REPORT

ON
RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORKS
EXPERIENCE(RAWE)-2019

W H ER E W ISD O M IS FR E E

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
UTTAR BANGA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA
PUNDIBARI, COOCHBEHAR,
WB- 736165
 Dedicated
to
all the 'Peasants'
of
D.K.KUTHI,
Pundibari,CoB
2019

UTTAR BANGA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAY

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
 PUNDIBARI, COOCHBEHAR (WB)

W H ERE W ISD OM IS FR EE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work and experience recorded in the report entitled, “Rural
Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)-2019” under Student-READY programme-2019
performed at the village D.K.Kuthi, Pundibari, Coochbehar-ll , submitted by the students to
8th Term B.Sc.(Ag.)Hons.-2019 of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya as a part of RAWE
Programme is a bonafide work carried out under your supervisions and guidance. To the
best of our knowledge, information presented in the report is authentic which were
compiled from the collected primary data obtained through field works/survey. Any chapter
or portion of this report has not been published or sent for publication elsewhere.
Assistance and services received during this job from different persons and
organizations have been duly acknowledged.
We hope a bright future of our students.

Dr. Kausik Pradhan

Central Level Coordinator (RAWE)
Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension

Dr.Gobinda Mula
Local Level Coordinator (RAWE)
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our heartiest gratitude to our honourable Vice Chancellor, Dr. Chirantan

Chattopadhyay for taking interest and all necessary arrangements including our stipend in this
RAWE programme. We are extremely grateful to our Dean, Faculty of Agriculture Prof. (Dr.)

Tapan Kumar Hath, who acted like an academic gurdian and also kept constant touch with us
throughout the tenure and endeavoured to make this course successful.
We are very much indebted to have Dr. Kausik Pradhan as our RAWE Central Level Co-
ordinator who organized this course, guided us, motivated us, encouraged us and ensured our
academic benefits out of it. We would like to pay our sincere gratitude to Dr. Gobinda Mula as our
Local Level Co-ordinator who had always played a benevolent role in materializing the entire
programme . We are also thankful to all the Professors and Heads of all the Departments who actively
participated in our orientation programme and supervised us in performing Participatory Rural
Appraisal (PRA) and Field and also shared their experiences for our benefits. They have also guided
us how to prepare the report for evaluation.
We extend our special thank to all the members of KrishiRatna Farmers Club, who have
assisted us in manifold activities to effectuate the village attachment programme and acted as our local
guardian. We are indebted to all the farmers of D.K.Kuthi village who participated and supported
our work experience programme without whom this programme could not be organized successfully.
We will be highly grateful to all the Local Level Co-ordinators for their continuous effort in correcting
and midifying the manuscript to make this report final.
Lastly but not the least, we will remain thankful to office staff of Dean (F/Ag.) and those all who
directly or indirectly helped and co-operated us in accomplishing this academic exercise successfully.
 CONTENT

Sl. No. Subject Page No.

From To
1 Introduction
2 I. Rural Agricultural Works Experience
(RAWE)
Concepts
Basic information of the study area (Village)
A. Space Analysis
a. Transect Work
b. Social Map
c . Natural Resource Map
d. Hydrological Map
B. Time Analysis
a. Time line
b. Time Trend Analysis on Fertilizer Requirement Per
Unit Area
c. 1. Seasonality Diagram of Agricultural Crops
c. 2. Seasonality Diagram of Horticultural Crops
d. 1. Daily Work Schedule of Men in Village
d. 2. Daily Work Schedule of Village women
C.FLOW ANALYSIS
a. Venn Diagram
b. Mobility Map
c.1. Flow Chart Diagram of Agricultural Crops
c.2. Flow Chart Diagram of Horticultural Crops
d.1. Cause Effect Analysis of Late Blight Of Potato
d.2. Cause Effect Analysis of Brinjal Fruit and Shoot
Borer
D. Decision Analysis
a. Matrix Ranking on Preference of Rice Variety
b. Matrix Ranking on Crop Preference of the Villagers
c. Matrix Ranking on Agricultural Problem Prioritization
II. DEPARTMENT WISE FIELD STUDY
ANALYSIS (Field Study)
• Department of Extension
• Department of Statistics
• Department of Agronomy
• Department of Pomology and Post Harvest Technology
• Department of Soil Science
• Department of Plant Pathology
• Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Seed
 Technology
• Department Of Entomology
• Department ofAgricultural Economics
• Department of Animal Science and Fishery

 Department of Biochemistry
3 Scope for Entrepreneurship Development
4 Summary, Conclusion &
Recommendations

1. INTRODUCTION
Student READY (Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development
Yojana) Programme
Modern agriculture has transformed itself from “way of life” to “agri-business” which
leads to development of “Entrepreneurship” in a most feasible manner. Thus, the student
READY Programme was initiated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India on 25 th July, 2015.
The term READY refers to “Rural and Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana”
and the programme was conceptualized to reorient graduates of Agriculture and allied
subjects for ensuring and assuring employability and develop entrepreneurs for emerging
knowledge intensive agriculture. It also envisages the introduction of the programme in all
the Agricultural Universities as an essential prerequisite for the award of degree to ensure
hands on experience and practical training. This programme includes five components i.e.
Experiential Learning, Rural Awareness Works Experience, In-Plant Training / Industrial
attachment, Hands-on training (HOT) / Skill development training and Students Projects. All
these components are interactive and are conceptualized for building skills in project
development and execution, decision-making, individual and team coordination, approach to
problem solving, accounting, quality control, marketing and resolving conflicts, etc. with end
to end approach.
Components Covered
 Rural Agricultural Work Experience
 In-Plant Training / Agro Industrial attachment
 Experiential Learning/Hands-on-Training
Component I: Rural Agricultural Work Experience
The Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) helps the students primarily to understand
the rural situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the
farmers’ problems and to develop skills and attitude of working with farm families for
overall development in rural areas. The students may be placed in the villages adjacent to the
University establishments like College, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Regional Research Station,
Regional Research Sub-Station etc. under its jurisdiction.
Component-II: In-Plant Training / Agro Industrial Attachment (AIA)
Technology and globalization are ushering an era of unprecedented change. The need
and pressure for change and innovation is immense. To enrich the practical knowledge of the
students, in-plant training shall be mandatory for a period of up to 3 weeks. In this training,
students will have to study a problem in industrial perspective and submit the report. Such in-
plant training will provide an industrial exposure to the students as well as to develop their
career in the high tech industrial requirements. The students may be placed in Agro-and
Cottage industries include Seed / Sapling production, Pesticides-insecticides, Post-harvest-
processing-value addition, Agri-finance institutions, etc. and Commodities Boards for 3
weeks.
Component-III : Experiential Learning Programme (ELP)/ Hands on Training (HOT)
Experiential Learning (EL) helps the student to develop competence, capability,
capacity building, acquiring skills, expertise, and confidence to start their own enterprise and
turn job creators instead of job seekers. This is a step forward for “Earn while Learn”
concept. Experiential Learning is an important module for high quality professional
competence and practical work experience in real life situation to Graduates. The module
with entrepreneurial orientation of production and production to consumption pattern is
expected to facilitate producing Job Providers rather than Job Seekers.
It may be mentioned here that present report has been prepared for Component-I
(RAWE). The reports on Component-II and Component-III will be submitted separately.
Of late, use of technologies plays an important role while producing different brands
and qualities of agricultural products to fulfil the requirements of the market. Though
agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, still it remains a risky business and complex
in nature and, thus, it demands much more attentions. It is seen that due to immense
application of improved agricultural technologies, India has experienced a golden era of
agricultural development through Green Revolution. But it is also the fact that the
technological gap was present between the present practices of farmer and the recommended
practices, generated from different research institutions. It is the evident that only 19 per cent
of technologies of Green Revolution have been adopted at the farm level. So, it is always
durable that detail study on existing resources, technologies, production, market and interests
of all stakeholders is relevant to have an idea on the existing practices and futures scopes of
further development. As such, new innovations are expected to appear to apply in agricultural
business in future. This concept has been incorporated in the agricultural education system in
India.
In India, agricultural education system aims at producing skilled and expert human
resources. Thus, it is made an essential requirement that before obtaining the under-graduate
degree in agriculture, the students will be exposed to the field situations to learn the farming
communities and compare their class room learning in field situations. Based on the study,
students are required to use their innovative idea and propose alternative development
strategy on different aspects of agriculture including entrepreneurship development.
In view of above, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya has arranged this RAWE
programme. It is, thus, expected that with the existing teaching, research and extension
climate, the present report will try to explain the different aspects of analytical study and
findings obtained Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) which is based on the
participatory methodology and has been a meeting place of theory and practical studies. This
programme is performed by the under-graduate students for partial fulfilment of degree to
B.Sc.(Ag.)Hons.-2018.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The following specific objectives were delineated for the present Rural Agricultural
Work Experiences (RAWE):
 To provide an opportunity to the B.Sc.(Ag.)Hons. students for reorienting their
subject matters knowledge through work experiences in local situation.
 To know socio-economic status of the rural people in the particular area.
 To enumerate the local livelihood status of the people by the students for
getting information regarding people's farm experiences.
 To emphasize the communication linkage between the organization,
agricultural university and local people.
 To develop confidence and competency of the students and local people for
solving the problems related to farm enterprises with the help of local
resources.

LIMITATIONS of the study

 Inadequate time limit.

 Small size of target respondents.
 Homogeneity of target people or farm entrepreneurs.
 Very little fund allotment of the course.
  Information of crops only from a single season

 RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORKS

EXPERIENCE (RAWE)

CONCEPT

Rural Agricultural work experience (RAWE) is a clear defined concept which is

embedded with the concept of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) as well as Participatory
Learning and Action (PLA).The sharing of ideas and experiences had been incorporated in
the concept of RAWE. The information generated from RAWE has been used by the rural
people as well as by the erudite scientists of the research stations for solving the problem in
different specific agro-climatic regions. The principle of seeking diversity in rural level utters
the drivers information regarding different crop enterprises as well as human enterprises. The
information regarding different arena had been collected through RAWE for utilizing it to
solve the problems of local area after analyzing and blending with the scientific information.
It supports a strong rationale for solving the local problems with the help of local resources.
RAWE also helps to gather information from the remotest areas which implies for
offsetting the spatial biases. There are several concepts and methodology embedded in
RAWE. Among them PRA and PLA are the two pillars. The work has been conducted with
the help of PRA methodology. For this reason the information generated from farm work
experience are very much valid as well as reliable in given context.
Due to cross checking and triangulation among the people, the information are very
much sustainable in particular local situation. Not only that the learning of different
technologies occur through sharing the experiences among the farmers as well as subject
matter specialists.
The intrinsic essence of RAWE is that the experience learnt by the rural people within
their local situation with the help of their own local knowledge, amalgamated with the
recommended package of practices for solving their own problem by in-sighting their local
resources available in their own situation.

Orientation class
 There was an orientation programme of about 2 days i.e. from 6 th to 7th February,2019.The
main aim of orientation was to aware the students about this work which is to be done in the
village during village attachment programme. The programme was held with the presence of
our Dean sir, Dean(Post Graduate) sir, Associate Dean sir any many more dignitaries of our
university. The programme was conducted by all Central and Local Level Coordinators(our
respected and dear teachers) of RAWE.

During this all the students were grouped imto 3 groups containing 18 to 23 number of members each and
allotted with 3 no. of villages viz. Dakshin Kalarayer Kuthi, Petvatta Chandan Chowra and Sajerpar

Kathalbari.

Students of 8th Term, B.Sc.(Ag.)Hons.-2019 (Group-B)

List of the Students of Group-B

1. ABHRADEEP SARKAR
2. AMRITA KUMAR SARKAR

3. SAMIUL ISLAM SHAIKH

4. ARINDAM SARKAR
5. BISWAJIT DUTTA
6. BRATATI KANJILAL
7. DEBANJAN DAS
8. MD. FIROZ MONDAL
9. SANDIP LOHARA
10. MITADRU CHANDA
11. KUMAR MRIMAY NARAYAN
12. NASRIN PERWEEN
13.PIYALI DAS
14. SK. RABIUL ALAM
15. ROUNAB SARKAR
16. SAHINA PERWEEN
17. SALMA SAHANI
18. SNEHASIS DEBSHARMA
19. SUMIT MAITY
20. TAKBIR ALI
21. SANDEEP ROY
22. SAMRAT PAUL
23. DIPANKAR ROY

Some basic information about the village:

 Village- Dakshin Kalarayer Kuthi
 Panchayat-Pundibari Gram Panchayat.
 Block- Coochbehar-ll
 District- Coochbehar
 Position: Latitude: 26° 2 4 ' 16.3
Longitude: 89° 2 2' 40.8
The study area of D.K.Kuthi was selected for the following reasons –

● The ample opportunity to found innovative farm entrepreneur.

●Farmers' indigenous technology.

● Scope for improving the local rural situation.

● Profuse natural resource.
● Diversified demographic features.
● Different types of farm entrepreneur.
● Greater scope to get information from agricultural university.
● Lastly, easy accessibility.

DEMOGRAPHY:
Sl no Items Total numbers

1 Total household 645

2 Total population 2646
3 Total male 1347
4 Total female 1209
5 SC 539
6 ST 1
7 Child population 332
 Percentage of farmers
Sl No Farmers NoS Percentage
1 Marginal 1380 84%
2 Small 230 14%
3 Medium 25 1.7%
4 Large 4 0.3%
I. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

1.1. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

Participatory methods and tools are mainly used for agro eco system analysis. PRA is one of that.

Participatory -Means that people are involved in the process - a “bottom-up” approach that requires
good communication, skills and attitude of project staff.

Rural - The techniques can be used in any situation, urban or rural, with both literate and illiterate
people.

Appraisal -
The finding
out of
information
about
problems,
needs, and
potential in
a village. It
is the first
stage in any
project.

PRA is
a

methodology for interacting with villagers and seeking their participation in putting forward their point of
views about problem analysing and equalizing the information to acquire learning. It takes into account the
peoples indigenous knowledge.
 1.1.1.Principles
● Respecting people’s knowledge and learning from them.  Listening to the disadvantaged.

● Optimal ignorance: Do not collect data, which you do not need.  Flexibility: PRA does not stick to fixed
plan to action.

1.1.2.Aims of PRA:
 To build up a permanent “people first” attitudes in the minds of the participants. To show
that “people are capable agents to change their own lives” but require limited outside
assistance.
 To establish a notion of “respect” to the people’s knowledge in the life of professionals and
their institutions.
 To provide simple analytical tools to analyze rural situations.
 To show some of the analytical tools to the community in the field setting and understand
their suitability to farmer situation.
 To enhance participant’s ability to plan with the community.

1.1.3. DATA COLLECTION METHODOLOGY:

Proceeding started with Ice-Breaking. An icebreaker is a facilitation exercise intended to help
members of a group begin the process
of forming themselves into a team.
Icebreakers are commonly presented as a
game to "warm up" the group by
helping the members to get to know each
other. They often focus on sharing
personal information.

The data were collected with the help of pre-

tested interview schedule constructed by the
teachers/scientists of the University for
generating the data with regard to
individual farm entrepreneur. In case of
collecting group information through utilising or administering, following PRA tools have been exercised.

 Transect Walk
 Social Map
 Hydrological Map
 Resource Map
 Time Line
 Venn diagram
 Mobility Map
 To collect
the
secondary
data
regarding
the village
and block
profile
including
their agro-
ecosystem,
agro-
climate, marketing infra-structure and banking system the students were taken the help of Block
Development Office, Agriculture Development Office and Panchayat Office.

1.2. TRANSECT WALK:

 The researcher and key informants conduct a walking tour through areas of interest to
observe, to listen, to identify different zones or conditions, and to ask questions to identify
problems
and possible
solutions.
 Wi
th this
method, the
outsider can
quickly
learn about
topography,
soils, land
use, forests,
 wa
tersheds, and
community
assets.
 Findings:
◆ We able to know various facts about village like their credit resource, water resource and
hazards, community resource, differences in house hold, village infrastructure, Land use pattern,
Agricultural production etc.

1.3.SOCIAL MAP:
This map is a graphic representation of the cognitive (perceived) image depicts the whole picture
pertaining to certain place or location. Therefore, proportions, scales and dimensions tend to distort but with a high
level of detailing and accuracy can be obtained
Learning objectives of social map are :
 To have an overview of the villagers perception about all their social resources and micro environment.
 To gain insight from the villager about their practice of resources utilization spatially
Components : ▪ Road.
 Household.
 Village institution.
 Para/mahalla.
 Caste.
 Occupation.
 Religion distribution.
 Rural leaders.
 Any other important rural features.

?
 Findings:
 Among them most of the houses are kaccha except 50-55 concrete houses.
 There are one Primary school, one Sub-health centre, one ICDS, one Farmers' club, one
Krisak Mandi and one Temple.
 All portion of this village is covered with electricity.
 Most of the households of the village have sanitary toilet.
 There are 100 villagers who are also member of the self help group.
 Their main occupation is cultivation.
 From the social map, we observed that it is a developing village.
 There are about 645 households in this village.
 They are small & marginal farmer.
 In recent times, the agriculture shows much more developed.

1.4. Natural Resource Map

This map in a graphic representation of the cognitive (perceived) image depicts the whole
picture pertaining to certain place or location with major components like Land type (topography), soil
types, enterprises, water resources, cropping sequence, pasture land, problematic area (if any) and other
related items.
Learning objectives
 To have an overview of the villagers' perception about all their natural resources and micro-
environment.
 To gain insight from the villager about their practice of resource utilization spatially.
Methods
The people who know the area and topic of the natural resource map exercise and willing to share
their knowledge had been chosen for the work.
 1.5. HYDROLOGICAL MAP:
Hydrological map showing such hydrological features as rivers and streams; the purpose and
content of these maps vary according to the country of their origin. Some maps are used as supplements
to a detailed written.
Since hydrology embraces the many subsystems relating to water, the maps may be
constructed for each individually or may combine the features of more than one subsystem.

)
1.6.MOBILITY MAP

Mobility map is a method used to explore the movement pattern of an individual, a group, or a
community. Where people go and for what reason? How frequent are the visits, what is the
distance, and is importance about the place visited?
The mobility map is a representation of people’s perception of movement patterns and the
reasons for them.
Mobility map shows that people of this area move all over India for different purposes but
majority of them go outside to arrange their livelihood of his own and family.
1.8.TIME LINE

The facilitators meet small groups of villagers and discuss with them the most important events in
the community’s past and prepare with the information a historical timeline which serves as the base
for further work. It is important to involve different groups of the communities to get their usually
different perspectives. The timeline with basic events can be used to focuss discussions on problems,
social and technological innovations or on communities history of co operations and activities which
helped them to solve in past problems successfully.

1.10. TIME TREND:

Time trend designs are a form of longitudinal ecological study and can provide a dynamic view of
populations health status. Like other ecological studies the data are collected at a population level and
can be used to generate hypothesis for further research,rather than demonstrating causalty.

1.10. VENN DIAGRAM: The Venn Diagram

on Institutions shows institutions, organisations, groups and important
individuals found in the village, as well as the villagers view of their importance in the community.
Additionally the Diagram explains who participates in these groups in terms of gender and wealth.
 II. DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
LAY OUT AND RBD EXPERIMENT

Introduction
Design is the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the
needed information in a research study. The researcher selects participants and divides them into 2 or
more groups having similar characteristics and then applies the treatment(s) to the groups and measures
the effects upon the groups.
A randomized complete block design is an experimental design for comparing t treatments in b
blocks. The blocks consist of t homogenous experimental units. Treatments are randomly assigned to
experimental units within a block, with each treatment appearing exactly once in every block.

RBD design
Objectives
 To study the RBD experiment In the farmers field (for boro rice)
 To know the actual urea requirement in the farmers field condition.
PRINCIPLE:
 The experiment design which controls the fertility variation in one direction only is known as
randomized block design.
 Most commonly used design in field experiment.
 When the experimental field is heterogeneous.
ADVANTAGES:
 The design is useful for comparing t treatment means in the presence of a single extraneous source of
variability.
 The statistical analysis is simple.
  The design is easy to construct.
 It can be used to accommodate any number of treatments in any number of blocks.
DISADVANTAGES:
 The design is useful for comparing t treatment means in the presence of a single extraneous source of
variability.
 The statistical analysis is simple.
 The design is easy to construct.
 It can be used to accommodate any number of treatments in any number of blocks.
EXPERIMENTA DETAILS:
i) RBD Design.
ii) Total area of the field: 21x17.5mxm.
iii) Total number of treatment: 5.
iv) Total number of replication: 4.
v) Total number of plot: 20.
vi) Size of the individual plot: 3.5x5.375mxm.
vii) Fertility direction of the field: west to east(according to the respected farmer)
viii) Blocking: North to south (perpendicular to the fertility gradient of the field)
Fertilizer doses
i. Total amount of P2O5 requirement(SSP): 281.25kg/ha.
So, for the each plot(18.375mxm) requirement is 517g.
At the time of field preparation(basal)P2O5: 387.75 g.
Rest at the time of first top dressing: 135.25g.
ii. Total amount of K2O requirement(MOP): 100kg/ha.
So, for the each plot(18.375mxm)requirement: 187.75g at the time of field preparation.
iii. Total nitrogen in the form of (urea): first half at the time of field preparation and remaining 1/4th at
the time of first top dressing(21DAS) and last 1/4th part at second top dressing(42DAS).
Lay out
 The whole field is divided into same size and shape.
 Blocking done perpendicular to the direction of fertility gradient of the field.
 The number of plots is equal to the product of treatment and replications.
Size of the filed

17.5 m (NORTH)

21 m (WEST) 21 m (EAST)

(South)17.5 m

Plot size
B1 B2 B3 B4

3.5 m x 5.25 m

17.5 m

21 m

Fertilizer dose (Urea)

100 Kg/ha 398gm/18.375 mxm

T1
115 Kg/ha 459gm/18.375mxm

130 Kg/ha 519gm/18.375mxm

145 Kg/ha 579gm/18375mxm

160 Kg/ha 639gm/18.375mxm

Table 1: Write matter/problem

B1 B3 B4
B2
 T2 T4 T1 T3

T4 T3 T1
T2
T1 T5 T2 T4

T3 T3 T5 T2

T5 T1 T5
T4

T1: 398gm/18.375mxm
T2: 459gm/18.375mxm

T3: 519gm/18.375mxm

T4: 579gm/18.375mxm

T5: 639gm/18.375mxm

Conclusion
 Our main objective to know how RBD is done in field has fulfilled.
 Yield level varies in different plots due to different dose of fertilizer.
 Different Yield level helps to know us what is the actual fertilizer requirement.
 But due to short of time we are unable to do the crop cutting experiment and final yield calculation.
 III. DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
Learning objectives
● To study the existing cropping system, constraints and possible recommendation
● To analyse the production practices of existing major field crops and technological gap.
● To assess the weed infestation and their management
STUDY OF CROPPING PATTERN CONSTRAINTS/CHALLENGES OF CROP PRODUCTION
&THEIR RECCOMENDATION″
Cropping pattern - Proportion of total cropped area under various crops at a point of time in a particular
geographical area.Cropping pattern is the key to success for farmers in rural villages who depend on
agriculture for their livelihood.
 Kharif crop-Aman rice/Ash gourd/cucurbits/okra.
 Rabi crop-Boro rice/local vegetables
pea/mustard/wheat/tomato/lathyrus/brinjal/lentil/tomato/maize/potato.
 Pre kharif-Rice/jute/okra/maize/cauliflower.
 Learning Objectives
1.Maximization of net income of farmer.
2.To identify development pathway and drivers of changes.
3.To identify labour use pattern and income from farm and non farm activities.
4.To identify productivity /profitability/labour requirement and seed/ seed subsidies in changing
cropping pattern.
Crops  Constraints
Wheat  lack of proper land levelling, seed treatment.
 lack of government support.
 climate not suitable for wheat production.
Potato  highly prone to late blight infestation.
 lack of seed treatment.
 lack of quality seed.
 lack of proper storage structure.
Maize  dominance of sandy soil leads leaching and percolation loss.
 Lacking of knowledge of organic manure use.
Mustard  Alterneria blight infestation more.
 High weed population of argemonmexicana.
Tomato  Fruit borer infestation more.
 Late blight infestation more.
 Lack of proper disease and pest infestation.
Cole crops  Cabbage head blight infestation more.
 Lack of quality seed.
 Lack of government support.
 Crops Recommendation (focus the major 3-4 points of intervention only)

Rice  To adopt test based nutrientsapplication.

 To adopt proper plant protection measures.
 Use of high yielding variety of rice.
 Follow stubble mulching for soil moisture conservation.
 Application of boron in form of Borex@ 10 to12 kg/ha and Zn inform of Znso4@
25kg/ha.

Wheat  Use of certified seed.

 Proper seed treatment with carboxin and vitavex@2-3gm/kg seed to avoiding loose
smut.
 Apply 25% nutrient through organic sources.
 Collection of rain water in plastic tank to minimise the problem of irrigation.
Potato  Proper pest and disease management practices.
 Seed treatment should be done with Mancozeb@ 2.5gm/kg insufficient quantity of water
for 30 minutes.
 Provide quality seed.
 Spray Mancozeb@3gm/Lit of water it five days interval to reduce the Late blight
infestation.
Maize  Provide high yielding disease resistant variety.
 Provide government support.
 Soil test based nutrient supply.
 Add 25 to 30% organic manure in field to conserve nutrient and moisture.

Mustard
 Proper land levelling .
 Spray Mancozeb@ 2.5-3kg in 1000lit water/ha.

POSSIBLE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING CROPPING PATTERN

 introduction of IFS by integration of interprises like poultry, duckery, mushroom cultures,
apiculture, pisciculture with farming system. Example - Rice-Duck system subject to assured water
supply throughout the year.
 Here major portion are small and marginal farmer by introducing IFS it provides income throughout
the year.
 Farmers became economically benefitted. Production of rice and rearing of duck simultaneously
increases income throughout the year.
 It maintains sustainability within production system.
 Intrduction of legume crops within cropping pattern.
 Incorporation of line 1quintal/bigha two year interval.
 Application of Ash in field.
 Application of green manuring crops during rest period.

Cropping Intensity
Cropping intensity refers to raising of a number of crops from the same field during one
agriculture year. Increasing food and other agricultural demands can be meet up either expanding
 the net area under cultivation or intensifying cropping over the existing area. The net sown area of
the country has risen by about 20 per cent since independence and has reached a point where it is
not possible to make any appreciable increase. Thus; raising the cropping intensity is the only
viable option left.
Details of information about crops grown
No. of the Total cultivable Kharif Area Rabi crops Area Pre kharif crops Area cultivated (Bigha)
Respondens land of crops cultivated cultivated
respondents (Bigha) (Bigha)
1 4 Rice 3 Wheat 2 Maize 3
Potato 2
2 5 Rice 4 Potato 3 - -
3 5 Rice 5 Brinjal 2 Maize 3
Tomato 1 Boro rice 2
4 5 Rice 3 Tomato 1 Pointed gourd 0.5
Potato 3
Pea 0.5
Brinjal 0.5
5 5 Rice 5 Potato 4 - -
Mustard 1
6 6 Rice 5 Tomato 1 - -
Brinjal 1 cabbage 1
Pea 1
Brinjal 1
Cowpea 0.5
7 2.5 Rice 2.5 Lentil 2.5 Boro rice 2.5
8 2.5 Rice 2.5 Tomato 0.3 Maize 0.75
Okra 0.5
9 4 Rice 3 Tomato 2 okra 1
pea 1
Brinjal 1
10 5 Brinjal 3 Mustard 4 Maize 3
Pea 1

Cropping Intensity (CI) = (Gross Cropped Area / Net Cropped Area) X 100
Gross Cropped Area of the village =
(3+2+2+4+3+5+2+1+3+2+3+1.625+1+3+0.5+0.5+0.5+5+4+1+5+1+1+1+1+1+0.5+1+2.5+2.5+2.5+2.5+
0.3+0.75+0.5+3+2+1+1+1+3+4+1+3)= 92.175
Net cropped area of the village =(4+5+5+5+5+6+2.5+2.5+4+5) = 44
Overall Cropping Intensity of the village = (92.175/44) X 100 = 209.4%
Comment
Though cropping intensity of the village (209.4%) is above the national average (142%) still there
is a huge scope to increase the cropping intensity by introducing short duration varieties of crop in the
fallow period.

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES OF MAJOR CROPS

Name of the crops under consideration: Potato and Mustard
 POTATO

1.Variety used
Farmer’s practice – Kufri jyoti, Punjab Jyoti, Holand, Certified seed from Bhutan
Recommended practice – Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Pukhraj, Kufri Chandramukhi & Kufri Ashoka
Technology Gap –Lack of knowledge about early and long duration varieties
Suggestions - Use Kufri Pukhraj and Chandramukhi under late sown condition and Kufri Jyoti under
timely sown condition
2. Sources of seed
Farmer’s practice – Dealer, Jateswar market, Retailer
Recommended practice – Certified seed dealer, Any Govt. certified seed agency, KPS
Technology Gap – Lack of awareness among the farmers about importance of quality seed or planting
materials
Suggestion –Tubers showing any surface borne disease like scab, wart, should be sorted out. It is
advisable to use certified seed for good yields
3. Time of sowing
Farmer’s practice – November-December
Last week of November to 15th December
Recommended practice – 2nd week of November to 1st week of December
Technology Gap – Timely sowing can help to attain optimum yield
Suggestion - Use short duration varieties like Kufri Ashoka (70-80 days) and Kufri Lauvkar (75-80 days)
under late sown condition
4. seed rate, Tuber size, Seed treatment
Operations Farmer’s practice Recommended practice Technology Gap Suggestion

Seed Rate 10-15 q/ha 20-25 q/ha Improper seed rate Use adequate seed rate for getting
optimum yield

Tuber size 20-25 g 30-50 g Lower weight tubers Use appropriate wt. of tuber for
used by farmers planting

Seed _ 1. Tubers may be treated in Lack of knowledge Use seed treatment to control seed
treatment Mancozeb @ 3 g/Kg of seed about seed treatment borne diseases up to 25%
2. Tubers may also be treated among the farmers
with Plantomycin @ 1g/5 Kg
of seed to eliminate any
bacterial infection

5. Manure and Fertilizer Application

Farmer’s practice: FYM @ 10-20 kg/ha, 10:26:26 @ 90-100 kg/Bigha ,Urea @ 10-20kg/Bigha as basal
dose
Recommended practice: FYM @ 20-30 t/ha, N:P:K @ 100-200 : 60-80 : 100-120 kg/ha
Technology Gap: Improper use of fertilizer particularly phosphorus and FYM
Suggestion: Farmers are advised to follow the recommended dose of phosphorus and FYM. More
nitrogen should not be used and it should be applied in 3 split doses. If possible use Vermicompost
instead of FYM.
6. Irrigation Scheduling
Farmer’s practice: 1st at 30 DAS, 2nd at 45-60 DAS
Recommended practice: 8 irrigation at 7 days interval starting from 30 DAP
Technology Gap: Lack of proper knowledge about irrigation scheduling
Suggestion: Use moisture conservation techniques(mulching) and apply organic manure
7. Plant Protection Scheduling
Farmer’s practice: Indofil M 45 i.e Mancozeb @100-150 g/bigha, Krilaxyl for late blight, Delphos
Recommended practice : Mancozeb formulation @3g/lit of water alternated with Copper hydroxide
(Kocide) @ 2 g/litre of water before disease appearance for late blight control. After disease appearance
application of Cymoxanil + Mancozeb (Curzate M 8) @ 1.5 g/Litre of water or
Trifloxystrobin+tebuconazole (Nativo) @ 1 g/litre of water in case of heavy infection.
Technology Gap : Farmers have inadequate information about the protection measures
Suggestion : They may use resistant varieties, alternate spraying with different types of
chemicals, they may also destroy the infected plant parts

8.Yield

Farmer’s practice : 2280-2470 kg/Bigha

2000 kg/Bigha
Recommended practice : 4000-5000 kg/Bigha
Technology Gap : Present yield is below the expected yield due to lack of awareness and insufficient
knowledge about package of practice
Suggestion : They may follow proper scientific technique of cultivation, use of high yielding variety
suitable for this particular village situation

MUSTARD

1.Variety used

Farmer’s practice: Keshri Gold, Pan 70,B-9

Recommended practice: M-27, Pusa Mustard-29
Technology Gap: All the farmers are not aware about the new varieties which is suitable for this village
Suggestion: As the soil of the region is acidic, so acid tolerant variety (M-27, Pusa Mustard-29) may be
grown
2. Sources of Seed
Farmer’s practice: KPS, Jateswar Market Fertilizer Shop, Farmer’s seed
Recommended practice: Certified seed dealer, Any Govt. certified seed agency, KPS
Technology Gap: Some of the farmers have lack of information about quality seed
Suggestion: They may use certified seed and diseases free seed for their cultivation.
3.Time of Sowing
Farmer’s practice: Last week of November to 1st week of December, 2nd week of December
Recommended practice: 1st fortnight of October
Technology Gap: Improper knowledge about optimum time of sowing
Suggestion: Farmers may be advised for timely sowing practice to get high yield and less disease pest
infestation
4.Method of Sowing
Farmer’s practice: Broadcasting
Recommended practice: Line sowing
Technology Gap: Inadequate knowledge about proper method of sowing
Suggestion: Farmer’s may be advised to use improved method of sowing for lowering seed
rate and getting optimum yield
5. Manure and Fertilizer Application
Farmer’s practice: 10:26:26 @ 20-30 kg/bigha
Zn @ 2 kg/bigha FYM @ 10-15 kg/bigha
Recommended practice: N:P:K @ 60-90:60:40
FYM @ 15-20 t/ha
Technology Gap: Improper use of fertilizer and manure
Suggestion: Farmers are requested to follow proper doses of FYM and fertilizer
6. Irrigation Scheduling
Farmer’s practice: One irrigation at 30 DAS
Recommended practice: Two irrigations at pre bloom and pod filling stages
Technology Gap: Lack of proper information about irrigation scheduling
Suggestion: Farmers may follow recommended irrigation scheduling which is more beneficial for the
crop
7. Plant Protection Scheduling
Farmer’s practice: Rogor 30EC and Imidachlopid 20EC @ 5ml/drum (15 lit of water) applied at 3
drum/ bigha 2-3 times at 15 days interval
Recommended practice: Apply copper oxychloride (Blitox) @ 4g/lit of water in alteration with
chlorothalonil (Bravo) @ 2g/lit of water and difenoconazole (Score) @ 1 ml/litre of water at 7 days
interval for 2-3 times
Technology Gap: Lack of awareness about plant protection measures
Suggestion: Farmers may use resistant varieties, follow proper protection measures, burn the affected
plant part after harvest
8. Yield
Farmer’s practice: 120-160 kg /bigha
Recommended practice: 20-25 q/ha
Technology Gap: Present yield is below the expected yield due to lack of awareness and insufficient
knowledge about package of practices .
Suggestion: They may follow proper scientific technique of cultivation, use of high yielding variety
suitable for this particular village situation.

Weed Diversity And Their Management-

Learning objective
To study intensity of occurrence of weeds, damage and control management by the respondent
in the area under study. Besides, Documentation of different weed sp. found in cultivated crops and also to
find out the technological gap between the traditional practices and scientific approaches of weed
management
Introduction
Weed is a plant out of place. There are 30,000 species of weeds out of which nearly 18,000 cause serious
damage in different crops resulting considerable losses to agricultural production.
Causes of yield loss

Methodology
 By interacting with farmers we got information about the weeds that are associated with the crops
grown at that area.
 We studied the village during the harvesting of winter seasons crops, and sowing time of prekharif
crops. The crops which are available at that time in the village are
1. Rice 6. Tomato
2. Maize 7. Brinjal
3. Mustard 8. Cabbage
4. Potato
5. Okra
Weeds Of Rabi And Summer(Zaid) Crops
i) Common name: Jungle rice
Botanical name: Echinochloacolonum
Infested crops: Rice, Maize etc.
Characteristics: Grasses, Apophytes(indigenous), Multisession,annual weed
ii) Common name: Barnyard grass
Botanical name: Echinochloacrusgalli
Infested crops: Rice, other cereals
Characteristics: Grasses, Monocot,
Annual, weed.
iii) Common name: Mexican prickly
poppy
Botanical name: Argemone
Mexicana
Infested crops: Mustard, Potato etc.
Characteristics: Annual, Alien
(Foreign), weed.
iv) Common name: Bathua
Botanical name: Chenopodiumalbum
Infested crops: Potato, brinjal,chilli,cabbage,
cauliflower etc.
Characteristics: Broad leaf,winter season, annual.
Use: Used as leafy vegetable.
v) Common name: Bon begun
Botanical name: Solanumnigrum
Infested crops: Maize, Brinjal, tomato, etc.
vi) Common name:Purple nut sedge
Botanical name: Cyperusrotundas
Infested crops: Almost all crops.
Characteristics: It is a perennial sedge. It is one of the world worst weed, can be found in 92
countries and 52 crop fields.
vii) Common name: Kantanotey
Botanical name:Amaranthusspinosus
Infested crops: Mustard, Brinjal, tomato, okra.
Common name: Senji
viii) Botanical name: Melilotussp.
Infested crops: PotatCommonname:Bunopalak
Botanical name: Rumexsp.
Infested crops: Potato, Cabbage, tomato, okra etc.
Characteristics: Winter season, annual
ix) Common name: Kesud weed.
Botanical name: Spilanthessp.
Infested crops: Can be found in Mustard, Potato,okra,brinjal, tomato etc. field.
x) Common name: Goat weed
Botanical name: Ageratumconyzoides
It infests both cropped and non-cropped area found throughout theyear.
Weed Management Adopted By Farmer Indigenous Method
 Hand weeding: They practice hand weeding by means khurpi, nirani, etc.
 The farmers incorporate the weeds by using country plough before sowing of any crop.mostly after
20-25 days after sowing and another 40-45 days after sowing depending upon crop duration and
type of crops.
 Most of the farmers cut the weeds along the bunds and feed to their domestic animals.
Conventional Method
 Preparatory tillage: In these method farmers generally incorporate the weed by using tractor drawn
mould-board or disc plough.
Herbicidal Control
 Most of the farmers of Hedayetnagar village use Glyphosate, trade name Round Up @ 80 ml/ tank.
 They use Quizalofop Ethyl 30 ml / tank , trade name- targa super. it is very effective against doob
grass.
 They also use Clodinafop-propargyl @ 20 gm/ tank trade name – Avtaar.
 In potato field farmers use Metribuzine @ 0.5 kg/ bigha which is available under the trade name of
Sencor.
Recommended weed management practice

A. Preventive measure :Weed prevention comprises all measures that deny the entry and
establishment of weeds in an area.
 Control weed in the nurseries.
 Use of pure and clean and certified seed.
 Use clean farm machineries and farm animals.
 Use well decomposed farm yard manure.plant/weed quarantine law.
B. Cultural method
 Crop rotation: Crop rotation refers to growing of different crop in sequence on the same
piece of land. certain weed sp. prefers to grow in certain crop field. The growth of these kind of
weeds can be suppressed by a change of crop.
 Stale seed bed technique: The objective of this technique to induce germination of weed
seed before sowing of crops so that 2-3 flushes of germinated weeds are destroyed.
 Good crop husbandry: These include proper planting method, sowing of crop at proper
time, careful application of fertilizer, manure etc.
 Mulching and cover cropping also helps in suppression of weed flora.
C. Physical method
 Hand weeding, hand hoeing
 Tillage (off –season tillage/summer plough)
 Soil solarisation
 Mowing
 Burning
 Flooding
Technological Gap
 Inadequate knowledge about the intensity of yield loss caused weed infestation.
 They always focus in disease and insect pest management but doesn’t pay much attention in weed
management. Where as weed causes more yield loss than others.
  Most of the farmers using old herbicides.
 Lack of knowledge about proper doses for application of herbicides.
 Lack of knowledge about the pre and post emergence application of herbicides. Most of farmers
does not follow pre-emergence application. They apply herbicides when weed flora emerges out.
 Lack of knowledge about adequate soil moisture conditions for herbicides application.Butachlor
works efficiently in moist condition.
 Sometimes the farmers use same tank for herbicide use which has used for insecticides and
fungicides spray earlier. Flood zet and flood fan are ideal for herbicides spray.
 Lack of sufficient fund.
Suggestion
 Awarness on crop damage by weeds: One estimate suggests that weed causes 37% yield loss
whereas yield loss caused by disease is 22% , by insect 29 % ,and by other 12%. So farmers should
pay proper attention in controlling of weeds.
 Proper identification of weed flora.
 Use proper dose of herbicide. Consult with experts regarding selection and recommendation of
herbicides.
 Don’t use same spraying tank which has used for insecticide/fungicide spraying earlier, these may
reduce the efficacy of herbicide.
 Try to maximized the use of non-chemical methods of weed management.
 Alternate utilization and commercialization of weed sp: 1.Compost preparation by weed biomass.
2.Some weeds may be cultivated as leafy vegetable. 3. Biogas production from weed sp.

WATER MANAGEMENT :
Learning Objective
● Management of water based on the soil &crop environment to obtain better yield by efficient use of
water without any damage to environment .
● The application of water to plants is made naturally through rainfall & artificially through irrigation .
Irrigation: Artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of crop growth or crop production
in supplement to rainfall & ground water combination
SOURCE of irrigation:lifting groundwater by well,pump,motor.
▪CANAL
▪RIVER WATER
▪River bed use for nursery bed preparation ofboro rice.
▪Diara cultivation of cucurbitaceous crop in riverbank.
CROPS ARE GROWN IN HEDAYETNAGAR USING IRRIGATION WATER :
 Rice (boro)
 Maize
 Mustard
 Cauliflower
 Tomato
 Brinjal
 Okra
 Potato
 Cabbage etc.
IRRIGATION METHODS USE IN HEDAYETNAGAR
 FLOODING: Water is allowed from the channel into the entire field. Standing water is present atleast
to a small depth, spreading of water is easy .
BED/BRODER METHOD
In this method field is leveled&d divided into a small beds surrounded by bunds of 15 to 30cm
high.Small irrigation channels are provided between two adjacent row or bed .
ADVANTAGES:
 Suitable for most of the soil texture including sandy loam ,loam& clay soils .
 Large supply of water
FURROW METHOD
 Adopt to crop grown in ridge &furrow .
 Water infiltrates into the soil & spreads laterally as it flows through the furrow .

CROP NO. OF METHOD OF IRRIGA SOURCE OF GROWING STAGE

IRRIG IRRIGATION TION IRRIGATION
INTERVAL
ATION

RICE >10 FLOODING 4-6 RIVER ALL OVER

( boro) days WATER,PUMP, GROWTH
interval MOTOR STAGE

MAIZE 2 FURROW 30-45 CANAL, •Knee high stage

DAS PUMP •Flowering stage
55-60 MOTOR
DAS

MUSTARD 2 BED 35 PUMP, •Vegetative stage

METHOD DAS MOTOR •Pre-fl owering
50-55
DAS

POTATO 2 FURROW •3O-35 PUMP, •Tuber formation

DAS MOTOR, stage
•50-55 CANAL •Tuber enlargement
DAS stage

PROBLEMS :
 Irrigation moderately available
 Maximum water loss due to percolation& seepage loss.
 No modern method of irrigation (like-Sprinkler,drip )
 Efficiency is poor as even distribution of water is not possible .
 Sometimes excess application leads to deep percolation loss & leaching of nutrients .
 Maximum farmer uses pump so cost is more .
 RECOMMENDATION :
 Canal can be made by concrete as loss of infiltration can be minimise .
 Farmers may use more number of motors in place of pumps
 Farmer can use SRI system in rice production ,it require less amount of water .
  Farmer may be trained with modern method of irrigation for efficient water use & get more yield .

IV. DEPARTMENT OF pomology & post harvest technology

BACKGROUND OF CULTIVATION
 Mainly the indigenous knowledge is applied in it’s small scale to raise the plants .
 These thoughts were inherited by descent from their forefathers.
 They hardly need any pesticide & modern chemicals to spray .

Distribution Of Fruit Crops

Mango
Banana
Jackfruit
8% Papaya
19% Goava
10%
Lemon
6% Coconut
4% 9%
Ber
Jamun
15% 17% Lichi
1%9% 2% Other Minor Crops

ONE CASE STUDY :

1. One farmer was found to cultivate mango in it’s lawn .
2. He applied following nutrients :
o Cow dung , urea
o SSP ,MOP
3 He used no specific source & schedule of irrigation .
4. Unfortunately the crop plants were found infested with the following –
 Diseases –Fruit dropping ,Malformation &Anthracnose
 Pests –Stone weevil ,Fruit fly
RECOMMENDATIONS

 Varieties can be used in some cases

 Undulating regions should be levelled
 KPS or ADA can be consulted in case any serious problem arises
Other observations
 ON its household scale the entire village performed well
 Area not being well known for fruit cultivation no major steps can be recommended to farmers
 Good to see the farmers utilizing their lands for raising respective staple crops instead of wasting behind
cultivating non productive fruit crops
Matrix Ranking

25
20
Series 1
15
10
5
0

STUDY ON FRUIT CROPS

 Fruit crops Planting Materials Source No. of Plants Method of Harvesting
Yi

Mango Seedlings CADC 21 Shaking 20

Litchi st CADC 11 Hand Picking 80
1 seedlings,then layering from previous plant.

Jamun Seedlings Neighbour 06 Shaking 10

Barmese Seedlings Relative house 05 Hand Picking 50

Grape
Jack Fruit Seedlings Neighbour 19 Hand Picking 30

Guava Seedlings CADC 10 Hand Picking 25

Ber Seedlings Market 04 Shaking 2K

Papaya Seedlings Neighbour 02 Hand Picking with sickl

30

Banana Sucker Neighbour 10 Hand Picking with Sick

14

V. DEPARTMENT OF soil science

Soil Health
 The continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living system,by recognizing that it
contains biological elements that are key to ecosystem function within land.use bounderies …
it presents the soil as a finite non-renewble dyanamic living sources..

Objectives
i) To evaluate the overall soil health
ii) To identify the problems of this area soil
iii) To suggest the appropriate management practices

4.

Processes of judging the soil health

1.Physically-
soil texture by feel method-The soil is rubbed between thumb and fingers under wet
condtion.sands feels gritty & its particles can be easely seen.silt when dry feels like
flour & talcum powder.clay particles feel very plastic & exibit stickyness when wet &
hard under dry condition..
2. Observation by naked eyes -
colour of soil denotes the organic matter content.water status etc.
the status of soil after erosion, severity of erosion, destruction of soil structure
vegetation cover over the land,
presence of soil clods
3. Aasking questions to farmers
4. Analytical process
we collected 40 samples by auger from different points of the village..
a) ph is calculated by ph meter with 1:2.5 soil:solution ratio
b) organic matter by walkey & Black method
c) N is calculated

1 Earth worms 2 Few worm holes or casting

2 Erosion 2 Moderate,signs of sheet & rill erosion,some top soil blows
3 Tillage ease 4 Plow field in higher gear,soil flows,falls apart,melllow

4 soil structure 4 Crumb.granular

5.Colour(moist) 0 Tan,light yelow,orange,or light grey

6.compaction 2 Soil packs down,this hardpan or plough layer
7 Ilfiltration 2 Water soaks in slowly,some run off or puddling after heavy rain

8 Drainage 4 Water moves in good rate

9 Water retention 2 Soil is drought prone in dry weather

10 Decomposition 2 Slow rotting or residues & manures

11 Soil fertility 2 Fertility not balanced,needs help

12 Feel 2 Smooth or grainy.compresses when squeezed

13 Surface crust 0 Hard,cracked when dry,compacted
14 surface cover 2 Little residue,mostly burned
15 Hardness 2 Firm,breaks up between fingers under moderate pressure

16 Smell 2 No odour or mineral smell found

17 Soil texture 4 Loamy
18 Aeration 4 Soil is open,porous,breaths
19 Biological activity 0 Little,no signs of soil microbes
20 Topsoil depth 2 Shallow

ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES
SOIL
21 Organic matter 0 Less than 2%(1..14)
22 pH 2 6.5
23 soil test N 2 Below recommended levels,needs extra
input
24 Micronutrients 2 At minimum level or not balanced
25 Crops appearance 2 Overall crop is light green,small,in a thin
 stand
26 Nutrient deficiency 4 Crops shows sign of severe deficiencies
27 Seed germination 2 Uneven,seed must be planted deeper
28 Growth rate 2 Uneven,late to mature
29 Roots 2 Shallow,at hard agles,development
limited,few fine roots
30 Stem 2 Thin,leaning to one side
31 Leaves 2 Small,narrow,light green
32 Resists drought 2 Plants suffer in dry weather ,slow to
recover
33 Resists pests diseases 0 Damaged severely
34 Mature crop 0 Seed head or pod misshaped,grain is not
ripen shriveled,poor colour

ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES
PLANT
35 Yield 2 Grain 2-6 ton/acre
36 Feed value 2 Unbalanced in energy,protien or minerals
may require supplements
37 Test weight 2 average
38 Cost of production 2 Profits are variable,yields maintained with
and profit high input costs

ANIMALS
39 Human health 2 Occasional health problems,slow recovery
time
40 Animal health 2 Occasional,performance average
41 Wild life 0 Signs of wild life is rare,animals do not appear
healthy
WATER(ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES
42chemicals in ground 2 Found in groundwater bellow the allowble
water levels
43 surface water 4 Clear & clean

soil health scorInterpreting e card results

Dividing the total data by the total number of questions answered(43) average value is 2…so,
Health category is impaired
healthy score 3-4
impaired score 1.5-2.5
unheathy score 0-1

PROBLEMS OF THIS AREA (SOIL HEALTH MAP ?)

i) Soil is slightly acidic, so sugarcane, barley, oats are not cultivated
ii) Lack of ca, Mg ,Mb etc essential nutrients
iii) Not using lime materials
iv) Lack of awareness of necessity to reclaim acid soil
v) Irrigation is not available through the year, Cropping pattern so they don’t cultivate
legumes after high feeding crops like maize
vi) If for some months also all farmers are not getting Govt help in irrigation
vii) So for them costly cultivation
viii) lack of contact with Govt persons
ix) though presence of KPS,ADA all farmers are not getting certified seed, subsidy in
fertilizers, crops loans etc
x) Cooperative attitudes from the farming community may help solve many of their
problems including soil.
RECOMMENDATION
a) More awareness programme about more green manure use , less use of inorganic fertilizer,
inm need to be started
b) More contact with kps, ada,ubkv,bank is needed
c) for getting govt policy farmers have to be united , so one farmers’ club is very
necessary
d) for farmers bengali leaflet or book with recommendation about variety , fertilizer ,
time of sowing , management practices with hedayetnagar atmosphere specific

VI. DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

 DISEASE status of STANDING FIELD CROPS
Introduction: Plant pathology deals with the study of plant diseases and their management. The
diseases are mainly caused by Bacteria, Virus, Fungus and other microorganisms.
Here are some common plant diseases which were observed during field study and are described below.

Objective
▪ To identify various severe diseases appeared in different crops and evaluate their severity/intensity.
▪ To develop a clear and practical knowledge about the symptoms, transmission process and other factors
of different diseases.
▪ To suggest probable management practices to control the diseases.

Disease assessment:General procedure to be followed

Incidence:
a.The proportion or percentage of diseased units within a sampling unit.In specific situations,incidence
can be the proportion or percentage of diseased leaves on a plant,diseased stalk on a tiller,or diseased
trees in a orchard.
b.It refers to the number of plant units that are visibly diseased,usually relative to the total number of
units assessed.
Severity:
a.The quantity of disease affecting plants within a sampling unit.
b.The area or volume of plant tissue that is diseased,usually relative to the total area volume.
A. Disease Name-Potato late blight (Photo ?)
Causal Organism-Phytophthora infestans 
Symptoms:-The pathogen causes purplish-brown lesions on the surface of tubers. 
Blackish water soaked lesions occur on the leaves and whitish sporulation of the pathogen can be seen
around the margin of the lesions, particularly on the underside of the leaf. 
The lesions commonly occur at the junction of the leaf and stem where water may accumulate or on
clusters of leaves at the top of the stem.
Potato tuber show reddish brown discoloration.
Disease Scale in Potato
0-9 scale rating(leaf blight, rust)
0=o-3% damage
1=3-6% damage
2=6-12% damage
3=12-25% damage
4=25-50% damage
5=50-75% damage
6=75-88% damage
7=88-94% damage
8=94-97% damage
9=97-100% damage
Disease Severity=(sum ofAll numerical ratingsx100)/(Number of plants Observed X Highest rating in the
Scale)
Spot No
Plant No L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Disease Severity Average
1 1 1 8 2 4 0 37.78 31.4656
2 4 1 1 9 2
3 4 8 1 1 0
4 3 4 7 1 9
5 6 0 7 1 1
2 1 0 2 1 0 3 29.778
2 4 0 5 3 0
3 0 1 5 1 4
4 6 0 9 4 5
5 2 0 3 5 4
3 1 1 3 0 1 4 24.44
2 0 2 1 3 1
3 3 5 3 1 2
4 4 1 3 2 0
5 0 9 3 2 2
4 1 3 9 4 2 3 29.33
2 9 2 1 3 1
3 4 2 2 1 3
4 4 2 0 1 3
5 0 1 2 1 3
5 1 3 2 2 3 3 36
2 2 3 5 9 1
3 1 2 4 3 5
4 3 4 5 6 2
5 2 1 3 4 3
 So,from the above data the average of the disease severity is=31.4656.

Management Practices:

Here, it is recommended that the integrated management practices should be taken.

Cultural Measures-
a) Clean cultivation
b) Use of resistant cultivars
c) Water in the early morning hours.
d) Removal of crop stubbles from the field.
Chemical Management Practices
 Protective spray with Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) @3g/lit of water in alteration with copper hydroxide
75%WP (Kocide) @2.5g/lit of water at 7 days interval.
 Curative spray should be started immediately after appearance of the symptoms with Metalaxyl 8% +
Mancozeb 64% (Ridomil MZ) @2g/lit of water at 7-10 days interval for 2 times.
 If not controlled, apply Cymoxanil 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP (Curzate / Moximate) @1.5g/lit of
water for 2-3 times at 10 days interval. If severity is higher apply Dimethomorph 50%WP (Acrobat/
Lurid) @ 1.5g/lit of water
 Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 5%WP (Nativo) @0.75g/lit of water for 2 times at 10 days
interval.

B. Study on Disease Scenario of Tomato (Photo ?)

The soil of this area promote the peoples to grow various vegetables in their fields.Many farm family earn a
lot by cultivating tomato for their own consumption as well as marketing purpose. The main disease occurs
in a severe from is the leaf blight disease of tomato.
Causal Organism and Symptoms
Name of the disease-Tomato Leaf Blight
Causal Organism-Phytophthora infestans
Symptoms:-
a) Irregularly shaped water soaked lesion can be observed on young leaves.
b) The leaves shrivel and become necrotic and dry.
c) Chocklate brown spots enlarge to cover the whole fruits.
d) Brown lesion can occur on stems and leaf pedicels.
Disease Scale of Tomato Leaf Blight
0-9 scale rating(leaf blight, rust)
0=o-3% damage
1=3-6% damage
2=6-12% damage
3=12-25% damage
4=25-50% damage
5=50-75% damage
6=75-88% damage
7=88-94% damage
8=94-97% damage
9=97-100% damage
Disease Severity=(sum of All numerical ratings x100)/(Number of plants Observed X Highest rating in the
Scale)

Spot Plant No L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Disease Severity Average

No

1 1 2 1 1 2 4 27.55 32.445
2 5 4 0 4 1
3 2 0 1 0 1
4 2 4 0 7 3
5 1 2 3 7 5
2 1 6 5 5 1 2 28
2 1 2 4 0 2
3 3 0 1 2 6
4 2 2 3 3 6
5 2 2 2 1 1
3 1 0 1 1 2 2 38.67
2 1 1 2 3 4
3 5 6 2 3 1
4 6 6 5 2 3
5 8 9 6 5 3
4 1 2 1 0 3 1 35.56
2 4 3 7 1 1
3 0 1 9 7 2
4 7 0 6 8 3
5 7 1 0 4 2

So from the above mentioned data we get the average of the disease severity which is 32.445
Management Practices

Proper management practices should be taken to control the disease.

Cultural Measures-
a) Use of resistant cultivar
b) Water in the early Morning hour.
c) leanliness of crop field by removing crop stubbles.
d) Avoid excess application of nitrogenous fertilizers. Apply in split.
 C. Study on Disease Scenario Of Field Pea (Photo ?)
Field pea is one of the most cultivated vegetables in this area.Pea is severely affected by rust,
anthracnose.Here ,we put the highlight on the severe disease of Pea, Pea rust
Name of the disease-Pea Rust
Causal Organism-Uromyces pisi.
Symptoms-
a) Yellow spots having aecia in round or elongated clusters.
b) Pustules develop which are powdery and orange brown in appearance.

Scale used for estimation of disease severity 0-9 scale rating(leaf blight, rust)
0=o-3% damage
1=3-6% damage
2=6-12% damage
3=12-25% damage
4=25-50% damage
5=50-75% damage
6=75-88% damage
7=88-94% damage
8=94-97% damage
9=97-100% damage
Disease Severity=(sum of All numerical ratings x100)/(Number of plants Observed X Highest rating in
the Scale)
Spot Plant No L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Disease Severity Average
No
1 1 3 2 4 1 7 41.78 38.813
2 4 2 3 6 5
3 2 4 3 6 1
4 5 2 3 1 4
5 1 5 4 9 7
2 1 4 3 2 2 1 39.11
2 2 1 4 2 6
3 9 7 5 3 2
4 3 2 6 2 1
5 1 9 2 5 4
3 1 4 1 2 6 5 35.55
2 3 5 1 2 3
3 4 3 2 4 1
4 3 1 4 5 2
5 7 5 2 1 4
 So from the above mentioned data we get the average of the disease severity of Pea rust which is
38.813.
Management practices

So proper management practices should be taken.

Cultural practices
a) Cleaning of previous crop stubbles.
b) Use of clean,disease free seeds
c) Long crop rotation avoiding beans.
Chemical measures-
1. Protective spray with Mancozeb @2 gm/Lt of water
2.Tridemorph 80EC(Kalinin)0.5 ml/let of water or Carboxin 37.5% + Thiram 37.5% (Vitavax
Power) @ 2g/lit water at 7-10 days interval for 2-3 times as curative spray
Cabbage:
 Damping off, club root, downy mildew, Alternaria leaf spot, black vein are the major fungal
infections found in cabbage.
Here we observed mainly Alternaria leaf spot of cabbage.
D. Alternaria Leaf Spot Of Cabbage (Photo ?)
CAUSAL ORGANISM: Alternaria brassicicola
SYMPTOMS:
a) The most common symptom of Alternaria diseases is yellow, dark brown to black
circular leaf spot with target board like, concentric rings.
b) Lesion centers may fall out, giving the leaf spots a shot-hole appearance.

 Scales used for estimation of disease severity

 0-5 scale rating
0= No disease
1= 0.1-5% damage
2= 5-10% damage
3= 10-25% damage
4= 25-50% damage
5= >50% damage

Sum of all numerical ratings X100

 Disease severity=------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of plants observed X highest rating in the scale

SPOT NO L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 DISEASE SEVERITY AVERAGE

1 1 3 2 3 2 44.8 41.76
2 4 3 3 2 3
3 2 3 1 2 1
4 1 2 1 3 2
5 3 4 3 1 1
1 4 1 3 1 1 47.2
2 5 4 1 4 3
3 1 2 4 3 1
 4 2 1 3 3 1
5 2 2 3 2 2
1 2 2 1 3 1 34.4
2 1 2 2 1 3
3 1 1 3 1 2
4 2 1 1 2 2
5 1 2 1 1 2
1 3 2 3 3 1 51.2
2 4 3 1 2 2
3 3 4 2 3 2
4 2 3 4 2 1
5 3 3 2 2 4
1 2 1 2 1 2 31.2
2 1 2 3 1 1
3 2 1 2 2 2
4 2 1 1 2 2
5 2 1 2 2 1
Average disease severity is quite high

Recommended management practices

 The farmer must has to take some measures to control the disease.
 It is advised the farmer to take curative action immediately after noticing 2-3 such spots from next
year.
 They should avoid overhead irrigation.
 As preventive spray apply copper oxychloride (Blitox 50WP) @ 3g/lit water is to be applied in
alteration with Chlorothalonil (Kavach 75WP) @ 2g/lit of water at 7 days interval for 2-3 times.
 As curative action apply Captan 70% + Hexaconazole 5% (Taqat) @ 2g/lit of water in alteration
with Flubendamide 3.5% + Hexaconazole 5% (Origin) @1.5g/lit of water at 10 days interval for 2
times.
 For rice neck blast the farmer is advised to spray Tricyclazole (BAAN/BEAM/Civic) @ 1.5g/lit of
water for 2-3 times at 10-12 days interval starting from panicle initiation stage
E. Alternaria leaf blight of Mustard (Photo ?)
CAUSAL ORGANISM: Alternaria brassicae

SYMPYOMS:
a) Disease attacks in lower leaves as smaller circular necrotic spots.
b) Leison coalesce to cover large patches showing blightening.
c) Lesions also develop on stems and pods .
d) Infected pods produce small discoloured and shriveled seeds.
 Scales used for estimation of disease severity
0-5 scale
0= No disease
1= 0.1-5% damage
2= 5-10% damage
3= 10-25% damage
4= 25-50% damage
5= >50% damage
Sum of all numerical ratings X100
 Disease severity=---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of plants observed X highest rating in the scale

Observation on Alternaria leaf spot of Mustard

Spot Plant L1 L2 LL3 L4 L5 L6 6lL6 L7 L8 L9 L10
No no L3
11 1 5 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 58.8 46.8
2 3 5 4 2 2 1 5 3 2 4
3 2 1 4 5 5 2 4 1 2 3
4 4 1 1 1 3 5 4 5 3 1
5 1 3 5 5 3 2 4 5 1 5
2 1 1 0 3 4 5 2 2 1 2 3 40.4
2 0 2 4 2 1 4 3 2 2 3
3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 2
4 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 3
5 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2
3 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 5 2 1 3 43.2
2 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5
3 0 1 0 0 2 5 3 5 4 1
4 1 3 4 0 1 2 5 2 3 1
5 4 5 1 0 2 3 2 1 0 2
4 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 0 44.8
2 5 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 2
3 5 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1
4 4 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 0 0
5 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 0

 Recommended management practices

 It is advised the farmer to take curative action immediately after noticing 2-3 such spots from next
year.
 Use of disease free seed should be preferred.
 Collect and burn the affected plant parts after harvest.
 Deep ploughing should be done.
 Avoid irrigation at flowering and pod formation stage.
 As preventive spray apply copper oxychloride (Blitox 50WP) @ 3g/lit water is to be applied in
alteration with Chlorothalonil (Kavach 75WP) @ 2g/lit of water at 7 days interval for 2-3 times.
 As curative action apply Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% (Avtar) @ 2g/lit of water in alteration with
Flubendamide 3.5% + Hexaconazole 5% (Origin) @1.5g/lit of water at 10 days interval for 2 times.
 For rice blast the farmer is advised to spray Tricyclazole (BAAN/BEAM/Civic) @ 1.5g/lit of water
for 2-3 times at 10-12 days interval starting from panicle initiation stage.
F. Study on Disease Scenario Of Lentil

Wilting of Lentil (Photo ?)

CAUSAL ORGANISM: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lentis
SYMPTOPS:
a) The disease appear in the field in patches at both seedling and mature stage.
b) Seedlings show drooping followed by drying of leaves.
c) Drooping of top leaflets occurs in mature stage.

Estimation of disease incidence

No. of affected plants X 100
 Disease Incidence= ------------------------------------------------
Total no. of plants observed

Observation on Lentil wilt

Spot noNo of plants observedNo of plants wiltedDisease Incidence Average
1 186 8 4.30 12.058
2 156 15 9.61
3 190 12 6.31
4 168 43 25.60
5 152 22 14.47
Recommended management practices
 The disease incidence is moderate and the farmer should take appropriate measures.
 High yielding variety Maitrayee is recommended for cultivation.
 Early sowing lessens disease severity.
10
 Seed treatment with microbial consortium (viable colony forming unit 10 /g of talc formulation)
containing Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and Trichoderma @5g/ kg of seed.
 As curative spray apply Trifloxystrobin 25% + Tebuconazole 5% WP (Nativo) @0.75/ lit of water
in alteration with Penconazole 10%EC (Topas) @ 1.5ml/lit of water starting from when the
incidence is around 5%.

CONCLUSION
 From above information we conclude that farmers of these village need more improved practices to
overcome diseases.
 Farmers should follow proper seed treatment as prevention is better than cure.
  They should be acquainted with the proper knowledge of crop diseases.
 They should be encouraged to include newer group of fungicides with proper doses in their package
of practices.
 So that they can recognize the disease at right time and take necessary measure against it.
 Thus they can increase productivity.
 Beside all these an awareness programme should be held to inform the farmers about the Integrated
Disease Management.
VII. DEPARTMENT OF genetics & PLANT BREeDING
OBJECTIVE
• To know about the vegetative propagation methods used
• Best varieties grown in different season
• Visit to crop improvement experiments to get acquainted with

Vegetative methods followed

Sl.no crops methods

1 banana sucker

2 mango Grafting
3 potato tuber
4 Burmese grape layering
5 citrus Stem cutting

These are the various methods of vegetative propagation followed in this village.
Majority of the fruit crops grown here are propagated through vegetative methods and they are
maintained as such.
SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN THE VILLAGE
 • Rabi: mustard, Chili, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, brinjal, potato, pointed gourd, rice,
Maize.
• Khariff- Rice, okra, brinjal, bottle gourd.
• Pre- khariff:- lentil,jute,maize.,Okra.

Best varieties grown (Give yield for best varieties)

A. Cereals
Aman rice: Niranjana (yield ), swarna(yield ), Jamuna(yield ), Masuri(yield ), Ranjana(yield ).
Boro rice: Ananda(yield ), Parijat(yield ), NW 10(yield ).
Maize: DKC-9081(yield ), TATA(yield ), PAC-740(yield ).
B. PULSES (Give yield)
LENTIL: Moitree, Local varieties
Field pea: local varieties.
C. VEGETABLES Give yield)
POTATO: Punjab (Jyoti), Holland
TOMATO: Thrishool, Abija.
CHILLI: Eagle, Local varieties.
CABBAGE: Mid season variety, Local variety.
CAULIFLOWER: Local variety.
Most of the varieties of vegetables are of local varieties and they are cultivated for last few years.
D. OILSEEDS:
MUSTARD: B-9(Vinoy), PAN-69.
E. FIBRE CROPS:

JUTE: Tossa (JRO-878), Navin.

F. FLOWER CROPS:
Flower crops like chrysanthemum and marigold are cultivated for Religious ceremony and household
purpose irrespective of good varieties.
G. PLANTATION CROPS:
ARECANUT: sumangala, bangla
COCONUT: Here instead as plantation crop coconut is grown as fruit crop of unknown variety. Here
coconut is not cultivated on commercial scale
CONCLUSION:

• Farmers should conduct the agricultural offices for exposure to improved technologies,
newly released varieties and their characters.
• Proper method of recording data should be practiced.
• Better screening methods should be adopted.
• The profitability of the crops can be increased by adopting proper Package of practices
aided by proper application of manures and Fertilizers and minimizing the use of chemical
fertilizers.
• Fertility status of soil should be maintained and cropping pattern should be changed at least
every 2 years with incorporation of leguminous crops.
.

VIII. DEPARTMENT OF SEED TECHNOLOGY

Learning Objectives
 To study the major crops cultvated in this village
 To identify differenent source from where farmers get seed
 To understand the problems faced by the farmers regarding seed
 To study the ease of availability of quality seed in the village

Why Quality Seed ?

 Quality seed alone increases the yield by 15-20 per cent.
 Quality seed expresses full potential yield of the genotype under favorable cultivation
environments.
Different seed sources
Sl no Name of the crop Seed source
farmer From other Farm c/s
farmer saved seed
1 Farmer-I Mustard ⃝
Potato ⃝
Maize ⃝
rice ⃝
2 Farmer-II rice ⃝
okra ⃝
musur ⃝
potato ⃝
3 Farmer-III rice ⃝
potato ⃝
mustard ⃝
4 Farmer-IV rice ⃝
maize ⃝
rice ⃝
okra ⃝
cabbage ⃝
5 Farmer-V potato ⃝
maize ⃝
mustard ⃝
garlic ⃝
7 Farmer-VI maize ⃝
lentil ⃝
mustard ⃝
potato ⃝
8 Farmer-VII mustard ⃝
rice ⃝
9 rice ⃝
maize ⃝
potato ⃝
tomato ⃝
10 maize ⃝
rice ⃝
cabbage ⃝
potato ⃝ ⃝
 Classes of seed

NUCLEUS SEED

BREEDER SEED

FOUNDATION SEED

CERTIFIED SEED TRUTHFULLYLABELLED

SEED

Farm saved seed Seeds from others

• Farmer prefer certified seed comparing to other seed source.Hybrid seed are used mainly in case of
maize and vegetable crops
• Regarding to the seed quality apects they are very concern to check whether the packet have
certification tags.
• But the main problem is that some dealer used to sell low quality seed with a certification label.

Problems faced by the farmers regarding seed

 Inadequate availability of seed in desired amount
 Hybrid seeds have to be replaced year after year
 High purchasing cost
 Hybrid seeds require high amount of other inputs like fertilizer
 Hybrid varieties require improved practise
Crops cultivated and their seed source
i) MAIZE
Seed source ; hybrid seed
ii) RICE
SEED SOURCE ;Certified seed,farm saved seed
Varieties;Ranjana 819,Ranjith,yamuna 804 of PAN COMPANY
Nilanjana,Parijath of suphala company
iii) MUSTARD
SEEED SOURCE;
VARIETY;pan 17
iv) TOMATO
SEED SOURCE;Hybrid seed(F1)
Variety;TO-848
v) Cauliflower
Seed source;hybrid
Varieties:swarna,summer king
vi) Potato
Seed source:farm saved seed,retailer
Varieties;jyoti,punjab lal
vii) Cabbage
Seed source:farm saved seed,hybrid seed
Storage structures
Plastic bags
Gunny bags
Bamboo baskets
Heaps on floor in the corner of house
Seed treatment
Application of fungicides, insecticides, or combination of both
To disinfect them from seed born pathogenic organism and storage insects
 Crop Chemical used by the farmer

Rice Chlorpyriphos 3g/kg of seed

Cruciferous vegetables Captan 1.5 to 2,5 g a.i /litre

Potato Mancozeb 4g /litre,

Maize Carbandazim 2g/litre

(Keep it in table)

Intervention required
▪ Seed should be purchased from trustable sources
▪ Pracitse cultivation of legume crops after exhaustive crops like maize to maintain the soil
health.legume crop cultivation reduces the nitrogen requirement
▪ Hybrid seed should be replaced every year.otherwise due to seggregation of character the
cultivar may fail to give the desired yield
▪ Application of different inputs should be only to the required amount
▪Seed treatment using biofertilizers and bioprotectants will reduce the disesase incidence
 IX. DEPARTMENT OF entomology

A. TOMATO:
Tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

SYMPTOM OF DAMAGE:
 Caterpillar bore the fruit and make the fruit unfit for consumption and marketing.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:
 Application of lamda cyhalothrin@4ml/lit of water.

RECOMMENDATION:
 Application of Profenofos 50 EC @ 1.5L/ha
 Removal of crop debris
 Proper time of sowing
 Removal of infected plant parts
 Don’t apply same group of insecticides

B. MUSTARD: (Photograph)

Mustard aphid ( Lipaphis ersyimi )

SYMPTOM OF DAMAGE:
 Larvae feed on leaves
 It suck the plant sap and as a result curly leaf tip with poor pod set
 Ultimately reduction of yield
 MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:

 Application of Dimethoate(Banned insecticide) @ 5mL/L of water

RECOMMENDATION:
 Application of carbaryl 0.1%
 Application of methyl parathion 0.025%
 Removal of weed from the field
 Crop rotation
 Removal of infected plant parts from the field

C. BRINJAL: (Photo ?)
Fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis)

DAMAGE SYMPTOM:
 Larva bores into tender shoots resulting in drying of tip
 It also bores into developing fruits and bore hole plugged with excreta in brinjal fruit can be observed
 Damaged fruits unfit for marketing

MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:

 Application of aldicarb@ 5ml/L of water

RECOMMENDATION:
 Application of systemic insecticide like chlorntraniliprole @ 2ml/L of water
 Setting up of pheromone trap (Lucinlure)
 After harvest of crop left over fruits and plants to be collected and destroyed before sowing of new crops
 If infestation is observed in the field before fruit formation remove and destroy affected shoot tip

D. CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER: (Photo ?)

Diamond back moth ( Plutella xylostella)

DAMAGE SYMPTOM:
 Mining and skeletanization of leaves
 Larvae also feed on cabbage and cauliflower

MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:

 Application of lamda cyhalothrin @ 3ml/L of water, DBM resistant to this insecticide

RECOMMENDATION:
 Application of deltamethrin @ 10 g a.i.or cartap hydrochloride @ 175 g a.i./ha 22 days after planting and repeated
twice at 10 days interval
 Use of Beauveria bassiana based biopesticides to control DBM
 Removal of infected plant parts
 Removal of crop debris
 Planting of non infected planting materials
 E. OKRA: (Photo ?)

Leaf minor (Liryomyza sp.)

DAMAGE SYMPTOM:
 Zigzag leaf mines in okra leaf resulting in curling of the leaf
 Drying of terminal leaf
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:
 Application of carbaryl @ 4ml/L of water

RECOMMENDATION:
 Application of indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 2ml/L of water
 Don’t apply same group of insecticides repeatedly
 Planting of healthy plant material
 Burning of infected plant parts
 Don’t apply high dose of nitrogenous fertilizer

NEMATODE INFESTATION OF RICE SEEDLING

A. In rice seedling root knot nematode(Meloidogyne graminicola) infestation is found (Photo ?)

DAMAGE SYMPTOM:

 Main diagnostic symptom is the formation of ‘root gall’ on root of rice seedling
 Stunted growth
 Yellowing of plant
 Wilting of plant

MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:

 Before sowing the crop farmers dry their seeds on concrete floor under sunlight

RECOMMENDATION:
 Treatmentof nursery by carbofuran @ 0.1 kg a.i./ sq.meter
 After 40 day after transplanting apply Carbofuran@ 1kg a.i./ha
 Soaking of seed in 0.1%solution of carbosulfan25EC is also effective
 Neem cake can be used for nursery treatment

B. NEMATODE INFESTATION OF GARLIC (Photo ?)

In garlic Root knot ( Meloidogyne incognita) infestation is found

DAMAGE SYMPTOM :
 Stunted growth
 Yellowing of foliage
 Main diagnostic symptom is‘pig tail’ symptom of leaf and root gall formation on root of garlic
MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER:
  Only some farmer apply nematicide like carbofuran @ 3kg a.i./ha

RECOMMENDATION:
 Growing of antagonistic crop like mustard, marigold
 Don’t apply flooding irrigation when nematode attack the crop
 Before sowing the crop, soaking the seedling in systemic nematicide like oxamyl

Hedayetnagar has some inadequate and improper storage structure. The normally found storage structure in above
mention village is given below

DULI:

 This structure is commonly found in the house hold for storing small amount of grain
Advantage:Easy to handle,
Easy for taking out grains for daily consuming purpose.

 Disadvantage:It is more succeptable to infestation of storage pest,Viability & vigour is reduced, Rodent
infestation is high

 PLASTIC BAG:

 This structure is also found for temporary storing of grain like mustard, maize,rice etc
Advantage:it is moisture proof, storage pest can not easily penetrate through it ,it is easy for handeling as well as
for transportation
Disadvantage:this is heavily infested by rodents

 STORE ROOM (Photo ?)

This storage structure is also found at Hedayetnagar for storing “kalo nunia dhan”

 Description :The floor is made up of concrete. On the floor the grain is kept . Around the grain a border is given. It
has three wall & a window. The roof is made up of tin

Advantage It is easy for regular monitoring , ,

 Disadvantage: Initial investment is high for establishment this type of storage structure , it is more prone to
damping of the grain

TYPES OF STORAGE PESTS

PRIMARY PESTS (Photo ?):
1.Rice Weevil
2.Pulse beetle
3.Potato tuber moth
SECONDARY PESTS:
1.Red flour beetle
STORAGE PEST:
 Here very little level of store grain pest is found
 In rice weevil(Sitophilus Oryzae) infestation is found
 In maida ,suji flour beetle(Tribolium castaneum) infestation is found
 In pulse Pulse beetle( Callosobruchus chinensis) infrestation is found
In potato ,potato tuber moth ( Phthorimea operculella) infestation is found
  RECOMMENDATION:
During storing the grain moisture content should be below 10%
 The storage structure should be clean
 The grain must be kept on the wooden floor ,do not keep the grain directly on the floor
 Proper sanitation must be maintained for storing the grain
 Chemical name Trade name
INSECTICIDEsCompany Formulation
1.Dimethoate Tafgor TATA 30%EC
2.Cypermethrin Ustad UPL 10%EC
3.Fenvelarate Tatafen TATA 20%EC
4.Bifenthrin Imperial ADMA 10%EC
5.Chloropyriphos Chloro-20 JU PESTICIDE 20%EC
6.Imidaclorpid Confidor CRYSTAL 17.8%SL
7.Lamda cyhalothrin Agent plus INDOFIL 5%EC
INDUSTRIES
LTD
7.Fipronil Regent BAYER 5%SC
8.Thiaclorpid Alanto BAYER 27.1%SC
9.Spiromesifen Oberon BAYER 22.9%SC
10.Chlorpyriphos+cypermethrin Hamla-550 GHARD (50+5)%=55%EC
CHEMICAL
LTD
11.Spinosad Conserve NAGARJUNA 45%SC
 AGROCHEMIC
AL.LTD
12.Flubendiamide Fame BAYER 39.35%SC
13.Chlororantraprole Coragen E.I.DUPON 18.5%SC
INDIA LTD
14.Chlorpyriphos50%EC+cyper Double star SWAL 55%EC
methrin5%EC CORPORATIO
N .LTD
15.Profenofos40%EC+Cypermet Profex super NAGARJUNA 44%EC
hrin4%EC AGROCHOM.
LTD
16.Cypermethrin3%EC+Quinal Viraat UPL 23%EC
phos20%EC

Chemical name Trade name Company Formulation

1.Propineb
FUNGICIDE
2.Thiophanate methyl
Antracol
Roko
BAYER
NIPON SODA
CO. LTD
70%WP
70%WP

3.Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Matco INDOFIL 72%WP

INDUSTRIES .
LTD
4.Carbendazim+Mancozeb SAAF UPL 75%WP
5.Azoxystrobin+Mancozeb Delma SWAL 75%WP
6.Fenamidone+Mancozeb Sectin- BAYER 60%WP
60WG
7.Mancozeb Indofil-M-45 INDOFIL 75%WP
8.Carbendazim Bavistin CRYSTAL CROP 50%WP
PROTECTION
PVT.LTD
9.Captan Captaf TATA 50%WP
10.Hexaconazole Contaf plus TATA 5%SC

Chemical name Trade name Company Formulation

1.Ethoxysulfuron Sunrice BAYER 15%WP

2.Propaquizafop Agil ADMA 10%EC

3.Atrazine Atrafil INDOFIL 50%WP

INDUSTRIES .LT
D
4.2,4-D sodium salt 2,4-D Nagurjana 80%wp
Agro-Ecosystem Analysis

INTRODUCTION:
 AESA is an approach,which can be gainfully employed by extension functionaries and farmers to
analyze the field situations with regards to pests,defenders,soil conditions plant health and the
influence of climatic factors and their relationship for growing a healthy crop.
 The Integrated Pest Management has been evolving over the decades to address the deletorious
impacts of synthetic chemical pesticides on environment ultimately affecting the interest of the
farmers.The economic Threshold Level (ETL)was the basis for several decades but in modern IPM
(FAO 2002)emphasis is given to AESA where farmers take decisions based on large range of field
observations.
 Decision making in pest management requires a through analysis of the agro-ecosystem. Farmers has
to learn how to observe the crop,how to analyze the field situation and how to make proper decision
for their crop management.This process is called the AESA.

COMPONENTS:
The basic components of AESA are:
▪ Plant health at different stages.
▪ Built in compensation abilities of plants.
▪ Pest and defender population dynamics.
▪ Soil conditions.
▪ Climatic factors.
▪ Farmers past experience.
HOW AESA HELP US IN DECISION MAKING IN PEST MANAGEMENT:
AESA is one of the most important decision making tools now-a-days, it helps farmers very efficiently in
managing crop against harmful pests by making timely decision.
TIMELY DECISION:AESA learns farmers to make timely decision.
BASED ON ALL OBSERVATIONS: AESA helps in making decision based on all observations
i.e.abiotic and biotic factors.
PAST EXPERIENCES ARE CONSIDERED:AESA helps to make decision considering farmer’s past
experiences.
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SEASONAL VARIBILITY:AESA helps to determine seasonal variability
about Pest number,severity & incidence.
PRINCIPLES:
 Grow a healthy crop.
 Observe the field regularly.
 Plant compensation ability.
 Understand the conserve defenders.
STRATIGIES OF AESA:
1.DO NOTHING
2.INCREASE RESISTANCE
3.REDUCE SUSCEPTIBILITY
4.COMBINATION OF BOTH 2+
AESA METHODOLOGY
 Go to field and make 5 blocks (1 block in ach corner and 1 in middle).
 Observe the plants in those blocks(1m*1m)keenly and record about observations.
 Observations contain Biotic & Abiotic factors both-
 BIOTIC FACTORS  ABIOTIC FACTORS

1.Plant—growth stage,number of leaves / 1.Water

branches, number of affected leaves

2. Pest: 2. Weather

3.Defenders

4. Rats

5.Weeds

6.Disease
 Change the blocks weekly clockwise or anticlockwise.
 Take data about weekly observations
 Calculate P:D(Pest:Defender)ratio in field condition
 At the very end make a conclusion about field condition
 Recommendation should be given about appropriate strategy should be taken.
P:D (PEST:DEFENDER) RATIO
*It means the number of biological control agents i.e. natural enemies per pest in that particular
field condition.
*It is only applicable in case of absolute measure.

FIELD OBSERVATION DURING AESA IN CAULIFLOWER

FIELD:
OBSERVATION 1 OBSERVATION 2 OBSERVATION 3 OBSERVATION 4

Crop Cauliflower Cauliflower Cauliflower Cauliflower

Date 5.03.18 12.03.18 19.03.18 26.03.18

Growth Stage Seedling  Vegetative  Vegetative Heading

Weather Condition Bright Sunny Day, Bright Sunny Day, Bright Sunny Day, Bright Sunny Day,
moderate cool moderate cool hot weather very high
climate climate temperature

Soil Health Almost adequate Little bit lacking of Moisture is less than Moisture deficiency
moisture moisture adequate

No of plants/sq.m. 25 30 24 27
(ave of 5 blocks)

No of 11 18 20 25
leaves/plant(ave. of 5
blocks)

No of affected 8 17 18 22
leaves/sq.m.(ave of 5
blocks)

No of pests/sq.m.(ave 5 7 10 12
of 5 blocks)

No of natural 2 4 4 7
enemies/sq.m .(ave of
5 blocks)

P:D Ratio in this particular field(average):

(5+7+10+12):(2+4+4+7)=34:17=2:1
PESTS OBSERVED-
1.Flea beetle

2.White fly

3.Leaf webber

NATURAL ENEMIES OBSERVED-

1.Spider
2.Some beetle

WEEDS OBSERVED-
1.Cynodon dactylon
2.Argemone maxicana

WEEDS SEEN IN NEARBY FIELDS-

1.Echinocloa colonum
2.E.crusgelli
STRATIGIES TO BE TAKEN:
P:D RATIO is not good in this case,Moisture stress is there; this may cause some pests attack in
future and cause disease incidence.
---so,INCREASING RESISTANCE through assuring moisture availibility and some
changes in fertilizer dose
and using resistant varieties is the proper management strategy for this field.
ADVANTAGES OF AESA OVER ETL:
AESA ETL

 1.Damaged by a density of pest can  1.Damage by a density of pests can

be predicted to some extent. not be predicted at all.

 2.It is based on both biotic and  2.It does not consider plant
abiotic factors compensation ability,abiotic factors

 3.It gives importance on natural  3.It does not gives importance on

enemies. natural enemies

 4.It is a very scientific modern tool  4.this is a conventional method of

in decision making pest management

RECOMMENDATION:
 AESA is a very scientific observation and it helps in decision making properly more than the
conventional methods.So use of AESA instead of other methods in decision making for pest
management AESA is suggested through 4 important stratigies.
 X. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

INTRODUCTION:
 CROPPING SYSTEN ECONOMICS implies to study the production & economic parameter of each crop
individually & also as a whole.
 And it also includes socio-economic, demographic issue of the farming community.
 CROPPING SYSTEM is the pattern & management to derive benefits from a given resource based on
under specific environmental condition.
 eg : jute- aman paddy-vegetables
 maize-paddy-mustard
 rice-wheat

objective

1. The study tries to trace out different economic parameter of cropping system & analysis
upon them
2. Analysis of different factors responsible influencing the yield loss.
Land details
Average land olding of Hedayetnagar is 5bigha.
 5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
owned leased in leased out share
land land lnd cropping
Source of Information
Source Score Rank

KPS 38/90 3rd

Fertilizer shop/Dealer 77/90 1st

University 0

N.G.O./Club 0

BANK  7/99  5th

TV/RADIO 5/90

NEIGHOUR 42/90 2nd

MOBILE 8/90 4th

 Land use pattern

10% 2% Average Agril. Land holding

BIGHA
Owned Agril. Land holding BIGHA

Leased in Agril. Land holding

BIGHA
Leased out Agril. Land holding
BIGHA
51% Share cropping BIGHA

36%

Cosmopolitanism
 100

90

80

70
Office/Institution Don’t go
60
Office/Institution Once in a month
50
Office/Institution Twice in a month
40
Office/Institution More than twice
30 in a month

20

10

Perception about yield gap

Responses by the farmers Frequency

Yes in all crops 20

Yes in some crops 60

No, not in any crop 20

Can’t understand 0

GENERAL FACTORS UNDERLYING YIELD GAP

Possible Factor Frequency distribution

Fully agreed Partially Not agreed at Can’t

agreed all tell

Lack of orientation towards improved crop 40 56.6 3.33 0

culture

Lack of awareness about improved package of 53.33 36.667 6.667 0

practices

Lack of sufficient family manpower 43.33 53.33 3.33 0

Lack of manpower at time of crop operation 56.667 30 16.67 0

(Migration problem)

Lack of managerial ability (instinct) 56.66 30 16.67 0

Lack of co-ordination / fellow feelings among 6.66 43.33 46.66 0

themselves

Adverse climate situation 36.66 43.33 16.66 0

Illiteracy / little education of the farm family 30 40 30 0

head (decision making personnel)
TECHNICAL FACTORS UNDERLYING YIELD
Possible Factor Frequency distribution
Fully Partially Not Can’t tell
agreed agreed agreed
at all
Lack of improved technological know-hows 53.33 46.67 0 0

Lack of zone-specific technological know-hows 56.66 43.36 0 0

Lack of seed of suitable variety of crop 30 50 20 0

If yes, name the crops…

Poor quality of soil/land (Barren / salty) 3.33 53.33 40 3.33

Lack of irrigation water (availability / accessibility) 20 36.66 43.33 0

Situation of land (Low/ High land) 30 26.66 43.33 0

High disease and pest infestation 53.33 36.67 10 0

Low availability of insecticides / herbicides 20 53.33 26.67 0

Low availability of Organic Manure at disposal 23.33 50 23.33 3.33

Size of holding (Small) 40 20 20 0

Low availability of mechanical power (Tractor / Power Tiller) 33.33 23.33 53.33 0
during crop season

Lack of Market facilities (keeping unsold goods, standard 36.66 30 33.34 0

weighing device etc.)

Lack of for-warning system (weather, disease, price etc.) 50 36.67 13.33 0

Financial factors underlying yield gap
Possible Factor Frequency distribution
Fully Partially Not Can’t
agreed agreed agreed at tell
all
Lack of capital/finance 40 56.67 3.33 0
for crop cultivation
Lack of capital/finance at 56.66 36.67 6.67 0
right time
Lack of crop insurance 43.33 53.33 3.33 0
Lack of knowledge about 56.67 30.00 13.33 0
Financial Institutions
(Bank, Co-Operatives,
etc.)
High (input) cost of 63.33 33.33 3.33 0
cultivation

High initial investment 43.33 46.67 10.00 0

for crop cultivation (for
infrastructure etc.)
(Lack of incentive due to) 26.67 56.67 16.67 0
low harvest price
Price volatility/instability 66.67 16.67 16.67 0
(both input/ output)
General factors for reducing yield gap
Suggestions Urgently Needed Partially Not Cannot
needed but Needed needed tell
later
Increasing the 56.67 23.33 16.67 0 3.33
extension net-work by
Govt./University
officials
Conducting Regular 40.00 6.67 46.67 6.67 0
Training Programmes
on technological know-
hows
Development of 63.33 6.67 26.67 3.33 0
knowledge/ information
kiosk at the nearest
village centre
Technical factors for reducing yield gap
Suggestions Urgent Neede Partial Not Cann
ly d but ly neede ot tell
needed later Neede d
d
Timely availability of 60 13.33 20 6.66 0
inputs (certified seed,
fertilizer etc.)
Establishment/ 43.33 26.66 26.66 3.33 0
Increasing of
Regulated Markets
Development of 50 26.66 20 3.33 0
forwarning system
for disease, pest,
price etc.
Arrangement for 36.667 13.3 40 6.67 3.33
regular testing of soil
 Messaging through 26.6 23.1 29.97 9.99 9.99
Mobile on crop
culture etc.

Financial factors for reducing yield gap

Suggestions Urgently Needed Partially Not Cannot
needed but Needed needed tell
later
Availability of 39.96 26.64 29.97 3.33 0
credit in time

Arrangement of 23.31 33.3 33.3 9.99 0

Crop Insurance
facility

CONCLUSION:

• It reveals from the presentation that existing cropping system is to some extent efficient,
• The major cropping system flow is MAIZE-AMAN-MUSTARD/VEGETABLEs in this region.
• To reduce this yield gap more effort should take on
forecasting system,
availability of modern cultivation practices
& easy credit system for cultivation
 XI. ANIMAL SCIENCE & FISHERY
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRODUCTION AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE:
 Information on available LIVESTOCK & POULTRY resources ,their role in AGRICULTURE (IFS)
economic importance including women empowerment.
 To be acquainted with the available animal feed resources (conventional & unconventional), fodder
production ,availability of grass and grassland ,existing farmers’ practices of feeding to animals &
poultry.
 To know the challenges including diseases in changing scenario for addressing it through proper plan.
INTRODUCTION:-
THE ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN VILLAGE ECONOMY AND OTHER RELEVENT ISSUES

Livestock plays an important role in village economy. Livestock contributed 16% to the income of
small farm households .Livestock provides not only food for their producers ,but also a range of
other products which could be sold or consumed by the livestock owner to provide income nutrition
and fuel. The major products of livestock include meat , milk ,egg, manure which is used as
fertilizer or fuel ,fiber .In addition to these products livestock serve as an asset and may provide a
reserve that can be converted to cash in times of need.

Some questionnaire which are..

What is the percentage of people having livestock in this village?
1. How many of them are having cross bred?
2. How many of them are having desi bred of cow?
3. How many poultry farms are there in this village?
4. Apart from having cow,poultry,what are the other livestocks they are having?
5. Their method of disease management.
6. Whether they are getting any Govt. benefit or not& what the benefit they want ?
 TABLE NO.- 1
Animal resources ,available
TABLE % OF PURPOS PRODUCTION APPROX. INCOME ECONOM OUTPUT(
1. FARM E OF ON OF PER UNIT OF IC RS)
ANIMA FAMILY REARIN MILK/EGG/MEAT PRODUCTION/ANI INPUT(RS
L SP. REARING G MAL )
LIVESTO
CK
1.COW 85% Domestic 3-4 lt./cow/day 40Rs/lt. milk 50-60RS./ 6000/month
purpose(m day
ilk
purpose)
2.DUCK 30% Egg 25-30 egg/day 6Rs./egg Not 4500/month
purpose required
3.BROIL 4% Meat 2500kgmeat/ 200rs/broiler Not 30000-
ER purpose 2000Broiler required 40000/
month
4.GOAT 60% Meat 10-12KG Meat/goat 5000-6000Rs/goat Not 5000-
purpose(fo required 6000Rs./
r selling0 goat

TABLE NO. 2: LIVESTOCK ON

PERCENTAGE BASIS.
SL.NO. ANIMAL SP. CROSS MALE(%) FEMALE(%) DESI(%) MALE(%) FEMALE(%)
BRED(%)

1. COW 30% 5% 25% 80% 30% 50%

2. GOAT _ _ _ 60% 20% 40%

3. DUCK _ _ _ 20% 10% 10%

4. PIGEONPEA _ _ _ 10% 5% 50%

RESULT & DISCUSSIONS

 Management practices in the field of housing,feeding, health care ,general care & disease
management practices etc. were observed. The result of the study pertaining to farming
practices followed by the farmers are presented under following sub-headlines...

HOUSING SYSTEM & MATERIALS USED FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION

The findings related to the housing system of the cattle , poultry, duck followed by the respondents are
presented in the table 3.

A close look at the table shows that all the farmers reared their livestock in intensive system of rearing .

The roof of the shed was mainly constructed with tin (94%).

Majority of the farmers (80-85%) used

bamboo for the construction of side
walls.

Most of the cattle shed were constructed with

locally available materials & floor was non
concrete .

A small percentage of farmers fitted

electricity in their cattle shed.

FEEDING PRACTICES
The respondents of Hedayetnagar village practiced good feeding system . It can also be seen that green
fodder + concentrate feeding was practiced by some (40%) dairy farmers while most of the farmers use
green grass ,rice straw, boiled rice water, corn grain to their livestock. Most of them fed 2-3 kg
concentrate per day to their lactating cow. Dry fodder was not available in the study area. The most
common concentrate mixture consisted of bran ,wheat flour ,oilcakes & salt . Most of the respondents
supplied feed 3 times a day . The respondent did not practice fodder cultivation which might be due to
lack of cultivable land & irrigation facility.

HEALTH CARE PRACTICED BY FARMERS

 Most of the respondents were going for vaccination against contagious disease prevalent in area such
as FOOT &MOUTH disease and KHORAI disease .
 In case of poultry RANIKHET disease& CHICKEN POX which are highly prevalent in
Hedayetnagar village.
 It was observed that in most part of the study area ,veterinary doctors were not available when
needed by the farmers.
 TIME OF VACCINATION ,INTERVAL , DURATION ......which are given in the following chart
no..4
 VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CATTLE

 VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR BROILER

 MEDICINES FOR CURING DISEASE OF BROILER
KLEANTECH
Most powerful biocide ,effective at broad range of ph. range 2-
11.very effective on BIOFILMS,prevent regrowth .
INNOCLEAN-
Effective against a wide range of bacteria,viruses,fungi and protozoa including almost all
poultry pathogens.
Improve water quality ,thereby improves health and productivity.
Economic benefits of livestock
 Income generation-Livestock rearing not only provide nutritional household security to rural families
but extra family income also.
 Cattle dung which is widely used as organic manure which is environmentally safe for cultivation.
 Can be used as drought animal in carrying out farm operations such as ploughing and harrowing.

CONSTRAINTS FACED BY FARMERS OF HEDAYETNAGAR

VILLAGE.
• Lack of improved livestock population.
• Inadequate of dry and green fodder.
• Poor marketing facilities.
• Shortage of adequate veterinary centers.
• Less facility of training
• Low milk production.
• Not satisfactory of meat production.
• Inadequate artificial insemination facilities.

RECOMMENDATION
 Feed animal less human food.
 Should keep animals healthy.
 Adopt smart supplements.
 Should feed quality food not quantity.
 Should feed animals less human food.
 Adequate insurance cover to guard high producing animals against risks need to be provided.
Should provide proper artificial insemination facilities
XII. Report on the ponds and fish farmers and different fishery
activities in the village hedayetnagar
A General Survey of Fish Farmers in hedayetnagar,Jateswar

Objective:The various objectives identified are-

▪To aware the farmers about the various future prospects of fish culture
▪To provide them with various information about the different diseases which may cause
losses.
▪ To encourage them to engage with fish culture in an integrated approach with the other
farming system
 Information of Interviewer:
Interviewer Name: Ranjeet De Sarkar
Santosh Das
Swapan Bhadra
Date of interview: 01/04/2018
Distance of farm pond from jateswar 5 km

 General Background Information of pond characteristics:

 Location Roadside
Soil colour and texture Light brown and loamy
Water retention capacity of soil medium
Nutrient status medium
Total pond area: 2 bigha
Colour of water Light green
Depth of water in pond throughout the year 9-10 ft

Type of pond perennial

Fishery activities in pond: Generally we have seen the culture of indigenous

(Rohu,katla,Mrigel)and exotic(silver carp,grass carp,common carp)carps in the same
pond under semi intensive
fish farming.
Objective of composite culture:
a) Total ecosystem utilizes.
b) Maximum profit ,less labour cost,low input etc.
c) More than 4-5 fish cultured at a same time.
Fish activity in different layer:

Layers of water Name of the fish

Upper layer Catla

Middle layer Rohu

Bottom layer Mrigel

 Other important activities in pond:

Dose and time table for lime application
Fertilizer application Urea(1 packet),ssp also used
Source of fish seed Mainaguri
Size of fish seed released into pond Size is around 2 inches and weighs 5-
7 gram
Name of the supplementary feed Rice bran,mustard cake etc
No of netting throughout the culture period 3 times
Fish disease Larnea ,gill rot
First harvesting month and quantity After 1-2 months from seeding
Species cultured: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal,silver carp,grass
carp
Years of experience in fish farming: 10 yrs
Culture Period: 7 – 8 months
Water quality: Good, Clear and Slightly greenish in
colour
Manures: Cow dung, goat, poultry excreta
Feeding rate: 2-3times/day
 XIII. VEGETABLE SCIENCE

Status of vegetables grown in the study area is as follows :

Crop Distribution Growing Nutrient (unit/bigha)

Month
Potato 35% Nov-Feb 10:26:26@ 100kg, Urea@10kg,
MOP@20kg,Zn@2kg,B@2kg
Tomato 20% Nov-Feb 10:26:26@50kg ,Zn@4Kg, B@2kg,
FYM@15kg
Brinjal 10% Sep – Urea@20kg, MOP@20kg,
March SSP@10kg,FYM@12kg
Garlic 5% Dec-Feb 10:26:26@10kg , FYM@15kg
Cauliflower 10% Nov-Feb 10:26:26@80kg,FYM@20kg
SSP@3kg,MOP@1kg
Cabbage 15% Nov-Feb 10:26:26@85kg,FYM@20kg SSP@5kg,
MOP@3kg
Lablab bean 5% Oct-March 10:26:26@16kg,FYM@25kg
 Distribution of Summer Crops

5% 5% Bhindi

15% Pointed
45% gourd

Bottle
gourd
30%
Spine
gourd

Chili

Basis for Selection of Crop

 GENERAL CRITERIA :
 Suitable land availability for particular crop
 Believe in tradition
 Risk bearing ability :Most of the farmer are afraid of taking risk of new crop.
 Resources : Due to limited resource & capital, farmer kept the land fellow
 Previous year experience show some criteria for crop selection
 By gaining the knowledge of other benefitted farmer , some farmer show their interest of
cultivation
Specialised Criteria :
For Summer Crop:
 Okra give higher yield in a small area with low cultivation cost.
 Bottle gourd & Spine gourd cultivate in home garden.
 Pointed gourd gives higher profit margin with less cultivation cost & high demand in local market.
 For Winter Season Crop:
 For Garlic ,cabbage , cauliflower along with home garden they cultivated as commercial level with a
profitable margin.
Potato , Tomato , Brinjal are the main vegetables which give farmer a considerable profit margin .
Practice followed by farmer
Preparation of the land
FYM application (LIMITED) & fertilizer application
Sowing of seed (or transplant)
Irrigation
Intercultural operation
Harvesting

MAJOR PROBLEM IN CULTIVATION

General problem :
 Lack of good quality seed
 Less irrigation facility
 Non availability of inputs & labour in time
 Lack of modern marketing channel
 No storage facility
 Fluctuation of market price
 High pest & disease infestation
 Soil acidity
 Submergence during rainy season
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS

 POTATO: Late blight infestation , infestation of aphid( M persicae)

 Tomato: Infestation of fruit borer , leaf minor,
 Brinjal: Infestation of FSB Wilting of the plant
 Cabbage: Head rot disease
 Bottle gourd:Infestation of red pumkin beetle(R . ferrugineous)
 Pointed gourd: Wilting of the plant
 Okra: Infestation of Pink boll worm (P. gossypiella)

RECOMMENDATION

 Cultivation of green manure crop

 Crop Rotation
 Avoid application of same group of insecticide
 Soil reclamation with lime per 3 year
 Crop insurance
 Better marketing facility
 Better Storage facility
 Better transportation
 Adaptation of Organic Cultivation practice.
 Use proper dose of agricultural chemical application

Future Scope of Vegetable cultivation

 Source of raw materials for processing industry .

 Source of organic vegetables for export purpose .
 After fulfilling of local market demand, vegetables export to the neighbour states Sikkim &
North East States .
There is high demand of vegetables at neighbour country Bhutan

INFORMATION FLOW

KPS

CADC Farmer FERTILIGER

SHOP

NEIGHBOUR

XIV. DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

PESTICIDE USE STATUS IN THE SELECTED VILLAGE
Introduction:
Chemicals which are used to control pest in the field and any other places like domestic
purposes etc. In other words, plant protection chemicals (pesticide) are chemicals or mixture
of chemicals used for killing, repelling, mitigating, facing or even regulating pest with a view
to minimize the damage caused to crops.

Classification of pesticides:
1. Insecticides-Control insects
2. Fungicides-Control fungi
3. Herbicides-Control weeds or unwanted plants.

ROLE OF PESTICIDES USE :-

 It kills the insects, pests and pathogens.
 It provides farmers to procure higher yield.
 It provides economic benefits to the farming community
 Improve crops livestock
  Nutrition and health improved food safety and security.
 It provides the quick recovery of the infested plant

Crops cultivated Pesticides used Pest / Disease Dose

1) Rice a) Furadan -- Yellow Stem Borer -- 1.5-2 kg/bigha

a) Aman rice b) Lamdacyhalothrin -- Gandhi bug -- 20 ml/tank
c) Cartap -- Yellow Stem Borer -- 15 ml/tank
d) Thiodan -- Yellow Stem Borer -- 20 ml/tank
b) Boro rice a) Chlorpyriphos -- Yellow Stem Borer -- 20 ml/tank
2) Maize a) Rogor --Mites -- 2 ml/litre
3) Potato a) Chlorpyriphos -- Potato cutworm -- 50 ml/bigha
b) Dithane M-45 -- Early blight, Late blight -- 2.5-3 gm /litre
4) Sugarcane a) Ustad -- Semi looper -- 40 ml/tank
b) Furadan -- Semi looper -- 1-1.5 kg/ bigha
5) Jute a) Mancozeb -- Stem rot of jute -- 2.5 gm/litre
b) Blitox -- Stem rot of jute -- 4 gm/litre
6) Brinjal a) Imidacloprid -- Whitefly --1/2 ml/litre
b) Sevin -- Fruit & Shoot Borer --1/2 ml/litre
c) Chloragen -- Fruit & Shoot Borer --1/2 ml/litre
7) Pointed Gourd a) Thiodan -- Mites -- 2 ml/litre
8) Ridge Gourd a) Rogor -- Mites -- 2 ml/litre
9) Ginger a) Dithane M-45 -- Rhizome Rot -- 2-3 gm/litre
10) Citrus a)Rogor -- Citrus Canker -- 1ml/4.5 litre
11) Coconut a) Planofix -- Bud rot of Coconut -- 1 ml/4.5 litre
12) Chilli a) Imidacloprid -- Chilli thrips -- ½ ml/litre
b) Sevin -- Chilli thrips -- ½ ml/litre
c) Rogor -- Chilli thrips -- ½ ml/litre
Questions asked to and answers given by the farmers during surveying:
 How do the farmers decide the use of pesticides for any pest or disease? From whom the farmers know
about the dose of any pesticides to be used?
Ans. Some farmers answered that they know from fertilizer dealer of Dhangdhingguri and Pundibari and some
from KVK, ADA, KPS and some only from KVK, some from TV show like ‘ANNADATA’ and some
from Gunjara farmers club and neighbour information also.
 Whether the farmers apply the pesticides per recommended dose and how do they measure it?
Ans. Yes, all farmers apply the pesticides as per recommended dose, and some of them apply the pesticides by
measuring in 25ml measuring cylinder and some farmers answered that they measure liquid pesticide by
measuring cylinder and dust with balance. Some farmers apply pesticide by bottle cop and some of them
apply by idea.
 Do farmers apply herbicide? If Yes, then name the herbicides and crops on which it is used?
Ans. Yes, farmers apply herbicides but not to all crops.
Some farmers answered that in potato field they perform weeding with nirani and some farmers answered
that they neither apply herbicide in Brinjal, Chilli, pointed gourd Ginger and Citrus. Some farmers said
that Rhino is used to manage Durbagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and chapra grass.

Herbicides used by farmers on different crops

Crop Herbicide Dose

Rice Butachlor 1.5-2 kg/bigha
Sugarcane Prince 62 ml/tank
Maize Prince 2 ml/litre
 Jute Prince 100 ml/bigha
Ridge gourd Gramoxone 5 ml/litre

Precautions : During applying the pesticides precautions taken by the farmers are given below:-
Precautions taken Answer from farmers

1. Wear clothes covering full body. Some answered no.

Some said they have separate clothes and wear

clothes covering full body.

2. Wear caps/spectacles gloves/shoes. Some answered no.

Some said they wear shoes and caps.

3. How they mix the pesticides with water ? All farmers answered that they mix it with sticks.

4. Do they wash their hand, legs and face by soap after All farmers answered yes.
spray ?

5.Do they wash the clothes used during spray, Some answered no.
separately or not ?
Some said that they have separate clothes and they
wash it.

6. How they dispose the empty packets of pesticides? Some said that they burn the packets and some said
they throw it.

7. If the face on eyes comes in contact with pesticides All the farmers answered that at first they wash their
what does farmers do? hand with soaps, then they wash the face with water.

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES ::

A. INSECTICIDES

Trade Name Chemical Name Group/Class

1. Furadan Carbofuran Carbamate
2. Sevin Carbaryl Carbamate
3. Caldan Cartap Organophosphate
4. Rogor Dimethoate Organophosphate
5. Darsban Chlorpyriphos Organophosphate
6. Ustad Cypermethrin Synthetic pyrethroid
7. Confidor Imidacloprid Neonicotinoid
8. Thiodan Endosulfan Chlorinated hydrocarbon
9. Coragen Chlorantraniliprole Pyrazole

B. FUNGICIDES

Trade Name Chemical Name Group/Class

1. Dithane M-45 Mancozeb Bisdithiocarbamate
2. Blitox Copper oxychloride Copper fungicide
C. HERBICIDES

Trade Name Chemical Name Group/Class

1. Machete Butachlor Amide
2. Prince Pretilachlor Amide
 3. Gramoxone Paraquat Bipyridilium

D. GROWTH REGULATOR :

Planofix - It is a Naptha acetic acid

CONCLUSION :-
Hence, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the farmers in this village are well-
known about the use of different pesticides to their different crops for the protection against
different pest and diseases. As a result, farmers’ economic benefit increases from different
crops which they cultivate to sustain their livelihood.

3. EXPLORING THE SCOPES AND PROSPECTS OF

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Entrepreneurship
 Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entreprenuer, who startes any economic activity
for being self-employed.
 The entrepreneurial activity is governed by varying combination of socio-economic,
psychological, cultural & other factors; caste/religion, family background, level of
education, level of perception, occupational background, migratory character, entry into
entrepreneurship, nature of enterprise, investment capacity & ambition/modernization.
Why it is important in agriculture in changing economic environment
 Diversification
 Organic Farming
 Food Preservation, processing, and packaging
 Production of Agro-inputs
 Floriculture
Potential Enterprises that are identified:-
 Mushroom cultivation
 Nursery seedling
 Poultry farming
An entrepreneurship on mushroom cultivation
• A mushroom is the fleshy, spore bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced
above ground on soil or on its food source.
• Mushrooms arte extensively in cooking, in mainly cuisines. Through neither meat nor
vegetable, mushrooms are known as the “meat” of the vegetable world.
• Mainly cultivated species is- Plerurotus sajor-caju
Economic intervention on mushroom production
Cost of Cultivation-
The profit is earned Total number of cylinders= 800
Production per cylinder @ 1.5 kg average
Mushroom Produced = 1200 kg
Sell of Mushroom: 1200 kg@ Rs.55 = ₹ 66000
Net Profit= (Rs 66000- Rs 20000) = ₹ 46000
Percent Profit= (46000/66000) * 100= 67 %
Benefit Cost Ratio= 46000/20000 = 2.3
The Profit is earned within a period of 2 months
Material Amount Cost (₹)
Straw 1600 bundles 3200
Spawn 800 packet 8000
Labour 5 no. 1000
Fungicide & Insecticide 1600
Polythene Packets 1600
Others 4600
Total 20000
Swot Analysis Of Mushroom Production In This Region
STRENGHTS WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Abundance potential for High dependency of rural Development trends Changing trend in agriculture
product diversity in income sources on of mushroom industry Support policies
rural area Agricultural Activity
Rural labour potential Low education level and Increasing tendency Migration of young from rural
low schooling ratio for demand of areas, loss of Productive factors
mushroom
Low environmental Inadequate of alternative Enhance opportunities
pollution and existence Agril. Training & to access Bhutan
of potential for organic extension services. markets
farming
Richness of Mushroom
consumption culture
An Entrepreneurship On Plant Nursery
• A nursery is a place where plants are propagated and grown to suitable size.
• Nursery may supply plants for gardens, for agriculture, for forestry and for
conservation biology
• Plants generally found on this nursery are- Mango, guava, apple, litchi, jamun, ber,
banana, roses, ornamental bulb plants, conifers, Ornamental shrubs, pine, sal, teak any
many more.
Economic intervention on plant nursery
Particular Cost (₹)
Cost of Land 120000
Cost of Structure 25000
Cost of Seedling Coconut@40 Rose@35 Pine@50, Grape@ 20,
Dragon Fruit@80 , and many more
Cost Of Fertilizer 3000@year
Cost of Pesticide 800@year
Cost of Marketing 4-5
Cost of Labour 200 @day@labour
Cost of Irrigation 42@day
 For the marketing, the farmer sell to consumer @profit of ₹10-15 per plant
 B/C ratio is more than 1
Beside those, the respondent farmer can earn up to ₹ 90000-100000 per year &also want to
develop this business.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF PLANT NURSERY IN THIS VILLAGE
Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

Experienced Small business unit Venture capital Growing competition and

business unit lower profitability
High profitability Growing Demand
and revenue
Skilled workforce New market
Growth rate & profitability
An entrepreneurship on poultry farming
 • Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds like chicken for the
purpose of farming meat for food. They are often called broilers.
• Meat chicken or broilers are reared indoor reach slaughter weight at 5-9 weeks of
age.
Economic Intervention on Poultry farming

Particular Cost (₹)

 The respondent rear poultry in contract farming manner.
 Security Money- Bank Pass book, Cheque book, LAND
Structure Cost 145000
RECORD, AGGRIMENT
Electricity cost As per Season
 THE COST OF PRODUCTION IN WINTER SEASON
(1000-2500)
IS RELATIVELY HIGHER THAN OTHER SEASON
Cost of Chicks Provided by
 b/c ratio is more than 1
company
Beside those, the respondent farmer can earn upto
Cost of feed As per Age
₹7000- 30000 Per 45 days
(dependant upon season & (5000- 12000)
other) after successful rearing Medicine Provided by
SWOT ANALYSIS OF POULTRY FARMING IN THIS Company
VILLAGE Labour Cost 250 @ Day
Insurance 10000
Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat

Highest no. of chick Maintaining chicks To sell more feed Bird flu
production quality
Highest no. of Maintaining feed quality Sell grant parent Neighbourhood
Distributors complain due to
bad odour
Sufficient no. of Absent of strong Go for dress meat Increase in the
employees distributor marketing production Of
other companies.
Parent Stock Late entrance in the feed
marketing
DISCUSSION
 Organised entrepreneurship for commercial benefit not yet developed
 Practice of activities is scattered & concentrates a few household only
 These products are found to be used by producers for their own consumption i.e.
marketable surplus was few available
 technical knowledge yet to be disseminated
 Demand & price of these product are not ascertain to them
 Package of production technology is not available in spite of kvk, university, state
govt. initiative implies these villages is quite backward
 The farmer of this village follow traditional crop according to their available
resources & technologies.
CONCLUSION/SUGGESTION
  Based on available info, it reveals that villages needs lots of attention from Govt,
institute & other agencies for development of entrepreneurship in this village
 Besides, extension activity may be followed extensively to make the farmer aware
about their skills, experience, resources for development of different entrepreneurship
in a business mode
 in addition, farmer may take help of credit institutes, extension agencies to ensure
marketing of their product
FUTURE PROSPECTS
● Apiculture
● Production of organic product (vermicompost)
● Selling fresh eggs
● Tea gardening
● Fishery
● Dairy production
● Food processing unit

4. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and SUGGESTIONS

Findings of RAWE study which have been obtained from participatory techniques has
delivered some useful information in respect of various socio-eco-technological aspects in the area
under study. The information have been generated by adopting PRA and Field Study technique. These
information will be helpful for adopting a long term strategy for overall growth of the village.
Followings are some the salient findings :

A. Social Aspects :
►The area is exclusively agriculture oriented. Agriculture is the main sources of livelihood.
►Except few, majority of the villagers belong to small and marginal categories of operational
farming.
►The area has school (primary and high), Farmers’ Club, SHG, Health centre, Market etc..
►Education level ranges from literate to graduation.
►Migration is witnessed to different places of the State (Siliguri & Kolkata) and country
(Rajasthan, Delhi, Assam, Gujarat, Maharastra, etc.).
►Social compactness and awareness are satisfactory.
►Road (muddy and concrete), electricity, training centre are more or less available.
► Local MLA and Panchayat officials are frequently keeping contact with the farmer.
B. Economic Aspects :
►Agriculture is the main sources of income/livelihood.
►Land holding is very small and thus, follow diversified farming as well as cropping.
►Inadequate natural resources like water, forestry, etc.
►Very few people have service (Govt. & teaching) and business (shopping).
►Plantation crops, Fishery, Fruits, Livestocks, etc. are also practiced as secondary sources of
income.
►Very few landless persons earn through casual labour.
►Labour becomes a problem during peak harvesting season.
►Marketing of agricultural products are done in either Jateswar market or Falakata market
► Earlier, a few agricultural produce were sent to Sikkim and Bhutan. But due to emphasis
on organic products, this marketing facility is restricted.
C. Agricultural Aspects :
► Technological gap (yield, input application, etc.) was observed for all respondents.
► Climate is hot and humid but enjoying sufficient rainfall. Soil is fertile but little bit of
acidic.
►Main cash crops are Paddy, Jute, Maize and Vegetables.
►Plantation crops, Fishery, Fruits, Livestock, etc. are also practiced as secondary sources of
income.
►Good evidences of crop diversification and bio-diversity.
►Apiculture with wild variety of Bee are being naturally practiced.
►Received little technical guidance from Agril. Deptt., Govt. of WB
►Water table is high for irrigation by diesel pump.
►No processing units for agricultural products are available.
►Cropping Intensity is nearly 209%.
►Occurrence of usual pests and diseases have been observed.
►Encouragement for using organic manure through compost, vermicompost are increasing.
►Adequate knowledge of modern agricultural technology is needed.
►Marketing of agricultural products are done in Jateswar market or Falakata or even
sometimes though less through middlemen.
► Horticultural crops may be given more emphasis.
► Farmers have shown to adopt new crop/enterprises if facilities are provided.
D. Agriculture : Lab-vs-Land – at a glance
The lessons on technical aspects of agriculture which have been studied at the University for
last three and half years have been brought out to have an idea about the level of
technological adoption or differences at the respondent-farmers field.
 Technologies Observations
Scientific package of practices Scientific and traditional
Knowledge of modern technology Moderate
Sources of modern technology Neighbour, Farmers’ Club, KVK & Mass
Media
Sources of planting materials Self produced or procured from middlemen
HYV Local and HYV
Technical advice Neighbour, Farmers’ Club, Govt., CADC and
UBKV
Disease and pest management Traditional or sellers of pl. protection chemical
Soil testing Very seldom done (not done for last one year)
Use of organic manure Increasing trend
Conservation technology Awareness appearing
Impact of climate change Not significant
Diversification Encouraging
Technological gap Existing
Interest for new technology Increasing
SUGGESTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT:
From the above findings, followings may be suggested/recommended for agriculture as well
as overall development of the village Hedayetnagar of Alipurduar district. These recommendations
have made on the basis of the views of the respondent-farmers.
► Necessary action for bridging up of technological gap through the appropriate intervention
of research institute, Govt., KVK, NGO, NABARD, etc.
► Seed treatment should be taken up as a routine job to control crop diseases.
►Alternative employment opportunity be made through investment in processing unit or
agro-industry sectors.
►Training & demonstration on modern agricultural technology may be conducted regularly.
►Emphasis on high value and quality crop production through integrated farming system.
►Efficient input supply (seed, fertilizer, plant protection chemical, etc.) mechanism.
►Diversification of crop as well as farm be followed.
►Set up of more Farmers’ Club, SHGs, etc. be initiated.
►Investment in agro-based industry from both Govt. and private sectors may be attempted.
►Arrangement for encouraging organic farming (bio-fertilizer, vermicompost, etc.).
►Technology of conservation agriculture be introduced.
►Integrated disease, pest and nutrient management be encouraged.
►Popularization of Bio-control measure be started.
►Awareness be developed to mitigate impact of climate change.
► Identification and scope for investment on new entrepreneurship like mushroom,
beekeeping, livestock, etc. may be considered.
►Arrangement and awareness of institutional credit facilities in easy terms and conditions
be made.
It may, thus, be concluded that there is an immense potentiality to improve agriculture in the
area where RAWE programme was conducted. The village is situated not in a remote place and
enjoys good agro-climatic environment. Villagers are very nice and cooperative too. Practical
constraints and opportunities are also noted down for further analysis. The students learnt a lot
through field visits and field day, interaction with the villager-farmers, attending various gatherings
and demonstration. The gap of technological aspects between the research station/University and the
field has been adequately explained by our teachers. Existence of NGO and CADC add more fruitful
impact on the learning process.

In fact, on the basis of information through PRA and Field Study, some recommendations
have been put forward. If these recommendations are followed in association with Govt., NGO,
Financial Institutions, Research Station/University, the productivity and quality will be increased.
Besides, initiative must be taken up immediately to find out feasibility of setting up few
entrepreneurship which, in turn, will upgrade the livelihood status and quality of life of the people.

Lastly but not least, after attending this RAWE programme, students will be confident to
assess the whole agricultural scenario in the area under study from technical, social, environmental
and economic points. They could gather knowledge and exposure to contribute towards development
of agriculture and allied activities. In fact, there is always scope for further improvement since
agricultural education like other technical educations is a dynamic in nature. This is the essence of
RAWE programme which every student have enjoyed and got benefitted the learning process through
this participatory approach as well as practical exposer.