Introduction

A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic
or logical operations (computation) automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of
operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A
computer system is a "complete" computer that includes the hardware, operating system (main
software), and peripheral equipment needed and used for "full" operation. This term may also refer to a
group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer
cluster. Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the
1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a
number of special-purpose commercial systems such as Sabre.[104] In the 1970s, computer engineers at
research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using
telecommunications technology. The effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer
network that resulted was called the ARPANET.[105] The technologies that made the Arpanet possible
spread and evolved.

In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the
Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the
computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define
and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored
information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these
facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the
spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap,
fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost
ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large
proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive
information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is
becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Difference between computer and internet

A computer is a programmable device that stores, retrieves, and processes data. The term "computer"
was originally given to humans (human computers) who performed numerical calculations using
mechanical calculators, such as the abacus and slide rule. The term was later given to mechanical
devices as they began replacing human computers. Today's computers are electronic devices that accept
data (input), process that data, produce output, and store (storage) the results (IPOS). WHILE The
Internet (or internet)[a] is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)[b] to communicate between networks and devices. It is a network of
networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The
Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext
documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file
sharing.

Computer Languages

The computer language is defined as code or syntax which is used to write programs or any specific
applications. It is used to communicate with computers. Broadly the computer language can be
classified into three categories:- assembly language, machine language, and high-level language. The
machine language is considered as oldest computer language among all three. In machine language, the
input is directly given as binary input which is processed by the machine. Binary inputs mean one and
zero form. For computer language processing the system needs a compiler and interpreter to convert
the language into computer language so that it can be processed by a machine.

1. Machine Language

The machine language is sometimes referred to as machine code or object code which is a set of binary
digits 0 and 1. These binary digits are understood and read by a computer system and interpreted easily.
It is considered a native language as it can be directly understood by a central processing unit (CPU). The
machine language is not so easy to understand, as the language uses the binary system in which the
commands are written in 1 and 0 form which is not easy to interpret. There is only one language that is
understood by computer which is machine language. The operating system of the computer system is
used to identify the exact machine language used for that particular system.

The operating system defines how the program should write so that it can be converted to machine
language and the system takes appropriate action. The computer programs and scripts can also be
written in other programming languages like C, C++, and JAVA. However, these languages cannot be
directly understood by a computer system so there is a need for a program that can convert these
computer programs to machine language. The compiler is used to convert the programs to machine
language which can be easily understood by computer systems. The compiler generates the binary file
and executable file.

Example of machine language for the text “Hello World”:-

01001000 0110101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100000 01010111 01101111 01110010 01101100
01100100

2. Assembly Language
The assembly language is considered a low-level language for microprocessors and many other
programmable devices. The assembly language is also considered a second-generation language. The
first generation language is machine language. The assembly language is mostly famous for writing an
operating system and also in writing different desktop applications. The operations carried out by
programmers using assembly language are memory management, registry access, and clock cycle
operations. The drawback of assembly language is the code cannot be reused and the language is not so
easy to understand. The assembly language is considered a group of other languages. It is used to
implement the symbolic representation of machine code which is used to program CPU architecture.
The other name of assembly language is assembly code. For any processor, the most used programming
language is assembly language.

In assembly language, the programmer does the operation which can be directly executed on a central
processing unit (CPU). The language has certain drawbacks as it does not contain any variables or
functions in programs and also the program is not portable on different processors. The assembly
language uses the same structure and commands which machine language does use but it uses names in
place of numbers. The operations performed using the assembly language are very fast. The operations
are much faster when it is compared to high-level language.

3. High-Level Language

The development of high-level language was done when the programmers face the issue of writing
programs as the older language has portability issues which means the code written in one machine
cannot be transferred to other machines. This led to the development of high-level language. The high-
level language is easy to understand and the code can be written easily as the programs written are
user-friendly in a high-level language. The other advantage of code written in a high-level language is the
code is independent of a computer system which means the code can be transferred to other machines.
The high-level of language uses the concept of abstraction and also focuses on programming language
rather than focusing on computer hardware components like register utilization or memory utilization.

The development of higher-level language is done for a programmer to write a human-readable

program that can be easily understood by any user. The syntax used and the programming style can be
easily understood by humans if it is compared to low-level language. The only requirement in a high-
level language is the need for a compiler. As the program written in a high-level language is not directly
understood by the computer system. Before the execution of high-level programs, it needs to be
converted to machine-level language. Examples of high-level languages are C++, C, JAVA, FORTRAN,
Pascal, Perl, Ruby, and Visual Basic.
References

Stewart, Bill (January 2000). "Internet History – One Page Summary". The Living Internet. Archived from
the original on 2 July 2014.

Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.;
Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolf, Stephen (1999). "A Brief History of the Internet". arXiv:cs/9901011.

Robson, Eleanor (2008), Mathematics in Ancient Iraq, p. 5, ISBN 978-0-691-09182-2: calculi were in use
in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting
representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a sexagesimal number
system was in use 2350–2000 BCE.

Pooja Gupta, (2021), Types of Computer Languages, Introduction to types of computer language