Edward Bolingot Air Conditioning

R.A.
9299 Republic of the Philippines June 25, 2004

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY
NOHS (1907) I NOTS (1927) I EVSAT (1956) I CVPC (1983)
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines 6200
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City 6200
Air Conditioning Design
Engr. Marilou S. Tomentos

Faculty
College of Engineering and Architecture
by:
Edward Bolingot
ii
OVERVIEW
Air conditioning is the process of establishing and maintaining a given temperature,
relative humidity, and air purity in indoor environments. This is a common approach for
maintaining a particular sense of personal solace. This is used in manufacturing environments to
ensure the proper maintenance of machinery or equipment that needs to run in a specific
atmosphere, or to carry out certain industrial processes that produce a lot of heat that needs to be
disposed of in some way.
Controlling four essential variables: air temperature, humidity, movement, and quality, an
air-conditioning system must be functional independent of outside climatic circumstances.
Many factors are taken into account while designing air-conditioning systems. The above-
mentioned self-contained unit serves a space directly. Ducts, part of the systems, are used to deliver
chilled air in more sophisticated systems, such as those found in tall buildings. Air is cooled once
at a central facility and then transported to individual units, where air is utilized to change the
temperature based on factors such as sunshine exposure and shade exposure.
This design aims to provide air-conditioning plan on all spaces except comfort rooms of a
3-room house in Purok 1, Maayongtubig, Dauin, Negros Oriental. The analysis comprises
calculating the overall cooling load while taking into account various aspects and selecting the
best sort of air-conditioning unit to ensure comfort for the family.

iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Layout (Floor Plan) 1

Establishment Profile 2
Air Conditioning Design Factor 4
Heat Gained by Occupants 4
Computation of the heat transfer for 3 rooms 4
Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window 10
Internal Heat Gain from Lights 11
Heat Gained from Appliances 12
Total Sensible Heat 12
Total Latent Heat 13
Total Required Thermal Cooling Load 14
Conclusion 16
Appendix 18
References 23
1
Layout
Floor Plan
Note: All bedrooms are to be air-conditioned except for the comfort room outside the rooms.
2
Establishment Profile
Establishment: House
Location: Purok 1, Maayongtubig, Dauin, Negros Oriental
Walls: Concrete
Windows: Aluminum and Tinted Glass Casement Window
Ceiling: Hardiflex
Appliances
1. Room 1
 Computer
 LED Television
 Electric Fan
 Sound System (Surround)
2. Room 2
 Computer
 Electric Fan
 Speakers (2.1 channel)
 Laptop
3. Room 3
 Electric Fan
Number of Occupants
1. Room 1
2 occupants (couple)
2. Room 2
2 occupants (daughter and son)
3. Room 3
Maximum of 3 (for guest)
3
FORMULA
Using formulas in heat transfer through plain walls.
where:
q = heat gained, W
k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K
T= change in temperature, K
A = area of walls, m²
t = thickness, m
Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window
where:
A = area, m² exposed to sun

SHGF = solar heat gained factor for single sheet of clear glass, W/m-K
SC = shading coefficient
CLF = cooling load factor
Internal Heat Gain from Lights
where:
Fu = utilization factor (fraction of installed lamps in use)

Fb = ballast factor of fluorescent lamps usually 1.2 for common fluorescent fixtures
CLC = cooling load factors for lightning
4
AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN FACTORS
Heat Gained by Occupants

Since COVID has halt social interaction and activities outside of the premises, occupants
(daughter and son) are to stay all day in Room 2 with online classes to attend to. Both parents are
inside Room 1 most of the day, since they have arrived for a couple of days from other place and
currently on quarantine.
Since Room 3 is for guest, occupants might be staying inside of the room any time of the
day for a rest.
Sensible heat and latent heat gains are based on some considerations presented in the table 2.
Room 1
Q = (2x150) = 300 watts
Room 2
Q = (2x150) = 300 watts
Room 3
Q = (3x70) = 210 watts
COMPUTATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER FOR 3 ROOMS

Room 1
Assumed Temperature:
Outer = 32 ºC
Inner = 26 ºC
32 – 26 = 6 K
𝑘∆𝑇𝐴
𝑞= 𝑡
Where,
q = heat gained, W
𝛥T= change in temperature, K
A =area of walls, m²
t = thickness, m
5
Heat Gained by Walls and Windows
Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Front/North-West)
Wall area: A = (b)(h) = (0.3892+1.1209+1.68+1.1209+0.3892) x 3.048 = 14.3262096 m2

Window area: A = (b)(h) = (5x0.50) (1.2) = 3 m2
Wall area minus the Window area:

A = (14.3262096 m2 - 3 m2) = 11.3262096 m2
t = 0.15 m
k = 1.28 W/m-k k (For General concrete thermal conductivity)
T = 6 K (change of temperature)
q = [(1.28 x 6 x 11.3262096)/ 0.15) = 579.9019315 watts
Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Right/North-East)
Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 1.315 x 3.048 = 4.00812 m2

Window area: A = (b)(h) = (0.5 x 2) x1.2 = 1.2 m2

A = (4.00812 m2 - 1.2 m2) = 2.80812m2
t = 0.15 m
q = [(1.28 x 6 x 2.80812) / 0.15) = 21.5663616 watts

6
Heat Transfer of a window:
The area of the window and wall has different value of heat transfer; therefore, the heat transfer
to the window is calculated separately.
Overall Area of Window:

A = 3 + 1.2 = 4.2 m²
t = 0.005 m
k = 0.96 W/m-k (For glass/window thermal conductivity)
T=6K
q = [(0.96 x 6 x 4.2) / 0.005) = 4838.4 watts
Room 2
Assumed Temperature:
Outer = 32 ºC
Inner = 26 ºC
32 – 26 = 6 K
𝑘∆𝑇𝐴
𝑞= 𝑡
Where,
q = heat gained, W
𝛥T= change in temperature, K
A =area of walls, m²
t = thickness, m
7
Heat Gained by Walls and Windows
Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Right/North-East)
Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3.5 x 3.048 = 10.668 m2


A = (10.668 m2 – 1.2 m2) = 9.468 m2
t = 0.15 m
q = [(1.28 x 6 x 9.468)/ 0.15) = 484.7616 watts
Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Back/South-East)
Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3.3032 x 3.048 = 10.0681536 m2


A = (10.0681536 m2 - 1.8 m2) = 8.2681536 m2
t = 0.15 m
q = [(1.28 x 6 x 8.2681536) / 0.15) = 423.3294643 watts

8

A = 1.2 + 1.8 = 3 m²
t = 0.005 m
T=6K
q = [(0.96 x 6 x 3) / 0.005) = 3456 watts
Room 3
Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Back/South-East)
Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3 x 3.048 = 9.144 m2


A = (9.144 m2 - 1.8 m2) = 7.344 m2
t = 0.15 m
q = [(1.28 x 6 x 7.344) / 0.15) = 376.0128 watts

9

A = 1.8 m²
t = 0.005 m
T=6K
q = [(0.96 x 6 x 1.8) / 0.005) = 2073.6 watts

10
Heat gained by solar energy through a glass window
Room 1
The front (North-West) of the room is exposed to sun during 1:00 pm to 5 pm
The formula below is used to compute heat gained by solar energy through glass during the span
of time the wall is exposed to sunlight.
qsg = (A)(SHGF)(SC)(CLF)
where:
qsg = solar energy passing through window, W
Solution:
A = 3 m2
SHGF = 213 (see, appendix Table 6)
SC = 1.00 (Regular single glazing, appendix Table 7)
CLF = 0.53 (see, appendix Table 8)
qsg = (3) (213) (1) (0.53) = 338.67 W
*The Right (North-East) of the room is not exposed to sun during day time.
Room 2
The back side (South-East) of the room is exposed to sun during 7:00 am to 11:00 am.
where:
Solution:
A = 1.8 m²
qsg = (1.8) (213) (1) (0.53) = 203.202 W
11
*The Right (North-East) of the room is not exposed to sun during day time.
Room 3
The back side (South-East) of the room is exposed to sun during 7:00 am to 11:00 am, the
same as Room 2.
where:
Solution:
A = 1.8 m²
qsg = (1.8) (213) (1) (0.53) = 203.202 W
Internal Heat Gain from Lights. Rooms 1, 2, and 3 have the same number of lights with the
same capacity
q = (lamp capacity) (Fu) (Fb) (CLC)
where:
Fu = utilization factor (fraction of installed lamps in use)
Fb = ballast factor of fluorescent lamps usually 1.2 for common fluorescent fixtures
CLF = cooling load factors for lightning
q = ((24 watts x 4) + (40 watts x 1)) (1.2) (0.82)
q = 133.824 watts
12
Heat Gained from Appliances

Room 1
APPLIANCES QUANTITY WATTAGE DIVERSITY LOAD

LED Television 1 120 0.5 60
Electric Fan 1 60 0.7 42
Computer 1 180 0.3 54
Sound System 1 120 0.5 60
Total heat gained 216 watts
Room 2

Computer 1 180 0.8 144
Speakers (2.1 1 120 0.8 96
channel)
Laptop 1 98 0.8 78.4
Total heat gained 360.4 watts
Room 3

Total heat gained 42 watts
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT
Room 1
Sensible Heat of Occupants 110 watts

Heat Gained by Walls and Windows 5439.868293 watts
Solar Heat Gain 338.67 watts
Internal Heat Gain from Lights 133.824 watts
Sensible Heat from appliances 216 watts
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (Qs) 6238.362293 watts
13
Room 2

Sensible Heat from appliances 360.4 watts
Room 3

Sensible Heat from appliances 42 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT
Room 1
Occupant Respiration & Activities 300 watts

Moisture-laden outside air from infiltration 21 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT(QL) 321 watts
Room 2

14
Room 3

TOTAL REQUIRED THERMAL COOLING LOAD
Room 1
QT = Qs + QL = 6238.362293 watts + 321 watts = 6559.362293 W
Room 2
Room 3
Calculating the refrigerating capacity in Tons of Refrigeration (TR)
Room 1
6559.362293 W x (1 TR / 3520 W) = 1.86 TR
With a refrigerating capacity of 1.86 TR, it is advisable to use an air conditioning system that
can sustain this load assuming the area is packed with maximum people inside.
Room 2
5492.517064 W x (1 TR / 3520 W) = 1.56 TR
15
Room 3
3284.6388 W x (1 TR / 3520 W) = 0.933 TR
16
CONCLUSION
Room 1 and Room 2, with a refrigerating capacity of 1.86 TR and 1.56 TR
respectively, it is advisable to use an air conditioning system in each room that can sustain this
load assuming the area is packed with maximum people inside. The most suitable AC unit to be
used is:
Panasonic 2 Ton 4 Star Wi-Fi Twin-Cool Inverter Split Air Conditioner (Copper, Shield
Blu Anti-Corrosion Technology, nanoe-G Air Purification, 2021 Model, CS/CU-WU24XKYXF,
White
Features:
 Wi-Fi Split AC with Twin Cool Inverter compressor: Variable Speed Inverter Compressor
which adjusts power depending on heat load. It is most energy efficient and has lowest-noise
operation | Seamless hands-free operation and Voice Control with Alexa and Google Assistant
 Capacity: 2 Ton - Suitable for large sized rooms (181 sq ft to 260 sq. ft) | Equipped with
Powerful and Dry Mode for different cooling needs
 Energy Star Rating: 4 Star | Annual Power Consumption: 1143.38 kWh | ISEER: 4.2
 Manufacturer Warranty: 1 Year Comprehensive | 5 years on PCB |10 years on Compressor | 5
years on Outdoor Casing
 Copper Condenser Coil with Shield Blu Technology: Anti Corrosion Blue Fin Technology |
Enhances durability in high humidity coastal areas
17
Room 3, with a refrigerating capacity of 0.933 TR respectively, it is advisable to use an

air conditioning system in each room that can sustain this load assuming the area is packed with
maximum people inside. The most suitable AC unit to be used is:
Variable Type Toshiba 1.5 Ton,Split Ac
Features:
 split AC; 1.5-ton capacity

 Energy Rating: 3 Star
 This Toshiba AC comes with - Power indicator, timer modes, swing louver, energy saver,
sleep mode, four fan speeds, turbo cool
 Powerful cooling even at 50°c
 Energy efficient with aesthetic design
18
Appendix
Table 1. Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for lightning
Hours after lights are Fixture X, Hours of operation Fixture Y, Hours of operation
turned on 10 16 10 16
0 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.05
1 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.79
2 0.66 0.75 0.81 0.83
3 0.69 0.77 0.84 0.87
4 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.89
5 0.75 0.82 0.90 0.91
6 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.93
7 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.94
8 0.82 0.87 0.95 0.95
9 0.84 0.88 0.96 0.96
10 0.85 0.89 0.97 0.97
11 0.32 0.90 0.22 0.98
12 0.29 0.91 0.18 0.98
13 0.26 0.92 0.14 0.98
14 0.23 0.93 0.12 0.99
15 0.21 0.94 0.09 0.99
16 0.19 0.94 0.08 0.99
17 0.17 0.40 0.06 0.24
18 0.15 0.36 0.05 0.20
Fixture X: recessed lights, not vented, supply and return air registers below the ceiling of
through the ceiling space and griller.
Fixture Y: vented or free hanging lights; air registers below or through the ceilings, return air
registers around the fixtures and through the ceiling space.
Table 2. Heat Gain from Occupants
Activity Heat Gain, W Sensible Heat, %

Sleeping 70 75
Seated quietly 100 60
Standing 150 50
Walking, 3km/hour 305 35
Office work 150 55
Teaching 175 50
Retail Shop 185 50
Industrial 300-600 35
19
Table 3. Values of Infiltration Constants
Quality of Construction a b c
Tight 0.15 0.010 0.007

Average 0.20 0.015 0.14
Loose 0.25 0.20 0.022
Table 4. Sensible-Heat Cooling Load Factors for People
Hours after Total Hours in Space

Entry
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.62
2 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.70
3 0.17 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.75
4 0.13 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79
5 0.10 0.27 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82
6 0.08 0.21 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.85
7 0.07 0.16 0.34 0.8 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.87
8 0.06 0.14 0.26 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88
9 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.38 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
10 0.04 0.10 0.18 0.30 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91
11 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.25 0.42 0.91 0.91 0.92
12 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.92 0.92 0.93
13 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.28 0.45 0.93 0.94
14 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.94 0.95
15 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.30 0.47 0.95
16 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.38 0.96
17 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.49
18 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.39
Table 5. Space per Occupant
Type of Space Occupancy
Residence 2-6 occupants

Office 10-15 m2 per occupant
Retail 3-5 m2 per occupant
School 2.5 m2 per occupant
Auditorium 1.0 m2 per occupant
20
Table 6. Maximum Solar-Heat Gain Factor for Sunlight Glass
Table 7. Shading Coefficients

21
Table 8. Cooling Load Factors of Glass with Interior Shading (North Latitudes)
Solar time Window Facing

(hours)
N NE S SE S SW W NW Hor
6 0.73 0.56 0.47 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.12
7 0.66 0.76 0.72 0.57 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.27
8 0.65 0.74 0.80 0.74 0.26 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.44
9 0.73 0.53 0.76 0.81 0.38 0.16 0.13 0.17 0.59
10 0.80 0.37 0.62 0.79 0.58 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.72
11 0.86 0.29 0.41 0.68 0.75 0.22 0.17 0.20 0.81
12 0.84 0.27 0.27 0.49 0.83 0.38 0.17 0.21 0.85
13 0.89 0.26 0.24 0.33 0.80 0.59 0.31 0.22 0.85
14 0.86 0.24 0.22 0.28 0.68 0.75 0.53 0.30 0.81
15 0.82 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.50 0.83 0.72 0.52 0.71
16 0.75 0.20 0.17 0.22 0.35 0.81 0.82 0.73 0.58
17 0.78 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.69 0.81 0.82 0.42
18 0.91 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.45 0.61 0.69 0.25
Table 9. Cooling Load Estimates for Various Office Load Densities
Light Load Density Wattage Diversity Load, W

Computers 55 0.67 36.85
Monitors 55 0.67 36.85
Laser-Printer 130 0.33 42.9
Fax Machine 15 0.67 10.05
22
Table 10. Thermal Conductivity
Material Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)

Brick, common (Building brick) 0.621
Brick, fire 0.47
Brick, insulating 0.15
General concrete 1.28
Concrete, light 0.1-0.3
Concrete, stone 1.7
Concrete, medium 0.4-0.7
Cement 0.29
Glass 1.05
Glass, window 0.96
Wood, door 0.12
23
References
https://www.nationalglass.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Glass-Data_v4-
Low-Res.pdf
http://www.chigo.ph/residential-ac/floor-mounted-air-conditioners/30tr-floor-
mounted-air-conditioner
https://www.wconline.com/blogs/14-walls-ceilings-blog/post/89661-comparing-
solar-heat-gaincoefficients-shgc-and-shading-coefficients-sc

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R.A.

9299 Republic of the Philippines June 25, 2004

Air Conditioning Design

Engr. Marilou S. Tomentos

Air conditioning is the process of establishing and maintaining a given temperature,

maintaining a particular sense of personal solace. This is used in manufacturing environments to

disposed of in some way.

air-conditioning system must be functional independent of outside climatic circumstances.

temperature based on factors such as sunshine exposure and shade exposure.

best sort of air-conditioning unit to ensure comfort for the family.

Layout (Floor Plan) 1

Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window

A = area, m² exposed to sun

Internal Heat Gain from Lights

Fu = utilization factor (fraction of installed lamps in use)

AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN FACTORS

Heat Gained by Occupants

COMPUTATION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER FOR 3 ROOMS

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

𝛥T= change in temperature, K

Heat Gained by Walls and Windows

Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Front/North-West)

Wall area: A = (b)(h) = (0.3892+1.1209+1.68+1.1209+0.3892) x 3.048 = 14.3262096 m2

Wall area minus the Window area:

q = [(1.28 x 6 x 11.3262096)/ 0.15) = 579.9019315 watts

Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Right/North-East)

Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 1.315 x 3.048 = 4.00812 m2

Wall area minus the Window area:

q = [(1.28 x 6 x 2.80812) / 0.15) = 21.5663616 watts

Heat Transfer of a window:

Overall Area of Window:

q = [(0.96 x 6 x 4.2) / 0.005) = 4838.4 watts

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

𝛥T= change in temperature, K

Heat Gained by Walls and Windows

Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Right/North-East)

Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3.5 x 3.048 = 10.668 m2

Wall area minus the Window area:

q = [(1.28 x 6 x 9.468)/ 0.15) = 484.7616 watts

Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Back/South-East)

Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3.3032 x 3.048 = 10.0681536 m2

Wall area minus the Window area:

q = [(1.28 x 6 x 8.2681536) / 0.15) = 423.3294643 watts

Heat Transfer of a window:

Overall Area of Window:

q = [(0.96 x 6 x 3) / 0.005) = 3456 watts

Heat Transfer of a wall with a window (Back/South-East)

Wall area: A = (b)(h) = 3 x 3.048 = 9.144 m2

Wall area minus the Window area:

q = [(1.28 x 6 x 7.344) / 0.15) = 376.0128 watts

Heat Transfer of a window:

Overall Area of Window:

q = [(0.96 x 6 x 1.8) / 0.005) = 2073.6 watts

Heat gained by solar energy through a glass window

The front (North-West) of the room is exposed to sun during 1:00 pm to 5 pm

Heat Gained from Appliances

APPLIANCES QUANTITY WATTAGE DIVERSITY LOAD

APPLIANCES QUANTITY WATTAGE DIVERSITY LOAD

APPLIANCES QUANTITY WATTAGE DIVERSITY LOAD

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT