Module 7

Number
Module Title Communication for Academic Services

Module Welcome to Module 7!

Overview
You are already in the final module of the Purposive Communication
course. Congratulations for reaching this far!

This module will make you revisit your academic writing skills and
review some concepts that will retool your scholarly mind in
preparation for an academic paper you will write as a final output of
this module. The overall theme of this module is Achieving Scholarly
Writing. There are four lessons that you have to complete.

In Lesson 1 – Evaluating and Finding References, we will be

talking about how to find and evaluate references from the vast and
various sources of information at the library or over the internet. You
will also evaluate the resources in terms of relevance, reliability,
validity, objectivity, scope and coverage, publication, and currency.

When we go to Lesson 2 – Citing Oral and Textual Information,

you will be introduced to the strategies of citing oral or textual
information from the authored references you gathered for an
academic paper. Specifically, the lesson will walk you through the
details of in-text citation using the APA 7th edition style guide.

Lesson 3 – Building Scholarly Paragraphs will develop your ability

write expository paragraphs that look and sound more scholarly, aside
from your knowledge in in-text-citation, necessary for your course, for
your practicum, and for your actual work in the field.

The last part of this module is Lesson 4 – Referencing references.

This lesson will teach you with the strategies of preparing a reference
list (references) as end-text citations vis-à-vis with the in-text citation.
Specifically, the lesson will walk you through the details of referencing
using the APA 7th edition style guide.

Module Given several activities, you will be able to:

Outcomes 1. evaluate the references that you gathered for an academic
paper;
2. properly document the oral or textual information by applying
in-text citation and end-text citation techniques;
3. apply scholarly paragraph strategies;
4. write an academic paper on a COVID-19 related topic.
Module You have to accomplish this module within two weeks. Most
Requirement importantly, you have to submit the academic paper at the end of the
Guide two-week time given to you. Here is a timeline of your learning
activities that will guide you in finishing the module. Remember that
this is only your guide.

Lesson Suggested Time to Days

Lesson 1
Week 1
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4 Week 2
Academic Paper
Module 7
Number
Module Communication for Academic Purposes
Title
Lesson 1 Achieving Scholarly Writing: Finding and Evaluating References
Description This lesson will guide you in searching for relevant resources for an
of the Lesson academic paper that you will write as part of your requirements in this
module. You will also evaluate the resources in terms of relevance,
reliability, validity, objectivity, scope and coverage, publication, and
currency.
Lesson At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives a. come up with a list of references from open educational
resources for an academic paper to write on;
b. identify the criteria for evaluating references; and
c. evaluate list of references from open educational resources for
an academic paper to write on.
Lesson Proper
Remember Finding or searching for references for an academic paper is an
and Relate essential task for you as a student, while some of your course
requirements, e.g. insight paper, term paper, research paper, oral
reports, etc., will require you to establish the foundation of your ideas.
Your teachers will at times remind you to build your academic paper on
theories and principles of notable authors in the field. Accordingly, this
practice will help you achieve scholarly writing in the context of
communication for academic purposes. By scholarly, we mean that
your paper is well-thought of, well-backed up with principles in the field,
and well-written free from plagiarism and other writing issues.

Information, that is needed for our project, can be found in any learning
resource center that offers print, digital, and audio-visual materials from
various disciplines. With the printed books stored in our shelves, the
present time has also offered vast storage of information over the
internet-based websites.

I want you to list down as many as you can where you usually access
your reference materials for a school project. It can be in a library or a
list of internet-based information site.
1.
2.
3.

This time, I want you to think of your practices before when you are
searching or finding for references in the library or over the websites for
an academic paper. Write down in the graphic organizer at least 3
criteria you consider when you do the activity of finding references.
 When I am finding a reference(s), I…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Think and I want you to go back to your criteria listed above and answer the
Reflect following questions:
1. Where do you mostly search for reference materials? Why?
2. Why do you consider the criteria you listed when finding or
searching for references?
3. Do you think they are best practices for finding or searching for
references? Why?
4. Could you recommend your practices to your classmates? Why?

I asked you of your own criteria, which turned to be your practices in

finding or searching for references, because all of us have our own way
of looking for reference materials within the limitations of our resources.
However, your references have to be of quality so that they will serve
the scholarly purpose of your academic paper.

Engage Finding References

and
Discuss The first thing that you have to do when you are asked by your teacher
to write an academic paper is to find your references, which will enrich
your ideas and back-up your arguments. Writing an academic paper for
a course will need you to find scholarly materials in your library or
online.

A reference material can be a book, an article published in an online or

print journal, theses or dissertation in the library, manuals and
handbooks, constitution and by-laws, official documents, media prints,
such as newspapers, magazines, among others.

Since we are physically away from the portals of our university library,
we can visit electronic libraries that are available online. A number of
electronic books (e-books), journal articles, research-based essays,
news articles, and the like are published in reputable websites which
you can access freely. We can consider them as Open Educational
Resources (OER) as they provide free “teaching, learning, research
resources in the public domain or have been released under an open
intellectual property license that permits their free use and revision by
others. They are meant to be used freely, with open access and at no
cost (World Learning, 2018).”
An OER can be a public domain or an open copyright. A public domain
means that a reference can be used by someone anytime and
anywhere even without the attribution of the owner. However, if the
OER has an open license, the material calls for citation as you use and
adapt it for your academic paper.

Consequently, you have to be careful in searching for your references

online. Make sure that you are attributing the idea to rightful author or
creator which we will talk about in the later part of the module.

Here are some of the public websites that you can visit to access and
get free academic references for different areas of study and of your
interest:

1. Google Scholar. This Google-based site offers a number of

research articles, books, and other reading materials which you
can download for free. You can also search the materials
according to the currency of publication and the number of
citations and patents. You can access this site through
https://scholar.google.com/

Figure 1. This is a
screenshot of the
interface of the Google
Scholar search
bar/engine.

2. Google Books. This Google-based platform offers services

such as “books and magazines” that are stored in a database for
free reading. The site can be accessed through
https://books.google.com/

Figure 2. This is a
screenshot of the
interface of the Google
Books search
bar/engine.
 3. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). This is a website
that offers a big number of internationally indexed peer-reviewed
journals from different disciplines. According to its official page,
all data are free for use. This can be accessed through
https://doaj.org/

Figure 3. This is a
screenshot of the
interface of the DOAJ
search bar/engine.

4. Academia. Academia is a community of researchers who

publish their outputs for free access to everyone. You may
create an account for free to access thousands of articles of your
interest. You can visit the site through
https://www.academia.edu/

Figure 4. This is a
screenshot of the
interface of the DOAJ
search bar/engine.

Google is the widely used search engine of information online for many
reasons. One is its accessibility; that is, if you wish to search for a
particular topic in mind, you can just easily visit www.google.com and
type in the search bar the keyword. Then the result will overwhelm you
of the many references you can grab and download, copy and paste, or
screen capture for your academic paper. However, not all of them can
be “trustworthy” since some of the information online may have content
issues. That is why, evaluating your materials that you will use for your
academic project is an essential factor.

Evaluating References

As we search for reference materials, we always consider for some

guidelines in our mind as not all books in the library shelves or not all
information that can Googled have that “high quality” for a paper we are
preparing to write. What then are the criteria or considerations for this
matter?
According to the article Determining Quality of Sources: Source
Evaluation retrieved from
https://jm919846758.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/evaluation.pdf
an information may be of “high quality” for use if it possesses the
following criteria:
1. Relevance. This guideline examines if your material can be
used or not on a specific topic. If it is not relevant, then do not
use the material. Here are some questions you can ask to check
the relevancy of your reference materials:
a. Is the information related to your topic?
b. Is there enough information?
c. How will you use the information?
d. Is it the right kind of information?
2. Accuracy/Credibility of the Content. This refers to the
correctness or appropriateness of the content to the topic you
are writing. Here are some questions you can ask yourself to
see the accuracy of the material:
a. Have you found similar information somewhere else?
b. Does the author provide evidence and examples to support
his/her information?
3. Author Credibility. The author is a main factor of your material.
You gave to check if the author is the “authority” or “expert” of
the field you are researching. To guide you, ask the following
questions:
a. Is the author an expert on the subject?
b. Has the author published anything else on this topic? Is it
scholarly?
c. Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or
organization?
d. Is there any information about the author/webmaster, such as
a bio-sketch?
4. Source Credibility. According to the article, source pertains to
the “journal or magazine where you found your article, the book
where you found your chapter, or the website where you found
your page (p 4).” It further means the place (in case of a library)
or site (in case of an online material) where the material come
from or published. To evaluate the source, you may these
questions:
a. Is the information in that source peer reviewed or edited?
b. Is there a list of references or works cited?
c. If there are links to other websites or Web pages, do the links
work?
5. Currency. This refers to the timeliness of the material. This asks
how new or current the material is to the project you are writing.
This quality matters to some professors because you will be
 asked for the most current data in the field which means “use
information that are published within the last five-ten years”.
6. Objectivity/Bias. This talks about how the topic of interest is
discussed widely in terms of scope and delimitation (coverage).
To guide you, you may refer to these questions:
a. What is the intent or purpose of the source?
b. Does the information clearly support only one side of an
issue?
c. Is the author trying to persuade you to come over to his/her
view?
d. Does the information try to show both sides?
e. What is the tone of language used (angry, sarcastic,
balanced, personal opinion, educated)?

Barrot and Sipacio (2018) suggested similar evaluation criteria in a

form of question for a reference you will use for an academic purpose:
1. Who is the author or authors? What is his/her background? Is
he/she a professor at a reputable university? What degrees does
he/she have? Can you check on the university’s website to make
sure that the professor is associated with the university?
2. Where is the source published? Is it a book, an academic
journal, or a reputable news source online such as website of
the GMA News or ABS-CBN?
3. What is the URL?
4. What is the date of publication?
5. Does the author have a lot of citations in his/her text and/or a
bibliography of works cited?
6. Is the information inaccurate or obviously biased?

For Wa-Mbaleka and Gladstone (2018), selecting the best sources is

important. Both of them believed that the best sources can be books
and journal articles written by experts in the field of your discipline
(education, tourism and/or hotel management, biology, architecture,
information technology, etc.). These references may have been
published in journals or reputable websites within the last 5 years,
considering that research data evolve due to continues exploration in
the field. It could also be worthwhile if the material is widely popular in
your field, such as being recommended by your peers or by your
professor for use.

Moreover, you can also cite information from reputable organizations,

such as government websites, United Nations website, UNESCO
websites, among others. For example, if you are working on an
academic paper about the common symptoms of COVID-19, you may
visit the websites of World Health Organization, Department of Health
 National and Regional, or of other scientific organizations, such as
pharmaceutical.

Finally, there are a lot of references that you can especially find online.
You have to decide if they will be useful to your end by evaluating as
you find them.

On the Can you now independently find references for a future academic
Spotlight paper? Let us see how far you can do this academic task.

Supposing that you are writing a 3-page informative essay about the
human symptoms of COVID-19, gather at least five (5) reference
materials that can provide you “high quality” information from your
library at home or from the internet-based information sites. By “high
quality,” we mean to say that these materials possess the criteria for
the best resources. You have to consider the criteria we have talked
about in the discussion part of the lesson. Fill out the table below to
organize your references. This work is graded: 5 points for
completeness and 5 points for accuracy of information.
Reference Type of Reference Title Author Date of Place of Print or Online How can this
No. (Book, Magazine, Publication Publication (indicate the reference
Academic Journal, URL, e.g. help the
Thesis/Dissertation, www.doh.com) informative
etc.) essay?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This worksheet is adapted from Barrot and Sipacio (2018).

Here is a checklist that you are going to use to check if you considered
“high quality” value in gathering and choosing your references. Put a
check mark if the reference material has those indicators. You have to
accomplish this as you gather them.

High Quality Reference 1 Reference 2 Reference 3 Reference 4 Reference 5

Indicator Title: Title: Title: Title: Title:
It is relevant
to the topic
you will be
writing.
It provides
enough or
rich
information
on the topic
 you will be
writing.
The
information is
correct or
appropriate to
the content to
the topic you
will be writing.
The
information
provides
evidence and
examples to
support your
write-up.
The
author/creator
of the
information is
an expert of
the topic you
will be writing.
It is found in
reputable
sources.
It is recent
(published
within the last
5 years or
earlier).
Think Share a brief (not more than 100 words) reflection guided by the
Beyond following questions:

1. What did you learn from this lesson?

2. What did you unlearn from this lesson?

References Barrot, J., & Sipacio, P. J. (2018). Purposive communication in the 21st
century. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Determining Quality of Sources: Source Evaluation. (n.d.). Retrieved

from https://jm919846758.files.wordpress.com/2018/12/evaluation.pdf

Wa-Mbaleka, S., & Gladstone, R. K. (2018). Qualitative research for

senior high school. Oikos Biblios Publishing House

World Learning. (2018). Open educational resource. [Online Course]

Module 7
Number
Module Communication for Academic Purposes
Title
Lesson 2 Achieving Scholarly Writing: Citing Oral and Textual Information
Description This lesson will introduce you to the strategies of citing oral or textual
of the information from the authored references you gathered for an academic
Lesson
paper that you will be writing in the future. Specifically, the lesson will
walk you through the details of in-text citation using the APA 7th edition
style guide.
Lesson At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives a. discuss the importance of citing authors references in your
academic paper;
b. identify the APA 7th edition formatting of citing authors in your
paper; and
c. write sentences and paragraphs that show APA 7th edition in-text
citation format.
Lesson Proper
Remember Several studies in the field of academic writing revealed that some
and Relate students only verbatimly copy information from a reference without
paraphrasing, rephrasing, summarizing, or even citing the author of the
ideas. This is because they lack the necessary skills for attributing the
content to the rightful owner. This poor skill undermines academic
integrity, which values respect, accountability, independence and
impartiality, and professional commitment.

As a student, how confident are you in in-text citation (citing author’s

ideas) in your paper? Answer this short survey questionnaire honestly.
Put a check mark as to the extent of confidence level you have in doing
the academic activity. There is no right or wrong answer.

This teacher-made survey is anchored on the APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th edition) of The
Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.
2–
3 – Very 1 – Not
Indicators Averagely
Confident confident
Confident
1. I know how to use the Author-Date
format.
2. I know how to cite short quotations.
3. I know how to cite long quotations.
4. I know how to cite quotations from
references without pages.
5. I know how to cite an information
from two authors.
6. I know how to cite an information
from three or more authors.
 7. I know how to cite an information of
an unknown author.
8. I know how to cite an information
with no date or year of publication
indicated.
9. I know how to cite an information of
an organization or agency as an
author.
10. I know how to cite an information
from two or more authors in one
paragraph.
11. I know how to cite indirect sources
or secondary sources.
12. I know how to cite sources without
page numbers.
TOTAL (Add all the scores under
each rating scale, e.g. 3x12=36)
AVERAGE (Add your total scores
and divide the sum to 12)

Think After answering the survey, interpret your average score using table
and below.
Reflect
Average Score Confidence Level
2.5-3.0 Very Confident – I can independently do (without
the guidance of my teacher) the activity of citing
authors and other references in my paper.
1.5-2.4 Averagely Confident – I can do the activity of
citing authors and other references in my paper
with a minimal guidance of my teacher.
.5-1.4 Not Confident – I cannot fully do the activity of
citing authors and other references in my paper. I
need the guidance of my teacher.

Tell me what score (in average) you get in the survey. Answer this
graphic organizer below.

My score (in average) is __________________________.

My score means that I am ___________________________.

I got the score because (state the reason that you can see why you got
the score)
________________________________________________________
________.
Engage Why do we need to cite authors who are proponents of ideas in the
and field?
Discuss
The primary reason why we need to acknowledge our sources is to
establish “academic integrity” in a certain course project we will work on,
such as academic essay, insight paper, research paper, feasibility study,
among other.

Academic integrity is defined as one’s behavior of being honest in an

academic setting (The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill), such as properly acknowledging one’s idea in an academic
essay. The Berkeley
City College says that doing an act against academic integrity is called
“academic dishonesty” or “academic misconduct”. This further means
any “form of cheating” that a student does in a “formal academic setting”.

Academic dishonesty or misconduct may lead to a serious issue in

academic writing which is plagiarism. Pecorari (2002) as cited by
Sutherland-Smith (2008) defined plagiarism as the process of “taking (or
borrowing, stealing, etc.) an object (language, words, text) by an agent
(student, person, academic) without (adequate) acknowledgment and
with or without intention to deceive (p. 70-71).” For Berkeley
City College, it is the “adoption or reproduction of ideas or words or
statements of another person without due acknowledgment (para 2).”
From the two adopted definitions, we can say that plagiarism is an
academic misconduct of owning ideas which are not rightfully ours. By
properly citing the original author or creator of the idea, we can avoid the
issue of plagiarism and other forms of cheating.

Garza (2014) suggests the following why we need to cite the author’s
ideas in our paper.

1. To show respect for the work of others;

2. To give the reader the opportunity to follow up references;
3. To help a reader to distinguish between the work of the creator
and the work of others;
4. To give the reader the opportunity to check the validity of creator’s
interpretation;
5. To receive proper credit for the research process; and
6. To establish credibility and authority of own knowledge and ideas.

What and when do we cite?

Moreover, Garza (2014) identified what we should cite and when to cite
it/them in our paper. According to her, we should acknowledge the
references of the ideas which are not our own. Citing can be in a form of
naming or mentioning the author or creator plus the year of publication
and/or the page or paragraph where it is stated.

These ideas can be found in both oral (verbal) and textual (written)
information. Below is a table that shows where you can find these verbal
and written information.

Oral (Verbal) Information Textual (Written) Information

Lectures Books
TV and radio broadcasts Articles
Live announcements Theses and dissertations
Other audio-visual materials Infographics
Maps
Manuals
Handbooks
Constitution and by laws
Literary texts
Notes, diaries, and journals
Other printed texts

Meanwhile, we cite information when we lift an idea from an author and

we use it in our paper for the purpose of strengthening our claim or
argument.

How do we cite?

This time, we will get to know the strategies of in-text citation. In-text
citation means that you have to cite the reference (author) at the
beginning, middle, end of a text (paragraph). It is a form of
acknowledgment of the author and his/her ideas in your work. What you
would usually include in your paragraphs are the author’s last name and
the year of publication (for the APA style) and the author’s last name and
the page where the idea is lifted in a reference (for MLA style). In our
examples, we will be using the APA 7th edition style.
There are two ways of in-text citation:

1. Parenthetical. This technique uses the Author-Date format in a

parenthesis.

In Western communities, beer is an identity of any social activity or celebration, either

good or bad, which has been a growing traditional drinking culture, called as ‘wine
culture’ in Western Europe particularly (Gordon et al., 2012).

Mandelbaum (1965) posited that drinking beer is “culturally important,” “anciently the
most wide-spread,” and “most widely valued” social ritual practice, which is “deeply
embedded in diverse cultures” (p. 281).

These examples were lifted from Pianar, R. (2020). Practices and values of ‘Lambanog’ drinking
culture in Alejandro Roces’ We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers. Research Journal of English Language
and Literature (RJELAL). 8(1), 27-32.

Millennial then were born in the 1980’s and onwards (Sellers, 2016), in the years 1982
to 2003 (Wilson & Gerber, 2008), or from 1980 to 2000 (Howe & Strauss, 2003;
Sutherland & Thompson, 2001). Considine, Horton, and Moorman (2009), Kumar
(2014), and Sellers (2016) further described this generation to be internet power
possessing and postmodernism cognizant, as they are now more engrossed with
technology in this digital era.

This example was lifted from Pianar, R. (2018).Themes along millennial poetry. Journal of
International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary (JIARM), 6(6), 44-56.

2. Narrative. For this technique, you do not need to use the

parenthesis in the paragraph, but you are rather mention the
author, together with the year of publication, while narrating the
information.
The study of Victa Labajo in 2010 mentioned reports from WHO and DOH-UP
that Filipinos’ drinking pattern range from heavy to occasional drinkers, with
lambanog being the second most consumed kind of beer.

This example was lifted from Pianar, R. (2020). Practices and values of ‘Lambanog’ drinking culture
in Alejandro Roces’ We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers. Research Journal of English Language and
Literature (RJELAL). 8(1), 27-32.

Checkpoint test!
Before we move on to the next topic, answer the following questions:
1. What is in-text citation? Write your answer in 2-3 sentences.
 2. Fill-out the Venn diagram which should illustrate the major
similarities and differences of parenthetical and narrative
techniques of citation.

What do we do to strengthen our in-text citation?

Two ways to strengthen the way we write with the use of the other ideas
are through paraphrasing and summarizing.

Paraphrasing is the rewriting of an information from a reference by using

our “own words” having the original meaning retained. This means
rewording or restating the idea without changing the original idea. The
goal of paraphrasing is to simplify the thought so that it can easily be
understood by the readers. Meanwhile, it has to be of the same length
with the original phrase of the information.

Here are important paraphrasing checkers when you already work your
own paper, according to the University of New England, Academic Skills
Office (p. 1, 2020).

Paraphrasing Checker Yes No

The meaning did not change.
Most of the words have been changed.
The sentences have been significantly
restructured.
This is about the same length as the original
writing.
The information is correctly cited.

On the other hand, summarizing is the shortening of the ideas using our
“own words” to give an overview of the information at the same without
changing the original meaning of the idea. This is way shorter than the
original text.
Here are important paraphrasing checkers when you already work your
own paper, according to the University of New England, Academic Skills
Office (p. 2, 2020).

Summarizing Checker Yes No

The meaning did not change.
The summary keeps the degree of certainty
of the writer.
This is a much shorter version of the original
writing.
The source/s of information is/are clearly
referenced.

Always remember that we should not use direct quotation all the time.
We should paraphrase and summarize which are also techniques to a
scholarly paper.

To read more about paraphrasing and summarizing, read this article:

https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/13458/WE_Paraphr
asing-and-summarising.pdf

In-text Citation: The APA 7th Edition

The American Psychological Association or APA is the most commonly

used style guide for in-text citation in “social sciences” (Purdue University
Online Writing Lab, 2019), specifically in “psychology, education, nursing,
hotel and restaurant management, business, economics, and other social
sciences” (Barrot & Sipacio, 2018). On the other hand, the Modern
Language Association or MLA style guide is used in “language arts,
cultural studies, and other humanities disciplines” (Purdue University
Online Writing Lab, 2019). Thus, if you are a tourism student or an
education student, you may be using the APA in-text citation format.

Here, we will be discussing the basic rules of in-text citation. Most of our
formats are anchored on the APA Publication Manual of Purdue
University Online Writing Lab (OWL) which now features the updated 7th
edition, released in October 2019.

1. Author-Date Format. For general citation, you will have to include

the basic information of the reference in you paragraphs, that is
the last name of the author (e.g. Piañar), the year of
publication of the reference material (e.g. 2020), and/or the
page(s) where you found and lifted the idea (e.g. p. 2). You will
use ‘p.’ to indicate a single page and ‘pp.’ to indicate multiple
pages. The location where you will place your citation will matter
 the way you have to write it in your paragraph. Please look at the
tabled example.

Location Sample Paragraph

Mandelbaum (1965) posited
that drinking beer is “culturally
important,” “anciently the most
Beginning wide-spread,” and “most widely
Format: Author (Year of Publication)
valued” social ritual practice,
which is “deeply embedded in
diverse cultures” (p. 281).
Millennial then were born in the
1980’s and onwards (Sellers,
Middle 2016), in the years 1982 to
Format: (Author, Year of Publication) 2003 (Wilson & Gerber,
Separate the two authors and the
year of publication with a comma 2008), or from 1980 to 2000
sign ‘,’. (Howe & Strauss, 2003;
Sutherland & Thompson,
2001).
End This may be qualified to how
Format: (Author, Year of Publication) millennial learn; it is when their
Separate the two authors and the real-life situations are
year of publication with a comma valued in class (McGlynn,
sign ‘,’. 2005).

2. Citing two authors. You have to mention the two authors (last
name) of the ideas wherever you want to place them in your
paragraph. If you are mentioning the two authors at the beginning
or outside a parenthesis, you have to use the spelled out ‘and’. On
the other hand, you have to use the sign ‘&’ if the two authors are
inside the parenthesis. Further, separate the two authors and the
year of publication with a comma sign ‘,’. Look at the examples
below.

Location Sample Paragraph

Sutherland and Thompson
Outside a parenthesis (2001) described in their
Format: Author and Author (Year of observations the changing
Publication) cycle of the age before and
today.
Millennial then were born in
the 1980’s and onwards
Inside a parenthesis (Sellers, 2016), in the years
Format: (Author & Author, Year of
Publication) 1982 to 2003 (Wilson &
Gerber, 2008), or from 1980
to 2000 (Howe & Strauss,
 2003; Sutherland &
Thompson, 2001).

3. Citing Multiple Authors. There are some references that have

three or more authors. In this case, you only have to mention the
lead author (first in the list of authors) and use “et al.” which
means “other authors” who were not mentioned. Notice on how “et
al.” is written – only the ‘al.’ has period at the end. Notice the
examples below.

Location Sample Paragraph

Gordon et al. (2001) that in
Western communities, beer is
an identity of any social
Beginning activity or celebration, either
Format: Author et al. (Year of good or bad, which has been
Publication) a growing traditional drinking
culture, called as ‘wine
culture’ in Western Europe
particularly.
In Western communities, beer
is an identity of any social
Middle or End activity or celebration, either
Format: (Author et al., Year of good or bad, which has been
Publication) a growing traditional drinking
Separate the authors and the year culture, called as ‘wine
of publication with a comma sign ‘,’. culture’ in Western Europe
particularly (Gordon et al.,
2012).

4. Citing Quotations from Authors. There are some instances that

you have to cite the entire statement of the author because you
want to retain the ideas using the author’s own words. This time,
you do not have to paraphrase nor summarize the ideas, rather
directly cite the text and properly cite the author. Notice the
example below for short and long direct quotations. We can say it
is a short quotation if the text is less than 40 words; beyond 40
words, it can be considered as a long quotation.

Location and Guidelines Sample Paragraph

Piañar (2020) claimed that
Short Quotation
the story We Filipinos are Mild
• less than 40 words and
Drinkers “teaches the values
use
of togetherness, friendship,
• use quotation marks of
hospitability, and identity as
the lifted statement
universal characters that can
• indicate the page be acquired with a single
number(s) or treasured liquid, lambanog”
paragraph number(s) (p. 32).
of the text where you
get it The story We Filipinos are
Mild Drinkers “teaches the
values of togetherness,
friendship, hospitability, and
identity as universal
characters that can be
acquired with a single
treasured liquid, lambanog”
(Piañar, 2020, p. 32).

indented 1.5 inches from the

regular paragraph

According to the
Department of Health
(2020), Coronavirus
Disease 2019 (COVID-
19) is an infectious
disease caused by a
Long Quotation new coronavirus
recently introduced to
• more than 40 words
humans for the first
• remove quotation
time. The World Health
marks of the lifted
Organization (WHO)
statement
has called it a
• indicate the page
pandemic. This means
number(s) or
that the virus has
paragraph number(s)
spread all over the
of the text where you
world. About 80% of
get it
those who have
• new line, indented ½ COVID-19 have mild
inches from the left symptoms.
margin Coronaviruses are a
large family of viruses
causing a range of
illnesses, from the
common cold to more
serious infections such
as those caused by
Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome-
related Coronavirus
 (MERS-CoV) and
Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome-
related Coronavirus
(SARS-CoV).
Coronavirus can also
cause a variety of
diseases in farm
animals and
domesticated pets
(paras. 1-2).

5. Citing Quotations from Sources without Pages. There are

some cases that you get a reference without pagination (page
numbers). For this case, you have to indicate from which
paragraph (para. 1 for singular; paras. 1-4 for plural), chapter,
section, table, or subhead titles you will lift the text.

The Department of Health (2020) said that “Coronaviruses are a large family of
viruses causing a range of illnesses, from the common cold to more serious infections
such as those caused by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus
(MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
Coronavirus can also cause a variety of diseases in farm animals and domesticated
pets” (para. 2).

“Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses causing a range of illnesses, from the
common cold to more serious infections such as those caused by Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Coronavirus can also cause a variety of
diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets” (Department of Health, 2020, para.
2).

6. Citing Organizations/Companies as Authors. Not only names

of persons can be cited, but also government and non-government
organizations and agencies, such as Department of Health, World
Health, Organization, Department of Education, UNESCO, etc.
With this case, you mention the organization the way you mention
the author’s last name in the citation. Furthermore, when the name
of the organization is widely known, you can use its abbreviation in
the second citation and so on.

The World Health Organization (2020) declared the Coronavirus Disease 2019
(COVID-19) as a pandemic on March 11, 2020.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was considered a pandemic on March 11, 2020
(World Health Organization, 2020).
 7. Citing Two or More Works in the In-text Citation. When you
have more than two authors in your in-text citation, arrange the
names according to how they will appear (alphabetically) in your
references or bibliography.
Some studied how millennials behave and learn (Kumar, 2014; Wilson & Gerber,
2008) and how their characters affect their voice in the literary community (Eubanks,
2006; McGlynn, 2005; Sellers, 2016; Sutherland & Thompson, 2001; Twenge, 2006).

8. Citing Secondary Sources. There are some instances that you

have to cite the secondary source. A secondary source is an
author or organization who reports a first hand or primary idea.
This happens if you happen to read or hear the original idea from
a secondary source; and, you have no way to find the original
source, so you resort to mentioning the original idea through the
secondary source. You have to indicate the year of publication of
both primary and secondary source, if possible. Notice how it is
done in the example below.

Mandelbaum (1965) (as cited in Piañar, 2020, p. 28) said that drinking beer is
an important culture that is well-practiced even in the ancient times across the
globe within diverse cultures and identities.

Drinking beer is an important culture that is well-practiced even in the ancient

times across the globe within diverse cultures and identities (Mandelbaum,
1965, as cited in Piañar, 2020, p. 28).

9. Citing Sources with No Authors and No Dates. When you

encounter a reference that has an unknow author, use the title of
the information in the in-text citation. In case the date is also not
given, just write “n.d.” which means “no date”.

Beer sessions for the Americans are done in every occasion or even
without any significant event. In most cases, they drink for individual
pleasure while playing games, watching television, among others, or
socialization during happy hours and simple parties such as pool parties,
house warming, victory parties to huge crowd parties like weddings
(The Naked Mind, n.d.).

In-text citation method is very important in academic paper writing

because it protects you from being accused of copying information that is
not yours, aside from it make your paper look and sound scholarly. You
only have to remember that there are different ways of citing information
coming from multiple references, and knowing them is key to building a
scholarly output for a coursework.
On the Inside the tables are three (5) direct textual information from different
Spotlight references. Rewrite them using in-text citation formats that best apply for
the nature of the information. You also have to identify the in-text citation
formats you apply, e.g. citing short quotation, citing organization as an
author, etc.

1.
Author Department of Health (DOH)
Year of Publication April 10, 2020
Information COVID-19 is transmitted from person to
person through droplets. It is transmitted
when one individual talks, sneezes, or
coughs producing ‘droplets’ of saliva
containing the COVID-19 virus. These
droplets are then inhaled by another
person.
Page/Paragraph Number Paragraph 1
Rewritten Form

In-text citation format/s

applied

2.
Author D.R. Robert Joan
Year of Publication June-August 2013
Information Teachers can make use of technology-
based teaching methods. In the era of
21st century, technology has penetrated
its roots deeply into every field,
especially education.
Page/Paragraph Number Page 41
Rewritten Form

In-text citation format/s

applied
 3.
Author Esther L. Baraceros
Year of Publication 2016
Information Quantitative research makes you focus
your mind on specific things by means of
statistics that involves collection and
study of numerical data.
Page/Paragraph Number Page 8
Rewritten Form

In-text citation format/s

applied

Think Jake is preparing a library research paper about legalizing marijuana use
Beyond in the Philippines. He knows that his roommate wrote a research paper
on the topic last semester and asks his roommate about the paper in an
attempt to gather information. Jake verbally copied information without
reporting that the source was his roommate’s. Is the act of Jake correct?
In no more than 300 words, discuss your reasons vis-à-vis the
importance of citing oral and textual information in an academic paper.

Further Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). In-text citations: The
Readings basics. Retrieved from shorturl.at/kADX7

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). In-text citations:

Author/authors. Retrieved from shorturl.at/jvN15

Referenc Barrot, J., & Sipacio, P. J. (2018). Purposive communication in the 21st
es century. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Berkeley City College. (n.d.) What is academic dishonesty?. Retrieved

from shorturl.at/yJ037

Garza, C. (2014). Academic honesty – principles to practice. IB Africa,

Europe, & Middle East Regional Conference 2014. Retrieved from
https://www.ibo.org/contentassets

Pecorari, Diane. (2002). Original reproductions: An investigation of the

source use of postgraduate second language writers. Unpublished PhD
thesis, University of Birmingham.
Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). In-text citations: The
basics. Retrieved from shorturl.at/kADX7

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). In-text citations:

Author/authors. Retrieved from shorturl.at/jvN15

Sutherland-Smith, W. (2008). Plagiarism, the Internet, and student

learning: Improving academic integrity. Routledge.

The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (n.d.).

Academic integrity. Retrieved from shorturl.at/eglnB

University of New England Academic Skills Office. (2020). Paraphrasing

and summarizing. Retrieved from
https://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/13458/WE_Paraphr
asing-and-summarising.pdf

Wa-Mbaleka, S., & Gladstone, R. K. (2018). Qualitative research for

senior high school. Oikos Biblios Publishing House
Module 7
Number
Module Communication for Academic Purposes
Title
Lesson 3 Achieving Scholarly Writing: Building More Scholarly Paragraphs
Description This lesson will retool and upskill your writing skill in the academic
of the Lesson setting. Guided by the different strategies, it will further develop your
ability write expository paragraphs that look and sound more scholarly,
aside from your knowledge in in-text-citation, necessary for your
course, for your practicum, and for your actual work in the field.
Lesson At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives a. identify the characteristics of a scholarly writing;
b. recognize the strategies that build up a more scholarly paper;
and
c. write a scholarly paper.

Lesson Proper
Remember When you hear the word “scholarly,” what do you immediately think of?
and Relate Build your ideas in the word map below. Write as many words as you
can in the spaces.

scholarly

This time, write a sentence definition of “scholarly” using the words you
listed in the word map.

For me, scholarly means _______________________________________

______________________________________________________.

Think and There are two paragraphs below. I want you to describe them by being
Reflect specific of your observation with the word “scholarly’ in your mind. You
may compare and contrast the two.
PARAGRAPH 1
Being a literature teacher, requiring students compose their own poems
is one of the million authentic strategies that could exhaust meaningful
life experiences. This pedagogical practice mirrors the belief that
literature can be an ideal instructive resource for developing learners’
communicative competence, language skills proficiency, and multicultural
awareness (Celce-Murcia, 2006), establishing connection between the
learners and the literary texts (Senatin & Centera, 2009), and shaping
learners’ personal growth (Carter & Long, 1991).

This example was lifted from Pianar, R. (2018).Themes along millennial poetry. Journal of
International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary (JIARM), 6(6), 44-56.

PARAGRAPH 2
A father might have gone off to work on a Saturday and lose his time in
helping his kid with his homework. A sister might have skipped a meal to
work overtime at a fast-food chain just so she can buy and bring food for
the family. A neighbor might have carried bins of garbage instead of
carrying her daughter’s school bag. A stranger might have imbibed 3 cups
of coffee to stay awake and focus on nursing hospital patients. Anywhere
you go, someone is working for him/herself of for others.

This example was lifted from a feature article written by Jasmine Kate Agosto of An Lantawan.

Are you done comparing and contrasting the two paragraphs? Write
your observations in this table.

My observations
for Paragraph 1

My observations
for Paragraph 2

For you, which of

two has a more
scholarly
paragraph?
Explain
Engage What is scholarly writing?
and
Discuss Scholarly writing is usually done in an academic setting, say for
example in your academic courses which require academic papers like
researches and others. This type of writing needs a high degree of
language formality and courtesy to authors of ideas, creations, and
inventions.

According to Barrot and Sipacio (2018), scholarly writing is achieved by

comprehensively using “related and current ideas, information,
concepts, arguments, or information coming from an expert” with
proper attribution by in-text citation and including the author in the
reference list (p. 334). Similarly, for Wa-Mbaleka and Gladstone
(2018), being scholarly means being formal in your paragraphs or in
your entire paper, by which you are required to “cite books and journal
articles that have been written about your topic” (p. 42).

Wa-Mbaleka (2018) also said that using writing techniques will help
your paragraphs build a scholarly characteristic. In other words, writing
an academic paper needs strengthening of your claims and arguments.
And to this, you have to back-up them with the authorities in the field. If
your claim is yet undiscovered by people in the academic community,
your paper can become pioneering and you can conduct further
research.

What are the strategies that make your paper more scholarly?

We will discuss some of the scholarly writing techniques proposed by

Wa-Mbaleka and Gladstone (2018). These are iMISS model, KISS
model, blender metaphor model, pearls metaphor model, and sandwich
model.

1. iMISS Model. This model suggests the basic parts of a

paragraph and of an entire paper.
• i means introduction. This part introduces the primary
premise of your paper. It will talk about what the paper or
the academic essay is all about.
• M stands for main Idea. This is the thesis statement in a
paragraph that basically contains the “main idea” of each
paragraph. Thus, each paragraph must have a main idea,
which can be found at the beginning, middle, end, or in
an implied position.
• I refers to illustration. Illustration doesn’t not necessarily
mean drawings or tables of information, but rather
elaboration of your main idea. If in a paragraph you begin
with a main idea as your first sentence, you have to
 provide 2 to 3 sentences that will clearly capture the idea
further. This is important if you are explaining a quite
difficult idea which needs more explanation.
• The first S is synthesis. The last sentence of your
paragraph is supposed to synthesize the ideas presented
in the maid idea and the supporting ideas. This is what
you call synthesizing or summarizing key points of your
paragraph. This is most applicable if you have a lengthy
paragraph.
• The last S is synthesis. You might be thinking why the
first and the last S are both “synthesis”; do not worry. This
synthesis means the kind of summary you give at the end
of your whole paper which is usually the last paragraph
as your conclusion. The first synthesis is specific for a
case in of paragraph, while the second refers to the entire
paper.

2. KISS Model. KISS stands for Keep It Sweet, Simple, and

Structured. When writing an academic paper, make it sure that
you adhere to this model by being:
• Sweet. Make your discussion interesting for your
audience as much as how you read interesting posts in
your FB feed.
• Simple. By being simple, we mean use comprehensible
language in your paper. Do not use highfalutin or high-
sounding words that everybody will not understand. You
should also use simple and short sentences in your
paragraphs.
• Structured. At the start of this lesson, we mentioned
about being formal in our language in an academic paper.
Being structured with the way you write signals formality
of the paper. This means that you have to follow certain
styles in writing, just like the APA 7th edition format.

Checkpoint test!

What can you observe from the paragraph inside the box? Does it
follow the iMISS and KISS models? Why? Why not?
 Reading books is a worthwhile hobby. It lets you wander the world for free and
makes you aware of the diversity of culture through visiting the highest and
lowest places on earth, touching the untouchables, hearing the sound of the
jungles, experiencing that weirdest moments you have never had. Truly,
reading, literature and other good books, is hobby for keep.

3. Blender Metaphor. This strategy is likened to a fruit shake

blender which can mix different types of fruits at a time. Similar
to a paragraph, you can blend together authors who talk similar
or different ideas about a topic you are writing. This means that
you put as much citations as there are available in your
references. This strengthen your ideas because there are
authorities who agree or disagree about your ideas.

Checkpoint test!

What can you observe from the paragraph inside the box? Does it
follow the Blender Metaphor Model? Why? Why not? How many
authors are mentioned in the paragraph?

Reading books is a worthwhile hobby (Villacorte, 2002). It lets you wander the
world for free and makes you aware of the diversity of culture (Bramida, 2017;
Robin, 2012; Tan, 2010) through visiting the highest and lowest places on earth
(Piaňar, 2005; Tolibas, 2013), touching the untouchables (Caňete, 2015),
hearing the sound of the jungles (Flores, 2009), experiencing that weirdest
moments you have never had. Truly, reading, literature and other good books,
is a hobby for keep.
Please note that this example uses fictional authors’ names to illustrate the Blender Metaphor
Model.

4. Sandwich Metaphor. Just like a sandwich which filling is inside

the bun or bread, the direct quotation of ideas should be placed
inside the paragraph, rather than at the beginning or the end.
According to Wa-Mbaleka and Gladstone (2018), you should
“sandwich” the direct quotation inside your paragraph.
 Checkpoint test!

What can you observe from the paragraph inside the box? Does it
follow the Sandwich Metaphor Model? Why? Why not? What is the
quoted line from the author? Is it inside the paragraph?

Reading books is a worthwhile hobby. It lets you wander the world for free and
“makes you aware of the diversity of culture through visiting the highest and
lowest places on earth” (Tolibas, 2013, p. 3), touching the untouchables
(Caňete, 2015), hearing the sound of the jungles (Flores, 2009), experiencing
that weirdest moments you have never had. Truly, reading, literature and other
good books, is a hobby for keep.

Please note that this example uses fictional authors’ names to illustrate the Sandwich
Metaphor Model.

5. Pearls Metaphor Model. This technique emphasizes the need

for being coherent in your paragraphs and your entire paper. It is
called pearl metaphor because it is likened to a series of beads
that are interconnected to create a bracelet to be worn. You can
achieve this by using discourse markers, such as firstly,
meanwhile, on the other hand, among others, which will facilitate
smooth transition of your ideas between and among
interconnected paragraphs. The following are more examples of
discourse markers or transitional signals.
• and, also, besides, further, furthermore, too, moreover, in
addition, then, of equal importance, equally important,
another
• for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific,
such as, moreover, furthermore, just as important,
similarly, in the same way

On the I have here information about Covid-19 from various references. Read
Spotlight them, so that you can come up with a 2-paragraph discussion about
Covid-19 and its major symptoms. Make sure that you are able to apply
the writing techniques of scholarly paragraphs.

Reference 1
Author Department of Health (DOH)
Year of Publication April 10, 2020
Reference Website https://covid19.healthypilipinas.ph/faqs
What is COVID-19? Coronaviruses are a large family of
viruses causing a range of illnesses, from
the common cold to more serious
 infections such as those caused by
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-
related Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-
related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
Coronavirus can also cause a variety of
diseases in farm animals and
domesticated pets.
What are the symptoms The most common symptoms are:
of COVID-19? • Fever (not necessarily a high
fever)
• Dry cough
• Tiredness or fatigue
• Shortness of breath or difficulty
breathing
• Some patients experience aches
and pains, nasal congestion,
runny nose, sore throat, or
diarrhea

Severe Symptoms include:

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath
• Persistent pain or pressure in the
chest
• Mental confusion or changes in
alertness
• Bluish lips or face

Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from

mild to severe. Around 80% of people
have mild symptoms. It takes at most 14
days for symptoms of COVID-19 to
show.
Paragraph Number Paragraph 1

Reference 2
Author World Health Organization (WHO)
Reference https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-
Website coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub
Year of April 17, 2020
Publication
What is a Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which
Coronavirus? may cause illness in animals or humans. In
 humans, several coronaviruses are known to
cause respiratory infections ranging from the
common cold to more severe diseases such as
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The
most recently discovered coronavirus causes
coronavirus disease COVID-19.
What is COVID- COVID-19 is the infectious disease caused by the
19? most recently discovered coronavirus. This new
virus and disease were unknown before the
outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December
2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting
many countries globally.
What are the The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are
symptoms of fever, dry cough, and tiredness. Other symptoms
COVID-19? that are less common and may affect some
patients include aches and pains, nasal
congestion, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat,
diarrhea, loss of taste or smell or a rash on skin or
discoloration of fingers or toes. These symptoms
are usually mild and begin gradually. Some
people become infected but only have very mild
symptoms.

Most people (about 80%) recover from the

disease without needing hospital treatment.
Around 1 out of every 5 people who gets COVID-
19 becomes seriously ill and develops difficulty
breathing. Older people, and those with
underlying medical problems like high blood
pressure, heart and lung problems, diabetes, or
cancer, are at higher risk of developing serious
illness. However, anyone can catch COVID-19
and become seriously ill. People of all ages who
experience fever and/or cough associated
withdifficulty breathing/shortness of breath, chest
pain/pressure, or loss of speech or movement
should seek medical attention immediately. If
possible, it is recommended to call the health care
provider or facility first, so the patient can be
directed to the right clinic.
Paragraph Paragraph 1
Number

Reference 3
 Author 1. Hamidreza Shirzadfar
2. Kowsar Sheikhi
3. Milad Sheikhi
Reference Shirzadfar, H., Sheikhi, K., & Sheikhi, M.
(2020). A Review on Novel Coronavirus
(Covid-19): Symptoms, Transmission
and Diagnosis Tests. Research in
Infectious Diseases and Tropical
Medicine, 2(1), 1-8.
Year of Publication 2020
What is COVID-19? The coronavirus belongs to a family of
viruses that may cause various
symptoms such as pneumonia, fever,
breathing difficulty, and lung infection.
These viruses are common in animals
worldwide, but very few cases have been
known to affect humans. The World
Health Organization (WHO) used the
term 2019 novel coronavirus to refer to a
coronavirus that affected the lower
respiratory tract of patients with
pneumonia in Wuhan, China on 29
December 2019. The WHO announced
that the official name of the 2019 novel
coronavirus is coronavirus disease
(COVID-19).
Page Number 1

Write your paragraph in the space provided or you may use another
sheet.

After the task, self-evaluate your paragraph/s if they follow the

“scholarly” characteristics.

Indicators Yes No
1. I have a clear introductory
paragraph/s.
2. I establish my main idea (thesis
statement) and synthesis
sentence in my paragraph/s.
3. I have supporting ideas of my
main idea (thesis statement).
4. I use simple language in my
paragraph/s.
 5. My paragraph/s is kept
structured and formal.
6. I use sources for the ideas that
must be mentioned or cited.
7. I apply the Blender Metaphor
Model.
8. I apply the Sandwich Metaphor
Model
9. I apply the Pearls Metaphor
Model; that is, I use transitional
signals.
10. I end my short essay with a
conclusion at the end.

What was the result of your self-evaluation? Do you think you can now
write longer paragraphs and even an entire academic paper stabling
the “scholarly” characteristics?

Think In no more than 100 words, explain why we need to build scholarly
Beyond paragraphs in our academic paper.

References Barrot, J., & Sipacio, P. J. (2018). Purposive communication in the 21st
century. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Wa-Mbaleka, S. (2018). Writing your thesis and dissertation

qualitatively: Fear no more. Oikos Biblios Publishing House

Wa-Mbaleka, S., & Gladstone, R. K. (2018). Qualitative research for

senior high school. Oikos Biblios Publishing House
Module 7
Number
Module Communication for Academic Purposes
Title
Lesson 4 Achieving Scholarly Writing: Preparing the reference list
Description This lesson will introduce you to the strategies of preparing a reference list
of the (references) as end-text citations vis-à-vis with the in-text citation. Specifically, the
Lesson
lesson will walk you through the details of referencing using the APA 7th edition
style guide.
Lesson At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Objectives a. discuss the importance of referencing in your academic paper;
b. identify the APA 7th edition formatting of referencing in your paper; and
c. make a refence list of cited authors.

Lesson Proper
Remember From your in-text citation skills, how confident are you in end-text citation (creating
and Relate a reference list) at the end of the paper? Answer this short survey questionnaire
honestly. Put a check mark as to the extent of confidence level you have in doing
the academic activity. There is no right or wrong answer.

This teacher-made survey is anchored on the APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th edition) of The Writing Lab
& The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.
2–
I know how to make a reference list 3 – Very 1 – Not
Averagely
for: Confident confident
Confident
1. books with one author
2. books with two authors
3. books with more than three authors
4. books with editor/s but no author/s
5. books with author/s and editor/s
6. books with edition numbers
7. journal articles with one author
8. journal articles with two authors
9. journal articles with more than three
authors
10. web page name with an individual as
an author
11. web page name with organization as
an author
12. electronic information posted in
online news portal or Facebook page
TOTAL (Add all the scores under
each rating scale, e.g. 3x12=36)
AVERAGE (Add your total scores
and divide the sum to 12)

Think and After answering the survey, interpret your average score using table below.
Reflect
 Average Score Confidence Level
2.5-3.0 Very Confident – I can independently do (without
the guidance of my teacher) the activity of
creating a refence list for my academic paper.
1.5-2.4 Averagely Confident – I can do the activity of
creating a refence list for my academic paper with
a minimal guidance of my teacher.
.5-1.4 Not Confident – I cannot fully do the activity of
creating a refence list for my academic paper. I
need the guidance of my teacher.

Tell me what score (in average) you get in the survey. Answer this graphic
organizer below.

My score (in average) is __________________________.

My score means that I am ___________________________.

I got the score because (state the reason that you can see why you got the
score)
________________________________________________________________.

Engage Mentioning the author in the body of your paper is not enough to document your
and references. Coming up with a refence list will therefore complete your citations. In
Discuss the APA 7th edition, the reference list or the list of references is found at the end of
your academic paper. It contains the list of authors and their works which you
mentioned in the in-text citation. In other references, referencing is also called as
end-text citation because you cite the complete information of the citation at the
end of your paper.

Why do we need to a reference list at the end of our paper?

Generally, we put a reference section at the end of our academic paper as an end-
text citation. We also make sure that what we have cited inside the paper will
appear in the reference list. In the same manner, you cannot add a reference in the
reference list if you have not cited it in the paper. Hence, the in-text and end-text
citation should match.

How do we make the reference list?

The way we make the reference list will matter on the nature of reference or source
you have. That is, books and journal articles are structured differently.
Purdue University Online Writing Lab (2019) suggested some ways we can
structure our reference list with respect to the kind of reference or source we have
at hand. It is then imperative that you note the details of the reference, as
illustrated in the table below.

Complete name of authors:

Year of Publication:
Title of the reference (book or article):
Place of publication:
Publisher/Publishing company:
DOI (If there is)
URL (for electronic source)

The strategies that we will be talking about in this discussion is guided by the
Purdue University Online Writing Lab (2019) APA Manual.

1. Basic Format for a Book Publication. Notice how it is strictly structured for
books with a single author, dual authors, or with multiple authors in the
formatting style guide illustrated in the boxes

Book with 1 author

Format

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher Name. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D. (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide for millennial

professionals. Leyte Normal University Press.

Book with 2 authors

Format

Author, A. A. , & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter

also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D., & Bramida, C. (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide

for millennial professionals. Leyte Normal University Press.
Book with more than 3 authors. Only include the first author and use et al. for
other authors.

Format

Author, A. A. , & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter

also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D. et al. (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide for

millennial professionals. Leyte Normal University Press.

Edited book with no author. The book is not authored but edited by someone.
You have to look at the cover page if there is: Edited by. This means it is edited
by one person or more.

Format

Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D. (Ed.) (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide for

millennial professionals. Leyte Normal University Press.

Edited book with an author. The book is authored but edited by someone.
You have to look at the cover page if there are: Authored by and Edited by.
This means it is authored and edited by one person or more.

Format

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D. (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide for millennial

professionals. (Bramida, C, Ed.). Leyte Normal University Press.
 Edited book with an author. The book is authored but edited by someone.
You have to look at the cover page if there are: Authored by and Edited by.
This means it is authored and edited by one person or more.

Format

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for

subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available)

Example

Villacorte, D. (2019). Communication in the workworld: A guide for millennial

professionals. (Bramida, C, Ed.). Leyte Normal University Press.

2. Basic Format for a Journal Article Publication. Notice how it is strictly

structured for articles in journals with a single author, dual authors, or with
multiple authors in the formatting style guide illustrated in the boxes. Please
note that you have to get the DOI number (https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy) of the
article which can be seen in the article itself or in the journal publisher. If
there is none, you can opt to put the URL of the journal website instead.

Journal article with 1 author

Format

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example

Caňete, A. G. (2020). Communication strategies of OFWs in the Middle East: A

case study on workplace language diversity. Journal of Intercultural
Communication, 1(2), p. 1-10. https://doi.org/23.567/yyyy
 Journal article with 2 authors

Format

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example

Caňete, A. G., & Tolibas, M. C. (2020). Communication strategies of OFWs in the

Middle East: A case study on workplace language diversity. Journal of
Intercultural Communication, 1(2), p. 1-10. https://doi.org/23.567/yyyy

Journal article with 2 authors

Format

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number (issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Example

Caňete, A. G., & Tolibas, M. C. (2020). Communication strategies of OFWs in the

Middle East: A case study on workplace language diversity. Journal of
Intercultural Communication, 1(2), p. 1-10. https://doi.org/23.567/yyyy

3. Basic Format for Information in Electronic Resources. Notice how it is

strictly structured for textual information found in websites, web pages, etc.,
in the formatting style guide illustrated in the boxes.

Page names of an individual author

Format

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Example

Robin, C. J. (2016, November 25). Living with cool siblings. Live and Love.
https://living withcoolsiblings/live_and_love.com
Page names of an organization as author

Format

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL

Example

Department of Health. (2020, April 10). Frequently Asked Questions about

Covid-19. Covid-19 Healthy Pinas. https://faqs.doh/covid19

Online News Articles

Format

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

Example

Seberre, K. (2020, August 19). LNU moves opening of classes to October 5. An

Lantawan. www.anlantawanwordpress.com

Facebook post

Format

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up

to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

Example

An Lantawan. (2020, August 28). Normalistas win big in reg’l ASEAN contests
[Flash News/Breaking News]. An Lantawan. www.FB/AnLantawanLNU.com
 There are also other formats for other type of references, and I encourage you to
read them as given in the suggested readings.

It is given emphasis that you follow strictly the formatting of the entry for a
reference in your reference list. For your reference section, make a separate sheet
with the heading “References” placed at the center. Then begin your reference list
in the next page. See the example reference list below.

On a final note, make sure that review the format before you submit your paper to
your teacher.

Note: Some of the examples that appeared in the boxes are fictional for educational purposes only.

On the You will be given entries of references. Your job is to arrange them, so that they
Spotlight follow the APA 7th edition referencing format.

1.
Complete name of John W. Creswell
author
Year of Publication 2014
Title of the book Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches
Edition 4th Edition
Publisher/Publishing SAGE Publications, Inc.
company
Complete reference
entry
 2.
Complete name Robertgie L. Piañar
of author
Year of 2018
Publication
Title of the Themes Along Millennial Poetry
journal article
Journal Journal of International Academic Research for
Publisher Multidisciplinary
Volume No. 6
Issue No. 6
Page Nos. 44-56
Complete
reference entry

This time, I want you to look for references, as specified in each item, so that the
entries in the table below are supplied.

1. A book with two authors

Complete name of
author
Year of Publication
Title of the book
Edition (If there is)
Publisher/Publishing
company
Complete reference
entry

2. A book with an editor, but no author

Complete name of
editor
Year of Publication
Title of the book
Edition (If there is)
Publisher/Publishing
company
Complete reference
entry
 3. A journal article with two authors

Complete name
of author
Year of
Publication
Title of the
journal article
Journal
Publisher
Volume No.
Issue No.
Page Nos.
DOI (If there is)
URL (If there is)
Complete
reference entry

4. A news article written by a person

Complete name
of author
Complete Date
of Publication
Title of the article
Title of the
publication site
URL
Complete
reference entry

Think Why should the in-text citation and the end-text citation match with each other
Beyond before you submit your academic paper to your teacher? Write your answer in no
more than 100 words.
Suggested Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Articles in periodicals.
Readings Retrieved from shorturl.at/iszAN

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Other non-print
sources. Retrieved from shorturl.at/bgkuD

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Other print sources.
Retrieved from shorturl.at/qALZ7

References Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Articles in periodicals.
Retrieved from shorturl.at/qwHM4

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Author/authors.

Retrieved from shorturl.at/efrEH

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Basic rules. Retrieved
from shorturl.at/oIT67

Purdue University Online Writing Lab. (2019). Reference list: Books. Retrieved
from shorturl.at/fmnV3
Module 7
Number
Module Achieving Scholarly Writing: Writing an Academic Paper
Title
Activity After completing the final activity, you will be able to write an academic
Objectives paper that possesses strong scholarly qualities.
Task Supposing you are a member of the Philippine Department of Health
Prompt that is tasked to educate the residents living in the different towns in
Eastern Visayas. You have a roadshow orientation about important
information that people have to know against COVID-19.

To be able to do that, you have to write a 3-5-page academic essay

that follows the expository or informational type. It is you who will select
the possible subtopics that you can include in your academic paper.
Further, your ideas and discussion have to be backed-up by authorities
in the field. You have to use at least (minimum) 5 references. That is
why this is called academic or scholarly writing, because you have to
write along with the references available. Hence, you should be able to
apply what you learned in this module into this final work.

Here is an example idea organizer, which you can use to also organize
your work.

What is my title? COVID-19: Symptoms, Transmission, and

Cure
What are my topics? 1. What is COVID-19?
2. What are the symptoms of COVID-19?
3. How do people get COVID-19?
4. How do we cure COVID-19?
a. at home
b. at the medical hospital

After you finish your paper, self-evaluate your work using this
questionnaire. Put a checkmark if you accomplished all these
indicators.

Did I consider them in my paper? Yes No

1. I gathered enough (at least 5)
references from reputable sources.
2. I evaluated my references before
using them in my paper.
3. I used in-text citation techniques to
make my paper more scholarly.
 4. I paraphrased (use my own words)
and summarized some of the ideas to
avoid copy and paste (plagiarism).
5. I used the iMISS model.
6. I used the KISS model.
7. I applied the blender metaphor
model.
8. I applied the pearls metaphor
model.
9. I applied the sandwich metaphor
model.
10. I used end-text citation (reference
list) techniques in my paper.
Evaluation
Rubric Your academic paper will be evaluated using this rubric below.

Indicator 5 4 3 2 1
(To a very (To a (To some (To a (Not at
great great extent) little all)
extent) extent) extent)
1. The topic is
appropriate and
relevant to COVID-19.
2. The paper uses at
least 5 references.
3. The purpose is clear
and well-defined.
4. The paper has an
effective opening.
5. The paper has an
effective ending.
6. The discussion is
well-organized.
7. The topic has enough
supporting details
such as relevant data
or example.
8. Lifted ideas are
documented properly
through in-text
citation.
9. All references
mentioned in the
paper are
documented properly
through end-text
citation or reference
 list at the end of the
paper.
10. The paper is free from
plagiarism based on
the plagiarism
checker report. This
means that the paper
has applied
paraphrasing and
summarizing
techniques.
This rubric is adapted from Barrot, J., & Sipacio, P. J. (2018). Purposive communication in the
21st century. C & E Publishing, Inc.