ITEC102 – INTEGRATIVE

PROGRAMMING TECHNOLOGIES
Chapter 1
What is a programming language?
What is Program?
What is Programming?
What are the types of programming languages?
Programming Paradigm
A programming language is a set of rules that
provides a way of telling a computer what
operations to perform.
A programming language is a set of rules for
communicating an algorithm
It provides a linguistic framework for
describing computations
A programming language is a notational system for
describing computation in a machine-readable and
and
human-readable form.

AAprogramming
programminglanguage
languageisisaatool
toolfor
fordeveloping
developing
executable
executablemodels
modelsfor
foraaclass
classofofproblem
problemdomains.
domains.
 English is a natural language. It has words,
symbols and grammatical rules.
 A programming language also has words,
symbols and rules of grammar.
 The grammatical rules are called syntax.
 Each programming language has a different set
of syntax rules.
 What is Program?

 A program is something that is produced using a

programming language
 A program is a structured entity with Semantics
 What is Programming?

 Is the process of creating a set of instruction that tell a

computer how to perform a task.
 Direct creation of binary code.
 An artificial language that is used to control a
computer.
High-level program class Triangle {
...
float surface()
return b*h/2;
}

Low-level program LOAD r1,b

LOAD r2,h
MUL r1,r2
DIV r1,#2
RET

Executable Machine code 0001001001000101

0010010011101100
10101101001...
 First Generation Languages
 Second Generation Languages
 Third Generation Languages
 Fourth Generation Languages
 Fifth Generation Languages
 Machine language
◦ Operation code – such as addition or subtraction.
◦ Operands – that identify the data to be processed.
◦ Machine language is machine dependent as it is
the only language the computer can understand.
◦ Very efficient code but very difficult to write.
 Assembly languages
◦ Symbolic operation codes replaced binary
operation codes.
◦ Assembly language programs needed to be
“assembled” for execution by the computer. Each
assembly language instruction is translated into
one machine language instruction.
◦ Very efficient code and easier to write.
 Closer to English but included simple
mathematical notation.
◦ Programs written in source code which must be
translated into machine language programs called
object code.
◦ The translation of source code to object code is
accomplished by a machine language system
program called a compiler.
 Alternative to compilation is interpretation which
is accomplished by a system program called an
interpreter.
 Common third generation languages
◦ FORTRAN
◦ COBOL
◦ C and C++
◦ Visual Basic
 A high level language (4GL) that requires fewer
instructions to accomplish a task than a third
generation language.
 Used with databases
◦ Query languages
◦ Report generators
◦ Forms designers
◦ Application generators
 Declarative languages
 Functional(?): Lisp, Scheme, SML
 Also called applicative
 Everything is a function
 Logic: Prolog
 Based on mathematical logic
 Rule- or Constraint-based
 Imperative Programming
 Object-Oriented Programming
 Logic/Declarative Programming
 Functional/Applicative Programming
 Event Driven Programming
 Two broad groups
 Traditional programming languages
 Sequences of instructions
 First, second and some third generation languages
 Object-oriented languages
 Objects are created rather than sequences of
instructions
 Some third generation, and fourth and fifth
generation languages
 FORTRAN
◦ FORmula TRANslation.
◦ Developed at IBM in the mid-1950s.
◦ Designed for scientific and mathematical
applications by scientists and engineers.
 COBOL
◦ COmmon Business Oriented Language.
◦ Developed in 1959.
◦ Designed to be common to many different computers.
◦ Typically used for business applications.
 BASIC
◦ Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
◦ Developed at Dartmouth College in mid 1960s.
◦ Developed as a simple language for students to write
programs with which they could interact through
terminals.
 C
◦ Developed by Bell Laboratories in the early 1970s.
◦ Provides control and efficiency of assembly
language while having third generation language
features.
◦ Often used for system programs.
◦ UNIX is written in C.
 Simula
◦ First object-oriented language
◦ Developed by Ole Johan Dahl in the
1960s.
 Smalltalk
◦ First purely object-oriented language.
◦ Developed by Xerox in mid-1970s.
◦ Still in use on some computers.
 C++
◦ It is C language with additional features.
◦ Widely used for developing system and
application software.
◦ Graphical user interfaces can be developed
easily with visual programming tools.
 JAVA
◦ An object-oriented language similar to C++
that eliminates lots of C++’s problematic
features
◦ Allows a web page developer to create programs
for applications, called applets that can be used
through a browser.
◦ Objective of JAVA developers is that it be
machine, platform and operating system
independent.
 Scripting Languages
 Command Languages
 Text processing Languages
 HTML
◦ HyperText Markup Language.
◦ Used on the Internet and the World Wide Web
(WWW).
◦ Web page developer puts brief codes called tags in
the page to indicate how the page should be
formatted.
 XML
◦ Extensible Markup Language.
◦ A language for defining other languages.
A language is a language
 Programming languages are languages
 When it comes to mechanics of the task, learning
to speak and use a programming language is in
many ways like learning to speak a human
language
 In both kind of languages you have to learn new
vocabulary, syntax and semantics (new words,
sentence structure and meaning)
 And both kind of language require considerable
practice to make perfect.
 Computer languages lack ambiguity and
vagueness
 In a programming language a sentence either
means one thing or it means nothing