POWER SYSTEMS LECTURE SERIES

PART II. BASIC FUNDAMENTALS

(Balanced and Unbalanced Polyphase
Systems and Power Measurements)

Prepared by:
Engr. Michael C. Pacis
BSEE, MEP-EE, PhD EE (CAR)

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 ANGLE REPRESENTATIONS
1. Leading Angle
+

- rotates from counter clockwise from the

respective reference.

2. Lagging Angle
-

- rotates from clockwise from the respective

reference.

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 POWER FACTOR REPRESENTATIONS
1. Lagging power factor
I lags V by Ө or V leads I by Ө

2. Leading power factor

I leads V by Ө or V lags I by Ө

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 EXAMPLES
Solve for the power factor using phasor
diagrams. Given:
a. V=100cis30 I=50cis-45
b. I=50cis30 Z=10cis60
c. v=10sin(wt + 30) i = 25cos(wt - 60)

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 BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
- the magnitude of the line currents and line voltages are the
same and they have a 120 degrees phase difference.

Types of Connection
1. Wye or Star Connected System
a

IL = Iθ

Vθ Zθ

VL
n VL / √3

VL

b Zθ Zθ

IL = Iθ

c
IL = Iθ

RELATIONSHIPS: IL = Iθ Vθ = VL / √3 5
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 BALANCED POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
2. Delta or MESH connected system

IL
Zθ Zθ

VL = Vθ
Iθ Iθ
VL = Vθ b Zθ

IL Iθ
VL = Vθ

IL

VL = Vθ Iθ = IL / √3
RELATIONSHIPS:
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 DELTA TO WYE CONVERSION

Zdelta = 3 ZY

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ADVANTAGES OF 3Θ TO 1Θ POWER SYSTEMS
1. It is possible to get more power per kilogram of metal from a
three phase machine.
2. The power delivered to a three phase load is constant all the
times.
3. Three phase systems can use the service of induction motors
easier by allowing them to start without auxilliary starting
windings.

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 TYPES OF SEQUENCE
1. POSITIVE SEQUENCE (abc sequence)
- Ean leads Ebn leads Ecn by 120 degrees
- EL leads Eθ by 30 degrees
- IL lags Iθ by 30 degrees
Ecn

120°
Ean

Ebn

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 TYPES OF SEQUENCE
2. NEGATIVE SEQUENCE (acb sequence)
- Ean leads Ecn leads Ebn by 120 degrees
- EL lags Eθ by 30 degrees
- IL leads Iθ by 30 degrees
Ebn

Ean

120°

Ecn

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS

c C

Ic

+ +
Ia a A
Ecn - - Ean ZY ZY
n N
In

ZY
Ebn

Ib b B

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS
Balanced Line to neutral Voltage
Ean = Epcis0
Ebn=Epcis-120
Ecn=Epcis120

Balanced Line to Line Voltage using KVL at Figure

Ean-Eab-Ebn=0 or Eab=Ean-Ebn
Ecn+Ebc-Ebn=0 or Ebc=Ebn-Ecn
Ecn-Eca-Ean=0 or Eca=Ecn-Ean

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS
Substitute the values of the line to neutral voltages
Eab = Epcis0 – Epcis-120
= Ep (1cis0 – 1cis-120)
= Ep(1.73205cis30)
Eab = √3 Ep cis30
Ebc = Epcis-120 – Epcis120
= Ep (1cis-120 – 1cis120)
= √3 Ep cis-90
Eca = Epcis120 – Epcis0
= Ep(1cis120 – 1cis0)
= √3 Ep cis150

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS (phasor)

Ecn

Eca
Eab
30°
30°
Ean

30° Eab
Ebn Ebc

Ean Ecn
a c
Ebc Eca
Ebn
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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS
Therefore, mathematically
Eab = √3 Eancis30
Ebc = √3 Ebncis30
Eca = √3 Ecncis30

The line to line voltages are √3 times the line to neutral

voltage and leads by 30 degrees.

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS
Balanced Line Currents
Ia = Ean / Zy
Ib = Ebn / Zy
Ic = Ecn / Zy

let Ep = 10 and Zy = 10cis30

Ia = 1cis-30
Ib = 1cis150
Ic = 1cis90

for In, by KCL, we have, In = Ia + Ib + Ic

by substitution, In = 0; as long as system is balanced

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 BALANCED Y SYSTEMS

Ean = Ep cis 0 In = Ia + Ib +Ic

Ebn = Ep cis -120 In = 0
Ecn = Ep cis 120

Eab + Ebc + Eca = 0

Eab = Ean - Ebn
Ebc = Ebn - Ecn IL = Iθ
Eca = Ecn - Ean
Vphase=VL / √3

Therefore, the line to line voltages are √3 times the line to neutral voltages
lead by 30°.

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 BALANCED DELTA SYSTEMS
c

Ic

a ICA
+ + Ia C A

Ecn - - Ean

Zdelta
n

Ebn IBC
IAB
B

b
Ib

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 BALANCED DELTA SYSTEMS
For phase currents
IAB = Eab / Zdelta
IBC = Ebc / Zdelta
ICA = Eca / Zdelta

Recall from balanced Y systems:

Eab = √3 Epcis30
Ebc = √3 Epcis-90
Eca = √3 Epcis150

let Ep = 5 and Zdelta = 5cis30

IAB = √3 cis0 IBC = √3 cis-120 ICA = √3 cis120

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 BALANCED DELTA SYSTEMS

by KCL:
Ia = IAB - ICA = √3cis0 - √3cis120 = (√3cis-30) √3
Ib = IBC - IAB = √3cis-120 - √3cis0 = (√3cis-150) √3
Ic = ICA - IBC = √3cis120 - √3cis-120 = (√3cis90) √3
Ic
ICA

30°

IAB
30°
30°
Ia
Ib

IBC 20
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 BALANCED DELTA SYSTEMS
Therefore, mathematically,
Ia = √3 IAB cis -30
Ib = √3 IBC cis -30
Ic = √3 ICA cis -30

The line currents into the load are √3 times the delta load
current and lags by 30 degrees.

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 BALANCED DELTA SYSTEMS

IAB = Ip cis 0 EL = Eθ
IBC = Ip cis -120
ICA = Ip cis 120 Iphase =IL / √3

Ia = IAB - ICA Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

Ib = IBC - IAB
IC = ICA - IBC

Therefore, the line to line currents are √3 times the delta load current and lags
by 30°.

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 POWER IN 3 PHASE CIRCUITS

Line Values Phase Values

S T = √ 3 V L IL ST = 3 Vθ I θ

PT = √3 VL IL cos θ PT = 3 V θ I θ cos θ

QT = √3 VL IL sin θ QT = 3 V θ I θ sin θ

Others
ST = 3 Sθ = 3 Vθ I θ*

PT = 3 Pθ = 3 (I θ)2 Rθ = 3 (I θ)2 Zcosθ

QT = 3 Pθ = 3 (I θ)2 Xθ = 3 (I θ)2 Zsinθ

Where: I* is the conjugate angle of the current

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 POWER IN 3 PHASE CIRCUITS (unbalanced)

* unbalanced systems requires that powers at each

phase must be calculated individually.
P = (I θ)2 Rθ
Q = (I θ)2 Xθ
S = (I θ)2 Zθ

Therefore:
Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc
Qtotal = Qa + Qb + Qc
Stotal = Sa + Sb + Sc

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN POLYPHASE
SYSTEMS
TYPES
1. One Wattmeter Method – used to measure the total “balanced” 3 phase power using one
wattmeter only. Also, can be called per phase method.

METHODS USED
a. Potential Lead Shift Method – the current coil of one wattmeter is inserted in one line,
say line a and one of the other is shifted to line 2 and line 3 for another reading.

+
-
a
W
- LOAD
+
b
c

PT = W1 + W2

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POWER MEASUREMENT IN POLYPHASE
SYSTEMS
b. Artificial Neutral Method – if three equal resistances are connected in star across the
lines of a three phase source, it’s neutral point will be at every instant of time be exactly the
same electrical potential as the neutral point of the load.

+
-
a W

-
b + LOAD

R R R

Wrdg = PT / 3

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POWER MEASUREMENT IN POLYPHASE
SYSTEMS
d. T-Method – the current coil is inserted in one line say line a and one of the potential coil
terminals is connected to the same line. The other terminal is fastened to the junction between
a pair of equal resistance, the free ends of which connected to the other two lines.
+
-
a W

-
b + LOAD

R R

Wrdg = PT / 2

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
c. Current Transformer Method (CT) – this scheme gives direct measurement of the total
power. It employs a pair of current transformers and a single wattmeter. It has two
transformers connected back to back to the current coil of the wattmeter. Here, the true power
is already measured since the reading is already the PT.
+
-
a
CT1
BALANCE
W THREE
PHASE
LOAD

CT2
b
-
+
c

Wrdg = PT / a

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
2. Two wattmeter method – used to measure power drawn by a 3 phase, 3 wire
system.

a W

LOAD
b
W

Here, line c is the free node or reference points.

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
DERIVATIONS: Vcn Ic

Ǿ
Derive the formulae
30ᵒ
Vac Vca Vab
W1 = Vac Ia cos Ǿ1 ]
Ia
Van

Vbc Ǿ 30ᵒ
W2 = Vbc Ib cos Ǿ2] Ǿ
Ia
Ib Ib
30ᵒ Vac
30ᵒ + Ǿ 30ᵒ - Ǿ
Vbn
Vbc

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
Ǿ1 (depends on Vac and Ia) = 30-Ǿ
Ǿ2 (depends on Vbc and Ib) = 30+Ǿ
W1 = VL IL Cos (30-Ǿ)
W2 = VL IL Cos (30+Ǿ)
Recall
cos(x+y) = cosxcosy – sinxsiny
cos(x-y) = cosxcosy + sinxsiny
let W1+W2
W1 + W2 = 2 VL IL cos 30 cos Ǿ

simplifying, using special triangles

PT = WMR1 + WMR2

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
let W1+W2
W1 – W2 = 2 sin30 sinǾ VL IL

simplifying, using special triangles

QT = 31/2 (WMR1 - WMR2)

using power triangle

Tan Ǿ = 31/2 ( WMR1 - WMR2 / WMR1 + WMR2 )

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
SUMMARY

WMR1 = VLIL cos (30 - Ǿ) PT = WMR1 + WMR2

WMR1 = VLIL cos (30 + Ǿ) QT = 31/2 (WMR1 - WMR2)

Tan Ǿ = 31/2 ( WMR1 - WMR2 / WMR1 + WMR2 )

where: PT = total real power of the balanced 3 phase load

Ǿ = pf angle of the balanced 3 phase load
If line Ǿ = ǾVL - ǾiL
If phase Ǿ = ǾVphase - Ǿiphase

Note: These formulas are applicable only for balanced 3 phase loads.
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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
POWER FACTOR INDICATORS

1. if pf = 1, both wattmeters reads positive and equal

2. if pf > 0.5, both readings are positive
3. if pf=0.5, only one wattmeter gives reading, other will not
read
4. if pf<0.5, only one wattmeter will read positive and the other
will give a reverse reading.

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
REACTIVE POWER INDICATORS

1. if I line lags V line by a certain angle Ǿ, QT will read positive.

2. if I line leads V line by a certain angle Ǿ, QT will read
negative.

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
For unbalanced systems:
• the currents will not be equal nor they will have 120°phase difference as
was the case of with balanced loads.

• for unbalanced 3 phase systems we consider the first wattmeters current coil
in line a, and potential coil between lines a and c. While the second current
coil in line b and potential coil between lines b and c. The wattmeter
readings are:

WMR1 = VacIa cos Ǿ the angle Ǿ will be the difference of Vac and Ia
WMR2 = VbcIb cos Ǿ the angle Ǿ will be the difference of Vbc and Ib

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 POWER MEASUREMENT IN
POLYPHASE SYSTEMS
3. Three Wattmeter Method
- used to measure power drawn by a three phase, 4 wire system

a W

LOAD
b
W

c W

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the total power when three identical resistances each of 10 ohms are connected wye when connected across 220
V, 3 phase, 60 Hz source.

2. Three identical resistances in star consumes 2000 watts. If the resistance are connected in delta across the same supply,
what is the power consumed.

3. Three star connected impedances Z1 = 12 + j16 ohms per phase are connected in parallel with three delta connected
impedances, Z2 = 30 – j45 ohms per phase. The line voltage is 480 V. What is the line current?

4. The phase b line voltage and the phase a line current of a three phase system are: V=220 sin(wt + 210°) V and I = 10 sin(wt -
30 °)A respectively. What is the power of the system?

5. In an unbalanced wye system, the phase voltages are:

Vna = 132cis0
Vnb = 130cis235
Vnc = 133cis117
What is the voltage @ line c?

6. A 208 V, 3 phase, balanced power system is connected through a 3 phase transmission line to a y connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance of 0.06+j0.12 ohms per phase, and the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 ohms per phase,
for this power system, find:
a. magnitude of the line current
b. the power factor of the load
c. the real, reactive and apparent powers of the generator.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
7. An unbalanced 60 Hz, positive sequence, polyphase system has a per phase voltage of 120 volts and
supplying a complex load Zan = j5 ohms, Zbn = 10 ohms and Zcn = -j10 ohms. Compute for the line currents,
total complex power absorbed by the load and the power supplied by the source. Let phase ‘a’ as reference.

8. A four wire, three phase, 450V, 60Hz source supplies power to the ff loads. Three impedances (13cis20)
each connected in wye, an unbalanced delta load consisting of 15cis45 between lines a and b, 3cis30
between lines c and a and 10cis60 between lines b and c. Draw the power system diagram and calculate the
line current in line ‘a’. Let line ‘a’ voltage as reference.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS
9. A balanced 3 phase load has a line current of 120A at 230 V line to line and 0.848 pf lagging.
If the two wattmeters are used to measure the power being drawn by the system. What are the
wattmeter readings?

10. A 3 phase, 3 wire feeder has the following line currents and voltages:
Vab = 220 cis 0° I a = 30 – j30
Vbc = 220 cis 240°` I c = 29 + j39.8
Determine the reactive power supplied by the feeder. Let line b as your reference.

11. Given a unbalanced three phase system with the following loads:
Vab = 230 cis 0° Z ab = 60
Vbc = 230 cis 120°` Z bc = 30 + j50
Vca = 230 cis 240° Z ca = -j80
Determine the reading of the two wattmeter’s properly connected using line a
as the common point.

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