ME 431: MACHINE DESIGN 1

Course Name: MACHINE DESIGN 1

Course Code: ME 431

Module Number: 2

Module Title: Engineering Tolerances and Allowances

Prepared by:
Engr. Marco A. Sollano

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INTRODUCTION

The Learning Module-2, comprises the analysis of determining the specified design required
to allocate the tolerance if ever the machine reached its specified designed requirements. It also
discusses the significant difference of Allowances to Tolerances and how it differs upon the
application of machine design calculations.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module the students will be able to:

1. Distinguish the difference between the technical term Tolerance to Allowance.

2. Evaluate the working principles based on the designed parameters of the machine

3. Apply the design formulas learned to solve the unknown tolerance and allowance in the
given sample design problems.

SUBJECT MATTER

What is Engineering Tolerance in the perspective of Machine Design?

Engineering tolerance is the permissible limit or limits of variation in: a physical dimension;
a measured value or physical property of a material, manufactured object, system, or service; ... in
mechanical engineering the space between a bolt and a nut or a hole, etc.
An engineering tolerance is the acceptable difference between the maximum and minimum
size of a mechanical part as a basis for determining the accuracy of its fit with another part.

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For Example:
A dimension gives as Ø 28±0.2 means that the manufactured part may be Ø 28.2 or Ø 27.8,
or anywhere between these limit dimensions.
Terminology
Nominal Dimension - The dimension that the tolerance is applied to.
Upper Limit - The maximum allowable size of the part based on the tolerance given
Lower Limit - The minimum allowable size of the part based on the tolerance given.
Interval of Tolerance - The upper limit minus lower limit, also known as range of tolerance.
Functional dimensions- Have to be machined and fit with other mating components
Clearance - mean size of hole minus mean size of shaft

Why Tolerance?
No one cannot manufacture a part to its accurate dimension. If you leave a dimension
without a tolerance, no one else will know the importance or the unimportant of that
dimension. Not only a lack of tolerance lead to improper fits, it will also add to delay and
higher costs.
Why tolerances are given to the parts- Because it’s impossible to make perfect
settings.
Which type of tolerance provided in drilling mostly - Unilateral because in drilling as
dimension is allowed to vary in one direction only. Hole is always oversize, not undersize.
Quality control charts doesn’t depend on which factor- Binomial distribution, In
establishing of realistic specifications, control charts are considered as a good guide for the
design office. Quality control charts are based on the assumptions of random sampling and
normal distribution.

Comparison of tolerance with cost

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How Effective tolerance helps

✓ The part functions correctly.
✓ Fabrication cost is minimum.

Types of Tolerance
✓ Special tolerance
✓ General workshop tolerance

Special Tolerance
✓ Limit Allowance
✓ Unilateral Tolerance
✓ Bilateral Tolerance

How Tolerance differs to Allowance in the perspective of Machine Design?

TOLERANCE ALLOWANCE

No parts are identical Provided intentionally

Variation in size is Gives the required fit( to
inevitable meet out functional
Interchangeability requirements)
Specified by two extreme Is a planned deviation
allowable sizecalled between actual
limits. dimension and a nominal
Difference between the or theoretical dimension
maximum and minimum intended tofinal
limit size. dimension.

What is the Tolerance Type?

Dimensional Tolerance - control dimensions
Geometric Tolerance - control dimension and geometry
Bilateral tolerance - total tolerance is in both the directions

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Fundamental deviation Calculations:

The fundamental deviation is an allowance rather than tolerance. The allowance is
simply the deviation between the hole minimum diameter to the shaft maximum diameter. Where
the tolerance refer to either hole (Max. dia of hole-Min. Dia. of the hole) or shaft (Max. Dia. of the
shaft- Min. Dia. of the Shaft). There are 25 fundamental deviations are there to fit the shaft in a hole
with these 25 allowable deviations.

See the following schematic representation of the Fundamental deviation of Holes and shafts
(Fundamental Deviation Chart)

Example:

A Shaft designation is given as

40H8/f7

H8 = Hole deviation with the

international tolerance grade 8
(IT8)

f7 = Shaft deviation with the

international tolerance grade 7
(IT7)

ME063C – Machine Deign-I

Engr. Katarungan B. de Pano MBA, PME

But how we can figure out the tolerances for the given shaft diameter? e
Here we go!

International Tolerance Grades

We have 18 International Tolerance (IT) grades. These grades determine the tolerances for the given
designated shaft value.
IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3, IT4, IT5, IT6, IT7, IT8, IT9, IT10, IT11, IT12, IT13, IT14, IT15, IT16.

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These are the standard tolerance grades. These tolerance values will be calculated with
the help of the relevant magnitude given below.

Where

D = Geometric mean diameter in mm

The following list will demonstrate where these grades are applied according to their tolerance range
in a particular application.

g
IT01 to IT4 – For the production of gauges, plug gauges, measuring instruments
IT5 to IT 7 – For fits in precision engineering applications
IT8 to IT11 – For General Engineering
IT12 to IT14 – For sheet metal working or press working
IT15 to IT16 – For processes like casting, general cutting work

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Fundamental tolerances of grades according to the IS: 919 – 1993

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EVALUATION:

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REFERENCES:

1. Capote & Mandawe (2016). "Solved Problems in MACHINE DESIGN". Published by JAM
Publisher. Distributed by PRIME Review Center Junquera Sts, Cebu City.
2. Stress-Strain & Young Modulus.(2018). www.engineeringtoolbox.com
3. Faires, Virgil Moring. " Design of Machine Elements" 4th Ed. Collier-McMillan
International Editions. EDCA Publishing and Distributing Corporations.
4. Boldea, Ion and Nasar, Syed A. (2010 ). " The Induction Machines Design Handbook". 2nd
Edby Taylor and Francis Group , LLC. Boca Raton London New York
5. J.K. Gupta, R.S. Khurmi, (2005). A Textbook of Machine Design. India
6. JAS TORDILLO, (2004). Machine Design Reviewer. Revised Edition. Tordillo publishing,
Cebu City.
7. J.J. Dicker, G.R. Pennock, J.E. Shigley, (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms. Third
Edition. Wisconsin, USA.
8. Budynas R., Nisbett J. K., Shigley’s Mechanincal Engineering Design. 9th Edition
9. Robert L. Norton., (2014). Machine Design – An Integrated approach. 6th Edition. Prentice
hall, USA

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