfeeto move, itstars rotating inthe same direction, ‘hosts noted that a2 induction mooriswreltsteee ee eae Derive expression of slip speed, slip, percentage slip and frequency of rotor voltage and current. 7 pire : The slip speed expresses the ‘speed of the rotor relative to the fi ros NN, = Synchronous speed in rpm NV, = Actual rotor speed in rpm Slip speed = NV,—N, rpm B. Slip: The slip speed expressed as a fraction ofthe synchronous speed is the rotor, and the force acts in and torque is developed. Similar in same direction, tlle the pesmi spo acta lip Tae pea called the slip. It is denoted by s. ar oo faeN ras yP it (pau) ©. Percentage slip: Let 1n, = Synchronous speed in rps rn, = Actual rotor speed in rps then oo BOR pa =e x 100 and percentage slip = Als, a= 228 ‘The slip at full load varies from about 5 % for small motors to about 2% for large motors. Frequency of rotor: ‘The frequency of current and voltage inthe stator must be the same as the supply frequency given by Scanned by CamScanner Ss 4270 Gem-14 ‘Basic lectrieal Engineering pe PM (420) md is variable and depends sn the rotor windings is varia on thy 2 The Sreqeney in OF Taynchronousepeed and tbe TOT SPeCd- Hang, diernce between esas pan the ali, Theroto Frequency giye, by jpn PMD : 120 3. Division of eg, (4.20.2) by eg (4.20.1) gives f. - NN to few Rotor frequency erunit slip x Supply fzequency EEE] vevve the expression for developed toraue for a3 induction motor and obtain th condition for maimam torque, on Explain the working of S-phase induction motor. What is meant by Sip? Enpatliplarqu harasses phase induction mote 2) Explain working of 3-phase Induction Motor. Also draw torque-slip characteristics showing operating regions. [AKTU 2019-14(Sem-1), Marke 05] oR den the torque-slip characteristics of a three-phase AKTU 2014-15(Sem-2), Marks 05] ‘ixtfaction motor. [Aueweree A. Torque of an induction motor : 1. Electrical power generated in rotor = BE, c08 6, 1&2) ssp Gem1 8D) EI 4.21.1) re, 3, Condition for maximum torque: 1. let KEf =K, (Constant) we ¥ n4.21.2) Bren (xa) ex, 2, The developed torque x, will be maximum when the right-hand side of eq, (4.21.2) is maximum, which is possible only when BX fano Scanned by CamScanner 4-29 (Sem-1@ 9) a a IeR,isconstant, += A a get eee eee ee aa emeaipemrolemeeT st b Medium-slip region: As slipincreases, (8% a > may be neglected in comparison wit z ‘Thetorque-slip characteristicis represented ky arectangular hyperbola, . High-slip region : The torque decreases beyond the point of maximum, torque. There 1 the motor slows down and eventually stops. At thie stage, the overload protection must immediately disconnect the ‘motor from the supply to prevent damage due to overheating. Gus 422; | Discuss the applications of 3) induction motor. cage induction motor : This motor has the compact, simple ‘and robust construction and is very cheap in cost. Imost constant at speed and has medium starting torque and high efficiency. Itis used extensively in industries for : Lathe machine 2, Grinder Compressor 4, Blowers 6. Textile mills 8, Washing machines etc. jp-ring induction) motor : This motor has higher starting torque and it can be further increased by adding external in the rotor circuit. Its speed can be controlled smoothly. But pamee 6. Winding machines yee Que 423.] A S-phase 4 pole induction motor is supplied fro™ ‘3-phase 50 Hz supply. Calculate: i, 4 oe speed when slipis 4% BL Foor frequency when rotor runs a 600 rpm, AKTU 2013-14(Sem-2), Marke 05] 120f _ 120x50 n,= OL. = : ,= F150 7pm ‘ N=N, (18) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 rpm 1500 - 600 . Slip at 600 rpm = "TE = 0.6 Rotor frequency, f, = s f= 0.6 x 50 = 30 Hz qt | A 6.6 kV, 20-poles, 50 Hz, 3-phase star-connected einction motor has rotor resistance of 0.12 and astill reactance of 1.12.2. The motor has a speed of 292.5 rpm at full load. Calculate the slip at maximum torque. [AKT 2014-15(Sem-1), Marks 10] [Answer «= —Rotor resistance ws?” Standstill reactance A 12 pole alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 rpm, It supplies a 3 phase induction motor having full-load speed at 1440 rpm. Find and number of poles of the motor. [AKTU 2017-18(Sem-1), Marks 07] [Answer (Ansy A Torque-slip characteristies : Refer Q. 4.21, Page 4-270, Unit-4. B. Numerical : Given : P, =12; N= 1440 rpm N; = 600 rpm. To Find : Slip, s arid number of poles of motor, P,.. Frequency of generated emf, Scanned by CamScanner : : 41D (Sem a, a Px, _ 12500 _ sore fe 20 in number and to give a synchronous 2 Mma art str athe = 20f 12050 gazes Pat NO 3 Synchronous speed of motor, oe , = 120f _120%50 _ y599, = BE = 1800 rpm N,-Nq _ 1500-1440 4 Sip, 1 = 0.04 0r4 % Ree426.] A 12 pole, 3-phase alternator is coupled to an engi running at 500 rpm. This alternator supplies an induction motor running at 1450 rpm. Find slip and number of poles of the induction motor. [SESRO Orr 16(Gem-, area Answer ‘The procedure is same as Q. 4.25, Page 4-30D, Unit-4 [AKTU 2016-17(Sem-1), Marks 07] pop (Sem &2) Electrical Machines eq. (4.28.1) can be written a5 1 oh pau beaded pagsin ate + 5 Paw ‘The first term on the right-hand side of e ‘equation of a revolving field moving in the p isin ale "2 92 ‘The second term on the right-hand side of eq. (4.28.2) represents the casston ota revolving field moving in the negative a direction. Is amplited is also equal 4 Bae | ‘Thefield movingin the positive «direction is called the forward rotating Fold The held movingin the negative direction icaed the backward rotating field. \. Tt is to be noted that both the fields rotate at synchronous speed ©, (= 2nf)in opposite directions. aus, 2 Bggsin ot ~

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