Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 - Week 5:
The Review of Related Literature and
Its Purpose and Needs

Development and Quality Assurance Team

Developer: Nicole Hope S. Ario
Evaluators: Jeshrel B. Plaza, EdD and Ivy M. Maloloy-on, MST
Illustrator: Nicole Hope S. Ario
Team Leader: Rosalinda E. Urbiztondo, PhD
Learning Area Supervisor: Edna E. Trinidad, EdD

Illustration Credits:
Title Page: Marieto Cleben V. Lozada
Visual Cues: Ivin Mae M. Ambos
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 Competencies:

1. Selects relevant literatures. CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1

2. Cites related literature using standard style. CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2

Objectives:
At the end of the week, the students should be able to:
1. Identify specific related literatures;
2. Construct citation with the use of the APA format; and
3. Value the importance of relevant literatures and proper
citation in conducting research.

Learners’ Task

Lesson Overview

In this chapter more concrete and practical concerns related to

research will be discussed. The literature review which is a major part of any
research will be thoroughly explained together with the citing references and
the standard citation.

The review is not undertaken for its own sake. The primary purpose of
the literature review is to establish the state of current knowledge or
agreement about your research topic. A literature review surveys books,
scholarly articles, and any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, and by doing so, provides a description, summary, and
critical evaluation of these works in relation to the research problem being
investigated. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of
sources you have explored while researching a particular topic and to
demonstrate to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of
study.

After selecting materials relevant to the study, you need to cite their
sources. There is a need to follow prescribed formats for writing and the
sources within the text aid are the reference list. This lesson provides you a list
of the varied sources and the standard style to be followed.

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 Definition of Review of Related
Literature
Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a detailed review of
existing literature related to the topic of a thesis or dissertation. In an RRL, you
talk about knowledge and findings from existing literature relevant to your
topic.

5 Purposes of Literature Review

McMillan and Schumacher (1984) identified five purposes of literature review.

1. Define and limit a problem.

If your literature review is part of a larger research project, the
literature review helps to identify the parameters of a study. Most
research areas are broad: a literature review allows identification of
key issues within a broad research area so that a definition of an area
of interest can be pursued.

2. Place your study in perspective.

The purpose of academic research is to push out and add to the
current body of knowledge within a particular field. Unless you are
aware of the work of others, you cannot build upon an established
foundation. A literature review allows the researcher to say: “The work
of A, B, and C have discovered this much about my question; the
investigations of D have added this much to our knowledge. I propose
to go beyond D's work in the following manner.”

3. Avoid unintentional replication of previous studies.

Sometimes it is appropriate to replicate a previous study, but this
should be done intentionally and for a particular purpose. A literature
review helps you to make informed choices about a research topic
within a scholarly context.

4. Select methods and measures.

The success or failure of previous investigations can provide
useful material for you when you are designing your own research
methodology. You can assess what has worked before (or not worked)
in previous contexts and why. You may be alerted to new
methodologies and procedures and different types of tests,
technologies and measures.
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 5. Relate findings to previous knowledge and suggest areas for further
research.
The findings on one’s own research need to be related back to
earlier studies. This ―places‖ ones work and can point to areas that
need further investigation. The research is much more a coherent
whole if your discussion section draws on and contrasts with the
literature review.

Doing a Literature Review

The ability to review and to report on relevant literature is a key

academic skill. Doing a literature review situates your research focus within
the context of the wider academic community in your field. The literature
review:

 Reports your critical review of relevant literature and

 Identifies a gap within the literature that your research will attempt to
address

Reviewing the accumulated knowledge about a question is an

essential early step in the research process. As in other areas of life, it is best to
find out what is already a question before trying to answer it yourself. The
cliché about reinventing the wheel is a reminder to do your preparation
before beginning an endeavor that requires an investment of time and effort.

Selecting relevant literature will entail looking at the various purposes

the review can serve. There is a need to discuss what the literature is, where
to find it and what it contains. There will be a need to use techniques for
systematically conducting a review. And finally, look at how to write it and its
place in the research report.

Researchers need studies to compare, replicate and criticize them for

weaknesses. Researches vary in perception and depth. Literature review can
help to clarify thoughts about studying. Further, it can establish a framework
within which to present and analyze findings.

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Four step process of reviewing literature:

1. Selecting
1.
a topic

2. Select and
4. Write the choose
review literature

3. Analyze
and interpret
literature

If you are not assigned to a particular topic to investigate, the first step
will allow you to choose a research interest where you can choose a
research topic you can write about.

For example:

1. Mass Communication – Media

2. Film Industry – The recent rise in superhero films
3. Psychology – the effect of superhero films on the perception of
masculinity among Filipino adolescent males.

Look for materials relevant to your chosen topic. Document sources

you encounter. Finally develop your argument and critique materials
gathered for your literature review.

Write your review in the past tense except when discussing its
significance; in this case, use the present tense.

Example: Martin (2007) found that there was possible direct relationship
between how children saw and felt about themselves and how they felt
about the superheroes. This shows that it is probable that superheroes may be
able to influence an adolescent’s perception of masculinity.

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How to evaluate Articles
After locating a published study or article, you need to read and
evaluate the material. The guidelines can help you find out the merits of the
material and decide whether to include it in your research or not are as
follows:

1. Examine the title.

A good title is specific, indicates the nature of the research
without describing the results and avoids asking yes or no questions. It
describes the topic and may mention, one or two variables, and talks
about the setting or participants. An example of a good title is
“Parental Involvement in Schooling and Reduced Discipline among
Junior High School Students in NCR”.

2. Read the abstract.

A good abstract summarizes critical information about a study. It
gives the purpose of the study, identifies methods used and highlights
major findings. It prepares you for examining the report in detail.

3. Read the article.

You may begin by skimming the material and quickly reading the
conclusion. This will give you a picture of what the article is about.
Spend time and effort in reading an article to get maximum results.
Some conditions that can affect or influence your reading are:

a. The article is high–quality article with well-defined purpose

showing clear writing and is a smooth logical one
b. You are sharply focused on a particular issue or question
c. You have a solid theoretical background

To perform a good literature review, you must be selective,

comprehensive, critical and current. By being selective, you do not list
everything, but only the most relevant studies. By being comprehensive, you
include parts of the studies that are highly relevant and do not omit
important ones.

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Sources for the Literature Review
The term “sources” refers to print, electronic or visual materials
necessary for your research. Sources are classified into primary, secondary
and tertiary. Also make sure that sources were taken 5 years back to present.

 Examples of Primary Sources

Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, official or
research topics, patents and designs and empirical research articles

 Example of Secondary Sources

Academic journal articles (other than empirical research, articles or
reports), conference proceedings, books (mimeographs or chapters of
books), documentaries

 Example of Tertiary Sources

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks

Literature review uses a combination of primary and secondary sources

since the purpose is to document and analyze what has been published on
any given topic through time.

The sources will help you read and give you the materials relevant to
your topic. To be systematic in recording the material and its source, you
need to employ your note taking skills. Here is an example of details about
source which you can file and use during the actual writing of your literature
review (Journal of Moral Education, 36(2), 239-250).

Category/Classification/Heading/Sub-headings

Source of Information (Bibliographic reference) and location

Notes Own thoughts/Comments

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 Definition of Citation

A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research.

There are two types of citation: in-text-citation and end-of-paper

citation.

In-text citations alert the reader to an idea from an outside source. It is

the brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work. The
brief form usually consists of family name of the author(s), and year of
publication, for example “According to Polano (2021)…” and “…it is a must
(Polano, 2021)”.

End-of-paper citations also known as reference citation refers to the

complete list of cited references at the end of your paper. This time when
citing the references, it is detailed where the name of the author, date of
publication, title of the readings (books, research, etc.), and place of
publication is included.

Referencing Sources
Referencing your sources means systematically showing what
information or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing from another author’s
works and where they come from. As a dictum, you must research in order to
do research. But simultaneously, you must express what your original thoughts
and ideas are, as well as those of others.

Referencing appropriately is important for some reasons as stated

below.

 Adds authority to your work by supporting it with previous research

 Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant literature
 Enables the reader to track down the original sources to check its
quality (and to check that you haven’t misinterpreted it)
 Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving credit to the
original authors (Dempster and Hanna, 2016)

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CITING WEBSITES
Sources Example Citation
Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe Child. Retrieved February
Website with author
29, from http://www. Safechild org.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services

Website with corporate Administration (SAMSHA). (2008, February 15)
author Stop underage drinking. Retrieved February
29, 2008, from http://www.stopalcoholabuse.gov

Website with unknown Penn State Myths. (2006) Retrieved December 6,

author 2011, from http://www.psoedu.ur/about/myths.

Global warming solutions. (2007, May 21). In

Page with a website Union of Concerned Scientist. Retrieved
(unknown author) February 29, 2008, from http://www.ucsusa
org/global warming solutions.

CITING BOOKS
Sources Example Citation
Rollin, B. E. (2006). Science and ethics. New York,
Book by a single author
NY: Cambridge University Press.

Sherman, C., & Price, G. (2011). The invisible web:

Uncovering information sources search
Book by two authors
engines can’t see. Medford, NJ: Cyber Age
Books.
Book by three or more Goodpaster, K.E., Nash, L.L., & Betignies, H. (2006)
authors Business ethics: Policies and person (3rd ed.)
American Medical Association (2004). American
Book by a corporate
Medical Association Family medical guide
author
(4th ed).

Winnie,P.H. (2001). Self-regulated learning viewed

from models of information processing. In B.J.
Article or chapter within Zimmerman & D.H. Schuk (Eds), self-regulated
an edited book learning and academic achievement (2nd
ed, pp 160-192). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence
Eribaum Associates.

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CITING ARTICLES FROM PRINT PERIODICALS
Sources Example Citation
Article in monthly Swedin, E. G. (2006, May/June). Designing
magazine (include babies: A eugenics race with China? The
volume number if given) Futurist.

Article in a weekly
Will, G. G. (2004, July 5) Waging war on Wal-Mart.
magazine (include
Newsweek.
volume number if given)

Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury convicts

Article in a daily
man in drunk driving death. Centre Daily
newspaper
Times, p 1A
Stock, C.D., & Fisher, P.A. (2006) Language delays
Article in scholarly journal among foster children: implications for
policy and practice. Child Welfare, 85 (3).

Rif kind, D. (2005, April 10). Breaking their vows.

Book review
Review.

CITING ELECTRONIC BOOKS

Sources Example Citation

Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema: the revelation
in cinematography, postproduction distribution.
New York, NY: Mc-Graw Hill. Retrieved from
Electric Book www.netlibrary.com Post, E. (1923) Etiquette in
society, in business, in politics and at home. New
York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from
http://books.google.com/books

CITING AN ENTRY IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE WORK

Sources Example Citation

Rey, G. (2006). In D.M. Borchert (Ed.)
Electric Book Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2nd ed).
Retrieved from http://gogalegroup.com

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2 MOST COMMONLY USED CITATION
Aspects APA (American MLA (Modern
Psychological Association) Language Association)
System System

Full surname first,

Full surname first, then followed by full first
Writing the Author’s
followed by initials of first name, and optional
name
and middle name initial of the middle
name

Italicized title with only the

Writing the title of Underlined or Italicized
beginning word capitalized
the reading title with all content
(exception. Capital for
materials words capitalized
every proper noun)

Writing the copy

right date Written after the author’s Written after the
name publisher’s name

EXAMPLE FOR REFERENCE LIST CITATION

APA Format MLA Format

Smith, J. V. (1998). Deconstructing Smith, John. Deconstructing

Colonialism: the discourse of the Colonialism: the discourse of the
Empire, 1837-1898. Bloomington, IL: Empire, 1837-1898. Bloomington,
Illinois Wesleyan University Press. IL: Illinois Wesleyan UP, 1998.

Certiza, N. C. and David, J. L. (2008). Certiza, Nina C. and David, Jose L.

Intercultural competence. Baguio Intercultural Competence.
City: KLM CO. Baguio City: KLM CO., 2018.

Fuller, N. N. et al. (2016). Trial Fuller, Norma N. et al. Trial

proceedings. Quezon City: Rex Proceedings. Quezon City: Rex
Bookstore. Bookstore, 2016.

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Laying out your Reference
Section
At the end of your report, before the appendix is where you put the
reference section. It is an alphabetical list of all the references you cited in
the text of your report. It allows readers to find out more information about
the references used and to go to them if the readers want to. References in
the text must match perfectly those found in the reference section.

You should always cite other people’s words, ideas, and other
intellectual property that you use in your research or that have an influence
on your ideas. This includes what had been presented as different types of
materials. The demand is that you should cite whenever you:

 Use a direct quote

 Paraphrase
 Summarize
 Use facts or statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly to
your argument.

Definition of Plagiarism

Refer to the act of stealing one’s intellectual property.

Types of Plagiarism

1. Verbatim – also known as direct plagiarism is the word-for-word

transcription of a section of someone else’s work, without attribution
and without quotation marks.

2. Self-plagiarism – occurs when a student submits his or her own previous

work, or mixes parts of previous works, without permission
from all professors involved.

3. Mosaic Plagiarism – sometimes called as “patch writing” it is when you

borrow phrases from different sources and then combining them
without using quotation marks.

4. Collusion – it is when two or more persons decided to do the act of

plagiarism together.

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 5. Paraphrasing – refers to the act of stealing one’s intellectual property
but changing the word with the use of its synonyms.

Activity #1
MIX AND MATCH. Match the given relevant literatures below to their
respective title. Write the letter on the space provided before the number.

A. Authoring a dictionary of Gay Language through community of

practice
B. Development and Validation of a Parasocial Interaction Measure: The
Audience-persona Interaction Scale.
C. Making technology our own? Domestication of technology into
everyday life
D. Postpsychiatry: Mental health in a postmodern world
E. The Bible and the Third World: Pre-colonial, Colonial and Postcolonial
Encounters

1. Neologism and Morphological Analysis of Swardspeak

2. Internet Ethnography: Online and Offline
3. Educators Perception on Student’s Mental Health Issue
4. Analysis of the Reception and Appropriation of the Bible by
Manobo Christians in Central Mindanao, Philippines
5. Fictoromance and Fictophilia: A Qualitative Study of Love
and Desire for Fictional Characters

Activity #2
Rearrange the given details/information below with the use of the
standard format of citation or the American Psychological Association
format. Write your answer on the space provided below.

1. Author: Janice B. Burdinio

Book Title: The Planet of the Apes
Place Published: Surigao City
Publishing Company: VIVA Publishing
Year Published: 2004
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 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Author: Christian C. Gamboa and Kim C. Vinluan

Book Title: Folks lucky charm
Place Published: Makati City
Publishing Company: Abiva Publishing House
Year Published: 2001
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Activity #3
Answer the following question briefly.

1. Why is it important to have relevant studies and to cite your references

in conducting research?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Formative Test
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
the letter of your choice on the space provided before the number.

1. What is a Review of Related Literature (RRL)?

a. It identifies the individuals who contributed to the study
b. It is the background of the study
c. It is composed of discussion of facts and principles to which the
present study is related.
d. It is the references within the main body of the text

2. Which of the following reading materials could serve as your reference

for your Review of Related Literature if your study is about “Physical
Symptoms of AIDS”?
a. Almanacs, because it is an annual calendar containing important
dates and statistical information such as astronomical data and tide
tables.
b. Encyclopedia, because it gives information on many subjects or on
many aspects of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically.
c. Essential Cell Biology Book, because it contains information about
life.
d. Medical Journals, because it is a medium of open access
publication of novel medical research findings for the benefit of the
entire scientific community.

3. How would you select your Relevant Literature?

a. Browsing the internet
b. Considering reading materials that are outdated
c. Using reading materials both printed and non-printed materials
d. Utilizing the only materials available in the library

4. What does APA stands for?

a. American Physiological Association
b. American Population Association
c. American Professional Association
d. American Psychological Association

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 5. What is In-text Citation?
a. Beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have
contributed for the production of the study
b. Complete list of reading materials from where the borrowed ideas
came from
c. Reflects the author’s personal inclinations to a certain extent
d. References within the main body of the text

Answers’ Key
ACTIVITY #1 - A

1. A
2. C
3. D
4. E
5. B

ACTIVITY #2
1. Burdinio, J.B. (2004). The Planet of the Apes. Surigao City:
VIVA Publishing.

2. Christian, G.C. & Vinluan, K.C. (2001). Folks lucky charm.

Makati City: Abiva Publishing House.

ACTIVITY #3
- Answer may vary

References

Focus on Research: A Guide to Developing Students’ Research Skills.

Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Education, 1990.
http://www.library.ualberta.ca/documents/focusonresearch.pdf.

Donham, Jean, Kay Bishop, Carol Collier Kuhlthau, and Dianne Oberg.
Inquiry-based Learning: Lessons from Library Power. Worthington, OH:
Linworth, 2001.
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released by DepEd Central Office. Furthermore, utilization of duly acknowledged external resources is purely of non-profit, for educational
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Prieto, Nelia G., Naval, Victoria C., Carey, Teresita G. (2017). Practical
Research 2 Quantitative for senior high school. Cubao, Quezon City,
Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Disclaimer: This Learning Activity Sheet (LAS) is based from the Self-Learning Modules, Learner’s Materials, Textbooks and Teaching Guides
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