Lesson 18:

Water Chlorination Calculations

Objective

In this lesson we will learn the following:

 Calculate chlorine dose, demand and residual.

 Calculate breakpoint chlorination.
 Calculate dry and solution feed rates for hypochlorite.
 Calculate percent strengths.
 Calculate chemical use.

Lecture

Water Chlorination

Chlorine deactivates microorganisms through several mechanisms that can destroy

most biological contaminants, including:

 damaging the cell wall

 altering the permeability of the cell
 altering the cell protoplasm
 inhibiting enzyme activity so it's unable to use its food to produce energy
 inhibiting cell reproduction

Chlorination can be done at any point and time throughout the water treatment
process. There isn't one specific time when chlorine must be added. Each point of
chlorine application will subsequently control a different water contaminant concern,
thus, offering a complete spectrum of treatment from the time the water enters the
facility to when it leaves.

Pre-chlorination is when chlorine is applied to the water almost immediately after it

enters the treatment facility. In this step the chlorine is usually added directly to the
raw water, or added in the flash mixer. It is added at this stage to eliminate algae and
other forms of aquatic life from the water so they won't cause problems later on in the
treatment process. Pre-chlorination is found to remove taste and odors as well as
oxidize any iron, manganese or hydrogen sulfide that might be present.

Chlorination can also be done directly after sedimentation, but before filtration. This
would control the biological growth, remove iron and manganese, remove taste and
odors, control algae growth, and remove color from the water. This will not decrease
the amount of biological growth in the sedimentation cells.

Chlorination may also be done as the final step in the treatment process, which is
when it is usually done in most treatment plants. The main objective of adding
chlorine is to disinfect the water and maintain enough chlorine in the treated water as
it travels through the distribution system (chlorine residual). At times, distribution
systems can be a fair distance from the storage tanks and in dead end sections where
water is not used, pathogens may re-grow if a proper chlorine residual isn't maintained
in the treated water sent out for consumption. This results in poor water quality as
well as slime and biofilm growth in the distribution system that will end up
contaminating the clean, treated water being distributed.

Chlorine is available in a number of different forms:

 Pure elemental gaseous chlorine: a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent and

irritating odor that is heavier than air, nonflammable, and nonexplosive, which
is not toxic or corrosive when released to the atmosphere. Typical dosage is 1 -
16 mg/L.

 Solid calcium hypochlorite (tablets or granules). Typical dosage is 0.5 - 5

mg/L.

 Liquid sodium hypochlorite solution (in various strengths). Typical dosage is

0.2 - 2 mg/L.

The strength of one form of chlorine compared to the others that must be used for a
system is dependent upon the amount of water to be treated, configuration of the
water system, local availability of the chemicals, and skill of the operator.

 
Calculations

Chlorine Dose, Demand and Residual

You will hear these terms often pertaining to chlorination. Let's define them:

 Chlorine Dose - amount of chlorine added to the system. It can be determined

by adding the desired residual for the finished water to the chlorine demand of
the untreated water. Dosage can be either milligrams per liter (mg/L) or pounds
per day (lb/day). The most common unit used is mg/L. The dose can be
determined by:

Chlorine dose, mg/L = Chlorine demand, mg/L + Chlorine residual, mg/L

 Chlorine Demand - amount of chlorine used by iron, manganese, turbidity,

algae, and microorganisms in the water. Since chlorine doesn't kill the microbes
instantly, demand is relative to time.

For instance, the demand 10 minutes after applying chlorine will be less than
the demand after 30 minutes. Demand, like dosage, is expressed in mg/L and
can be determined by:

Chlorine demand, mg/L = Chlorine dose, mg/L - Chlorine residual, mg/L

 Chlorine Residual - amount of chlorine (determine by testing) remaining after

the demand is satisfied. Residual, like demand, is based on time. The longer the
time period after the dosage, the lower the residual will be, untill all of the
demand has been satisfied. This measurement is measured in mg/L as well.
 The presence of a free residual of at least 0.2 to 0.4 ppm usually provides a
high degree of assurance that the disinfection of the water is
complete. Combined residual is the result of combining free chlorine with
nitrogen compounds. Combined residuals are also known as chloramines.

Example:

A water is tested and found to have a chlorine demand of 1.5 mg/L. If the desired
chlorine residual is 0.6 mg/L, what is the desired chlorine dose, in mg/L?

Chlorine dose, mg/L = Chlorine demand, mg/L + Chlorine residual, mg/L

Chlorine dose, mg/L = 1.5 mg/L + 0.6 mg/L

Chlorine dose, mg/L = 2.1 mg/L

Example:
The chlorine dosage for a water is 1.8 mg/L. If the chlorine residual after 30
minutes contact time is found to be 0.4 mg/L, what is the chlorine demand, in
mg/L?

Chlorine demand, mg/L = Chlorine dose, mg/L - Chlorine residual, mg/L

Chlorine demand, mg/L = 1.8 mg/L - 0.4 mg/L

Chlorine demand, mg/L = 1.4 mg/L

Example:

If the chlorine dosage for a water is 1.2 mg/L and the demand is known to be 0.8
mg/L, what is the residual amount in the water?

For this one, just rearrange the formula to get residual on one side of the equation to
solve:

Chlorine demand, mg/L = Chlorine dose, mg/L - Chlorine residual, mg/L

demand + residual = dose

residual = dose - demand

Chlorine residual, mg/L = Chlorine dose, mg/L - Chlorine demand, mg/L

Chlorine residual, mg/L = 1.2 mg/L - 0.8 mg/L

Chlorine residual, mg/L = 0.4 mg/L

Let's watch a video showing how to calculate the chlorine demand.

 
 

Chlorine Dosage Feed Rate

Now that you know the measurements of chlorine in mg/L, you can convert that
dosage to pounds per day (lb/day) (or vice versa) with the following formula:

Chlorine, lb/day = Chlorine, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

Example:

What should the chlorinator setting be, lb/day, to treat a flow of 1.88 MGD if the
chlorine demand is 2.1 mg/L and a chlorine residual of 0.6 mg/L is desired?

First calculate the chlorine dosage in mg/L:

Chlorine dose, mg/L = Chlorine demand, mg/L + Chlorine residual, mg/L

Chlorine dose, mg/L = 2.1 mg/L + 0.6 mg/L

Chlorine dose, mg/L = 2.7 mg/L

Now calculate the chlorine feed rate in lb/day (at a dose of 2.7 mg/L):

Chlorine, lb/day = Chlorine, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

Chlorine, lb/day = 2.7 mg/L x 1.88 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

Chlorine, lb/day = 42.3 lb/day

Example:
A pipeline that is 10 inches in diameter and 1800 ft long is to be treated with a
chlorine dose of 5 mg/L. How many pounds of chlorine will this require?

To use the mg/L to lb/day conversion, the gallon volume of the pipeline must first be
determined. Remember to convert 10 inches to feet:

10 in x (1 ft/12 in) = 0.83 ft

Volume, gal = 0.785 x (Diameter)2 x Length, ft x 7.48 gal/ft3

Volume, gal = 0.785 x (0.83 ft)2 x 1800 ft x 7.48 gal/ft3

Volume, gal = 0.785 x (0.69 ft2) x 1800 ft x 7.48 gal/ft3

Volume, gal = 7,292.8 gal (which equals 0.0073 MG)

Now we can calculte the pounds of chlorine required using the conversion:

Chlorine, lb/day = Chlorine, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

Chlorine, lb/day = 5 mg/L x 0.0073 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

Chlorine, lb/day = 0.30 lb/day

Example:

A chlorinator setting is 42.3 lb/day for a flow of 1.21 MGD. What is the chlorine
dosage, in mg/L?

Let's take a look at the feed rate equation for lb/day and maneuver it to get dosage on
one side by itself:

Chlorine, lb/day = Chlorine, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

 
To get mg/L on one side alone you will divide both sides by: (Flow, MGD x 8.34
lb/gal). This cancels it out on the right and brings it to the left:

Let's watch a video that shows you how to calclate the chlorinator setting.

Breakpoint Chlorination

To produce a free chlorine residual, enough chlorine must be added to the water to
produce what is referred to as breakpoint chlorination. This is the point at which near
complete oxidation of nitrogen compounds is reached. Any residual beyond
breakpoint is mostly free chlorine.
 

When chlorine is added to natural waters, the chlorine begins combining with and
oxidizing the chemicals in the water before it begins disinfecting. Although residual
chlorine will be detectable in the water, the chorine will be in the combined form with
a weak disinfecting power. As you can see from the graph above, adding more
chlorine to the water at this oint actually decreases the chlorine residual as the
additional chlorine destroys the combined chlorine compounds. At this stage, water
may have a strong swimming pool or medicinal taste and odor. To avoid this, add
even more chlorine to produce a free residual chlorine. Free chlorine has the highest
disinfecting power. The point at which most of the combined compounds have been
destroyed and the free chlorine starts to form is the breakpoint. The actual chlorine
breakpoint can only be determined by experimentation.

Let's watch a video explaining breakpoint chlorination.

 
When determining breakpoint chlorination, compare the expected increase in residual
with the actual increase in residual. Expected increase in residual is reflected directly
by the increase in chlorine dose, lb/day. If the water is being chlorinated beyond the
breakpoint, then any increase in chlorine dose will result in a corresponding increase
in chlorine residual. Use the mg/L to lb/day equation to determine the expected
increase in residual that would result from an increase in the chlorine dose:

Expected Increase in Residual:

Increase in chlorine dose, lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34
lb/gal

Actual Increase in Residual:

Actual Increase, mg/L = New Residual, mg/L - Old Residual, mg/L

Example:

A chlorinator setting is increased by 1.8 lb/day. The chlorine residual before the
increased dosage was 0.3 mg/L. After the increased chlorine dose, the chlorine
residual was 0.5 mg/L. The average flow rate being chlorinated is 1.32 MGD. Is
the water being chlorinated beyond the breakpoint?

First calculate the EXPECTED increase in chlorine residual:

Increase in chlorine dose, lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34
lb/gal

1.8 lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x 1.32 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

You need to maneuver the equation so the expected increase will be alone to solve for
it. This means you will divide both sides by (1.32 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal), cancelling it
out on the right and bringing it to the left:
 

Now calculate the ACTUAL increase in residual:

Actual Increase, mg/L = New Residual, mg/L - Old Residual, mg/L

Actual Increase, mg/L = 0.5 mg/L - 0.3 mg/L

Actual Increase, mg/L = 0.2 mg/L

The answer is yes, it is being chlorinated past the breakpoint because we needed it to
increase 0.16 mg/L to fulfill the chlorine demand, but it actually increased 0.2 mg/L in
chlorine residual. This means you have free available chlorine residual after
breakpoint chlorination.

Total residal is a combination of the combined and free residual.

Example:

Example:

A chlorinator setting is increased by 22 lb/day. The chlorine residual before the

increased dosage was 1.3 mg/L. After the increased chlorine dose, the chlorine
residual was 2.3 mg/L. The average flow rate being chlorinated is 2.2 MGD. Is
the water being chlorinated beyond the breakpoint?

First calculate the expected increase in chlorine residual:

Increase in chlorine dose, lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x Flow, MGD x 8.34
lb/gal

22 lb/day = Expected Increase, mg/L x 2.2 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal

You need to maneuver the equation so the expected increase will be alone to solve for
it. This means you will divide both sides by (1.32 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal), cancelling it
out on the right and bringing it to the left:

The expected increase is actually the chlorine demand. This tells us we need the total
residual to be greater than 1.199 mg/L.

Now calculate the actual increase in residual:

Actual Increase, mg/L = New Residual, mg/L - Old Residual, mg/L

Actual Increase, mg/L = 2.3 mg/L - 1.3 mg/L

Actual Increase, mg/L = 1.0 mg/L

The answer is no, the water is NOT being treated past breakpoint. The demand told us
we needed 1.199 mg/L before we started accumulating a residual in the water. We
only increased 1.0 mg/L, therefore more chlorine needs to be added to the system.

 
Calculating Dry Hypochlorite Feed Rate

The most commonly used dry hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, contains about 65
to 70% available chlorine, depending on the brand. Because hypochlorites are not
100% pure chlorine, more pounds per day must be fed into the system to obtain the
same amount of chlorine for disinfection. The equation below allows you to determine
the pounds per day of hypochlorite required:

Example:

A chlorine dose of 7.3 mg/L is required to disinfect a flow of 1.8 MGD. If the
calcium hypochlorite to be used contains 67% available chlorine, how many
pounds per day hypochlorite will be required for disinfection?

Example:

A tank contains 480,000 gallons of water and is to receive a chlorine dose of 1.8
mg/L. How many pounds of calcium hypochlorite (65% available chlorine) will
be required?
 

Example:

A total of 37 lbs of calcium hypochlorite (66% available chlorine) is used in a

day. If the flow rate treated is 2,400,000 gpd, what is the chlorine dosage, in
mg/L?

You'll need to work backwards on this one, plugging in what you are given first:

First multiply both sides by 0.66 to cancel it out on the right, leaving:

24.42 lb/day = (x mg/L)(2.4 MGD)(8.34 lb/gal)

Next, divide both sides by (2.4 MGD x 8.34 lb/gal), which cancels it out on the right,
leaving:
x mg/L = 1.22 mg/L

Calculating Hypochlorite Solution Feed Rate

Liquid hypochlorite (sodium hypochlorite) is supplied as a clear, greenish-yellow

liquid in strengths from 5.25 to 16% available chlorine. Often referred to as "bleach",
it is, in fact, used for bleaching. Common household bleach is a solution of sodium
hypochlorite containing 5.25% available chlorine. The typical concentration (density)
of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL. When calculating the chemical feed pump
settling, in mL/min, use the following formula:

Example:

A hypochlorinator is used to disinfect the water pumped from a well. The

solution used is sodium hypochlorite. A chlorine dose of 1.85 mg/L is required for
adequate disinfection throughout the system. If the flow being treated is 1.28
MGD, what will the feed pump setting need to be in mL/min?

Remember, that the typical density of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL:

 

Another way to calculate the feed pump setting in mL/min is:

If we use the problem above and add in the information that the sodium hypochlorite
has a strength of 5.25%, determine the setting in mL/min:

We need to do some converting first to get it into the proper units that it calls for in
the formula:

Flow is given in the problem above in MGD. Convert MGD to m3/day with a few
given constants, like 1 m3 = 264.2 gal:

We know the density of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL, but the equation asks for
the density in g/cm3, so let's do that conversion:
 

Now we can plug the values into the formula:

Notice that the feed pump setting is higher when the strength of the hypochlorite is
only 5.25%.

Calculating Percent Strength of Solutions

If a teaspoon of sugar is dropped into a glass of water it gradually disappears as it

dissolves in the water. A microscopic examination of the water would not show the
sugar. Only examination at the molecular level, which is not easily done, would show
the sugar and water molecules intimately mixed. If we taste the liquid, we would
know there was sugar in it by its sweetness. We could recover the sugar by
evaporating the water. In a solution, the molecules of the sugar (the solute) are
homogeneously dispersed among the molecules of the water (the solvent). This
mixture of sugar and water is homogeneous on a molecular level. Such a
homogeneous mixture is called a solution. The composition of a solution can vary
within certain limits. The main states of concern here are the solid form (calcium
hypochlorite) and the liquid form (sodium hypochlorite) of chlorine. We can
determine the percent strength of the hypochlorite through one of two formulas:

or

*Hint: If your measurement is given in kg, but you need it in lbs, the conversion to
use is (1 kg/2.20 lb). If your measurement is given in lbs, but you need kg, the
conversion to use is (1 lb/0.453 kg). Sometimes everything is given in either pounds
or kilograms and no conversion is needed. Either way you are determining the percent
strength.

Example:

If a total of 86 ounces of calcium hypochlorite (65% available chlorine) is added

to 35 gallons of water, what is the percent chlorine strength, by weight, of the
solution:

To use the first equation you will need to convert ounces to pounds of calcium
hypochlorite:

86 oz x (1 lb/16 oz) = 5.4 lb

 
Since the hypochlorite only has 65% available chlorine you would need to multiply
the amount (lb) by the strength, in decimal:

5.4 lb x 0.65 = 3.51 lb

For the solution (solute + solvent) needed, you will have to remember to add the
calcium hypochlorite (3.51 lb) to the amount of water (35 gal). To do this you must
convert pounds of hypochlorite to gallons:

3.51 lb x (1 gal/8.34 lb) = 0.42 gal

Solution = 35 gal + 0.42 gal = 35.42 gal

Now plug in the values:

Chemical Use

In a typial plant operation, the chemical use (given in lb/day or gpd) is recorded daily.
Such data provides a record of daily use from which the average daily use of the
chemical or solution can be calculated. To calculate the average use of a chemical use
one of the following formulas:

or

To calculate the days' supply you have left in inventory, use one of the following
equations:

or

Example:

The amounts of calcium hypochlorite used each day for a week are given below.
Based on the given data, what was the average use, in lb/day, of hypochlorite
used during the week?

Monday: 42 lb/day
Tuesday: 40 lb/day
Wednesday: 41 lb/day
Thursday: 40 lb/day
Friday: 45 lb/day
Saturday: 48 lb/day
Sunday: 46 lb/day

If you know you have 3500 lbs of calcium hypochlorite in storage, how many
days' supply do you have?

 
Summary

Chlorination can be done at any point and time throughout the water treatment
process. There isn't one specific time when chlorine must be added. Each point of
chlorine application will subsequently control a different water contaminant concern,
thus, offering a complete spectrum of treatment from the time the water enters the
facility to when it leaves. Chlorine is available in a number of different forms:

 Pure elemental gaseous chlorine: a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent and

irritating odor that is heavier than air, nonflammable, and nonexplosive, which
is not toxic or corrosive when released to the atmosphere. Typical dosage is 1 -
16 mg/L.

 Solid calcium hypochlorite (tablets or granules). Typical dosage is 0.5 - 5

mg/L.

 Liquid sodium hypochlorite solution (in various strengths). Typical dosage is

0.2 - 2 mg/L.

Chlorine Dose - amount of chlorine added to the system. It can be determined

by adding the desired residual for the finished water to the chlorine demand of the
untreated water. Chlorine Demand - amount of chlorine used by iron, manganese,
turbidity, algae, and microorganisms in the water. Since chlorine doesn't kill the
microbes instantly, demand is relative to time. Chlorine Residual - amount of chlorine
(determine by testing) remaining after the demand is satisfied. Residual, like demand,
is based on time. The longer the time period after the dosage, the lower the residual
will be, untill all of the demand has been satisfied. To produce a free chlorine residual,
enough chlorine must be added to the water to produce what is referred to as
breakpoint chlorination. This is the point at which near complete oxidation of nitrogen
compounds is reached. Any residual beyond breakpoint is mostly free chlorine. The
most commonly used dry hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, contains about 65 to
70% available chlorine, depending on the brand. Because hypochlorites are not 100%
pure chlorine, more pounds per day must be fed into the system to obtain the same
amount of chlorine for disinfection. Liquid hypochlorite (sodium hypochlorite) is
supplied as a clear, greenish-yellow liquid in strengths from 5.25 to 16% available
chlorine. Often referred to as "bleach", it is, in fact, used for bleaching. Common
household bleach is a solution of sodium hypochlorite containing 5.25% available
chlorine. The typical concentration (density) of sodium hypochlorite is 144 mg/mL.

 
Assignment

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