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Binomial Extension HW

This document discusses power series expansions of binomial expressions with integer and fractional indices. It explores expanding expressions using the binomial theorem and finding patterns to write general expressions. It also investigates approximating irrational numbers and expressing binomial coefficients as polynomials.

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Ertuğrul Eren Durak
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158 views3 pages

Binomial Extension HW

This document discusses power series expansions of binomial expressions with integer and fractional indices. It explores expanding expressions using the binomial theorem and finding patterns to write general expressions. It also investigates approximating irrational numbers and expressing binomial coefficients as polynomials.

Uploaded by

Ertuğrul Eren Durak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binomial Extension [54 marks]

2+7x
Consider the identity
( 1+2x ) ( 1−x )
≡ A
1+2x
+ B
1−x
, where A, B ∈ Z.

1a. Find the value of A and the value of B. [3 marks]

1b. Hence, expand 2+7x [4 marks]


in ascending powers of x, up to and
( 1+2x ) ( 1−x )
including the term in x2 .

1c. Give a reason why the series expansion found in part (b) is not valid for [1 mark]
x = 34 .

2a. Write down and simplify the first three terms, in ascending powers of x [3 marks]
1
, in the Extended Binomial expansion of (1 − x) . 3

2b. By substituting x = 1 find a rational approximation to √9


3
. [3 marks]
9

This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the Binomial


Theorem for negative and fractional indices.
A power series in x is defined as a function of the form
f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . . where the ai ∈ R.
It can be considered as an infinite polynomial.

3a. Expand (1 + x)5 using the Binomial Theorem. [2 marks]

This is an example of a power series, but is only a finite power series, since only a
finite number of the a i are non-zero.

3b. Consider the power series 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . . [4 marks]


By considering the ratio of consecutive terms, explain why this series is equal to
(1 + x)−1 and state the values of x for which this equality is true.
3c. Differentiate the equation obtained part (b) and hence, find the first four [2 marks]
−2
terms in a power series for (1 + x) .

3d. Repeat this process to find the first four terms in a power series for [2 marks]
(1 + x)−3 .

3e. Hence, by recognising the pattern, deduce the first four terms in a [3 marks]
−n
power series for (1 + x) , n ∈ Z+ .

We will now attempt to generalise further.


Suppose (1 + x)q , q ∈ Q can be written as the power series
a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . ..

3f. By substituting x = 0, find the value of a 0 . [1 mark]

3g. By differentiating both sides of the expression and then substituting [2 marks]
x = 0, find the value of a1 .

3h. Repeat this procedure to find a 2 and a 3 . [4 marks]

3i. Hence, write down the first four terms in what is called the Extended [1 mark]
Binomial Theorem for (1 + x) , q ∈ Q .
q

3j. Write down the power series for 1 [2 marks]


.
1+x2

3k. Hence, using integration, find the power series for arctan x, giving the [4 marks]
first four non-zero terms.

1
Consider the expression − √1 − x where a ∈ Q, a ≠ 0.
√1+ax
The binomial expansion of this expression, in ascending powers of x, as far as the
term in x2 is 4bx + bx2 , where b ∈ Q .

4a. Find the value of a and the value of b . [6 marks]


4b. State the restriction which must be placed on x for this expansion to be [1 mark]
valid.

5a. 3n + 1 [3 marks]
Express the binomial coefficient ( ) as a polynomial in n.
3n − 2

5b. 3n + 1 [3 marks]
Hence find the least value of n for which ( ) > 106 .
3n − 2

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2022


International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

Printed for IHSAN DOGRAMACI FNDN


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