This document is a physics project report submitted by a student to their teacher on designing logic gate combinations for a given truth table. It includes an introduction to logic gates, descriptions of common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with their truth tables. It also has an acknowledgement, index, bibliography and is signed by the teacher certifying the student completed the necessary work.
This document is a physics project report submitted by a student to their teacher on designing logic gate combinations for a given truth table. It includes an introduction to logic gates, descriptions of common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with their truth tables. It also has an acknowledgement, index, bibliography and is signed by the teacher certifying the student completed the necessary work.
This document is a physics project report submitted by a student to their teacher on designing logic gate combinations for a given truth table. It includes an introduction to logic gates, descriptions of common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with their truth tables. It also has an acknowledgement, index, bibliography and is signed by the teacher certifying the student completed the necessary work.
This document is a physics project report submitted by a student to their teacher on designing logic gate combinations for a given truth table. It includes an introduction to logic gates, descriptions of common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XOR gates with their truth tables. It also has an acknowledgement, index, bibliography and is signed by the teacher certifying the student completed the necessary work.
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INDIA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
SHARJAH
PHYSICS PROJECT ON DESIGNING AN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE COMBINATION FOR A GIVEN TRUTH TABLE
Submitted By Anush Dcosta (Reg. No. )
Under the guidance of
MR. NASEEF JAMAL
2022-23 INDIA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL SHARJAH
Certificate Department of Physics
This is to certify that of class has carried out the
necessary Record Work under my supervision for the academic year 2021-2022.
Seal Teacher in-Charge
Mr. Naseef Jamal (Teacher, Dept. of Physics) Date: Year: 2022-23
(Examiner) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to convey my hearty and sincere thanks to Mr. Naseef Jamal, my Physics teacher who always gave valuable suggestion, support, encouragement and supervision for completion of my project. His moral support and continuous guidance enabled me to complete my work successfully. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Manju Reji (Principal) and other staff for their advice and guidance in doing this report. I take this opportunity to convey my thanks to my Parents, Friends and all those people who have helped me during the journey of my Record Report, which I have completed successfully. This report has given a wonderful and enlightening experience to me.
1 INDEX S. No Topic Page. No. 2. INTRODUCTION 5
3. PRINCIPLE 6
4. THE AND GATE 7
5. THE OR GATE 8
6. THE NOT GATE 9
7. THE NAND GATE 10
8. THE NOR GATE 11
9. THE XOR GATE 12
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13
2 INTRODUCTION
A gate is a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through or stop it. The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic statement relating to them. Each of these gates have a table known as the truth table that shows the possible inputs and outputs of the gates. These tables define a gate’s character. The two basic gates are the AND and OR gate and from these two gates, rest of the gates can be created. The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic gates is known as Boolean algebra and the logical statement which is followed by logic gates is known as Boolean functions. The simplest family of logic gates uses bipolar transistors, and is called resistor– transistor logic (RTL). Unlike simple diode logic gates (which do not have a gain element), RTL gates can be cascaded indefinitely to produce more complex logic functions. RTL gates were used in early integrated circuits. For higher speed and better density, the resistors used in RTL were replaced by diodes resulting in diode–transistor logic (DTL). Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) then supplanted DTL.
3 PRINCIPLE Any Boolean algebraic operation has two main components: 1. The input 2. The output Although the circuitry may be complex that are usually mad of three basic devices: 1. A P-N junction diode 2. A resistance 3. An N-P-N transistor
The three most common logic gates are:
1. The AND gate 2. The OR gate and 3. The NOT gate Other logic gates are: 1. NAND gate 2. NOR gate 3. XOR gate 4. NXOR gate
Representation of current supply:
1, if current is on. 0, if current is off.
4 SOME BASIC LOGIC GATES THE AND GATE The AND gate can two or more inputs. The And gate outputs value 1 when the value of all inputs is 1. In all other cases the output will be zero. The Boolean expression for AND gate: A . B = Y
The truth table for the AND gate:
INPUT OUTPUT PICTURE
A B Y A.B=Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
5 THE OR GATE It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR gate can have two or more inputs. The condition of the or gat is that 1 or more of the inputs should be on (value must be 1). In Boolean expression for OR gate is A + B = Y
The truth table for the OR gate:
INPUT OUTPUT PICTURE
A B Y A.B=Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
6 THE NOT GATE It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT gate has one input and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. The Boolean expression: A = Y
The truth table for the NOT gate:
INPUT OUTPUT PICTURE
A Y A =Y
1 0 0 1
The foremost NOT gate application is in the CMOS inverter for the generation of waveforms. Employed in temperature detection devices. Used in daily usage devices like desktops, tablets, and mobiles. Complex devices such as decoders, state machines, and multiplexers also use inverter circuits. The NOT gate can be used to invert any of the other gates. For example, if the not gate is used with an AND gate, we get the NAND gate. If the Not gate is used with the OR gate, we get The NOR gate.
7 THE NAND GATE The word “NAND” is a verbal contraction of the words NOT and AND. Its outputs are simply the opposite to that of the and gate. For example, the AND gate outputs value ‘0’ if any one of the inputs is zero. In contrast to this the NAND gate will output a value ‘1’ for the above stated conditions. The NAND gate will only output 0 when a both inputs are 1
The Boolean expression of the Nand gate is Y = A . B
The truth table for the NAND gate:
INPUT OUTPUT PICTURE
A B Y A.B=Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 8 THE NOR GATE the NOR gate is an OR gate with its output inverted. Its output is "1" if both inputs are "0". Otherwise, the output is "0". The Boolean expression for this gate is Y = A +B
The truth table for the NOR gate:
INPUT OUTPUT PICTURE
A B Y Y = A +B
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
9 The XOR gate The XOR (Exclusive-OR) gate’s output is "1" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "1". The output is "0" if both inputs are "0" or if both inputs are "1”. The Boolean expression for this gate is
