Computer Fundamentals Assignment - 2
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Sohel AnsariComputer Fundamentals Assignment - 2
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Sohel AnsariQ.1. Define Computers. Explain the generations of Computers.
Ans: A computer is a device\machine that performs processes, calculations
and operations based on instructions given by a software/hardware
program. It takes input, process it, and then produce outputs.
Computers store data in appropriate storage devices for later uses in
appropriate and retrieve when needed.
Modern computers used for various purposes ranging from web browsing,
creating and editing videos, document writing, creating application and
playing video games.
Generations of Computers
First Generation of Computers (1940s-1950s)
Main electronic: Main Electronic component was vacuum tube
Main memory: Magnetic drums and magnetic tapes was used as a
memory.
Programming language: Machine language was used for
programming.
Power: It was consuming lot of electricity and generate heat.
Speed & Size: It was very slow and large in size; it takes an entire
room.
Input/output Devices: I/O was on punched cards and paper tape.
Second Generation of Computers (1950s-1960s)
Main electronic: Transistor was used as a Main electronic
component.
Memory: Magnetic core & magnetic tape / disk was used as a
memory.
Programming language: Assembly language was used for
programming.
Power and size: Was consuming low power and generates less heat,
Size: It was smaller in size compare to first generation computers.
Speed: There was improvement of speed & reliability compare to first
generation computers.
Input/output devices: Out was on punched cards & magnetic tape.
Third Generation of Computers (1960s – 1970s)
Main Electronic: Integrated circuits (ICs) was used as a main
component
Memory: Large magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk was used.
Programming language – High level language like Fortran, Basic
Pascal Cobol and C languages was used.
Size: They were smaller in size, cheaper and more efficient than
second generation computers, they were also called minicomputers.
Speed: Have improved speed and reliability than the second
generation computers.
Input / output devices: Keyboard was used as an Input device and
magnetic tape, monitor and printer for output device.
Fourth Generation Computers (1970s – Present)
Main Electronic: VLSI and microprocessor was used as a component.
VLSI– Single microchip having thousands of transistors.
Memory: RAM (Random Access Memory) It is volatile type of storage
to store programs and data, its content lost when computer is turned
off. ROM
ROM (read-only memory) – It is non-volatile type of storage used to
store data and program. Its data retained even if turned off the
computer.
Programming language – High level language were used like Python,
C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, etc. It was a mix of third and fourth
generation languages
Size: Size was smaller, cheaper and was more efficient than third
generation computers.
Speed: Improved speed, accuracy and reliability compare to third
generation computers.
Input / output devices – Input devices like keyboard, pointers and
optical scanners were used and monitor, printer as a output device.
Network: Networking was introduced a group of computer systems
linked together.
Fifth Generation of Computers
Main Electronic: Component based on artificial intelligence, uses ULSI
(Ultra Large-Scale Integration) technology and parallel processing method.
ULSI – On single microchip millions of transistors.
Parallel Processing: In this method more than two microprocessors are
used to run tasks simultaneously.
Language: It understand natural language i.e. human language.
Power: Consumes less power and generate less heat.
Speed: Speed, Accuracy and reliability are remarkable improved in
comparison with the fourth generation computers.
Size – Small and portable in size and having large storage capacity.
Input / output device: Input Device likes keyboard, mouse, trackpad or
touchpad, touch screen, pen, speech input (voice recognition) light scanner
etc. Output Devices like Monitor, Printer
Example are Desktops, laptops, tablets and smartphones etc.
Q.2. Find out the hexadecimal equivalent of the binary number
(0010010100)2.
2. Convert (6532)8 to hexadecimal using shortcut method.
Ans.
Hexadecimal numbers are simplified version of binary so it’s easy to
convert. We need to remember that 1 Hex digit represent 4 binary string.
That’s mean four binary digits will be equal to 1 Hex digit
Step 1: 0010010100 has Ten digits and therefore can be grouped in 3 sets
of four with adding 0’s.
0000 1001 0100
Step 2: Then put 8, 4, 2 and 1 below each group. These (2 3, 22, 21 and 21)
are the weights place holders in the number.
0000 1001 0100
8421 8421 8421
Step 3: Than you multiply the 8, 4, 2 and 1’s with the above digit.
0000 1001 0100
8421 8421 8421
0000 8001 0400
Step 4: Than add the products in each set of four.
In the first group, 0
In the second group, 8 + 1 = 9
In the third group, 4
0000 1001 0100
8421 8421 8421
0000 8001 0400
0 9 4
Hence the hexadecimal value equivalent of the binary number
(0010010100)2 is 9416
Convert (6532)8 to hexadecimal using shortcut method.
We can convert Octal to Hexadecimal by using following 2 steps:
Step 1: Firstly we have to convert Octal number to Binary
6532
110 101 011 010
(6532)8 = (110101011010)2
Step 2: We have to convert Binary to Hexadecimal by dividing it into group
of 4, as we know 1 Hex – 4 Binary string.
1101 0101 1010
8421 8421 8421
8401 0401 8020
13 5 10
D 5 A
Hexadecimal number system works same as decimal and binary number
systems but it has base 16 with 16 digits. To represent the decimal
numbers, Hexadecimal system uses 0 to 9 numbers and A to F alphabets
to represent 10 to 15 respectively.
Hence the Hexadecimal value equivalent to Octal Number (6532) 8 is
(D5A)16
Q.3. Explain the steps to add transitions and animation effects to
presentation. Prepare a report card in MS Excel of 5 subjects of 15
students and find out the percentage of each student and average of
the class.
Ans:
Adding animation effects to presentation:
Firstly, select the object or text that you want to animate.
Then click the Animations tab.
Select which type of animation that you want from the list.
If you want to see the preview of which animations are applied to an
object, click on the Animation Pane on the right.
Timing options is used to set the timing of the animation. There is a
option given when you want to start the animation on click. Duration can
also be set and even and the delay time, before the animation begins.
Adding Transitions to a Slide
Firstly, select the slide on which you want to apply a transition.
Then click on the Transitions tab.
Select any transition from the list, see a preview of the applied effect.
Direction of the effect can be adjusted from other settings. Click on the
Effect option from drop down arrow.
Prepare a report card in MS Excel of 5 subjects of 15
students and find out the percentage of each student and average of
the class.
Assignment - Computer Fundamentals.xlsx
Maximu Soc Total
m Englis Hin Mat . Scien Mar Percenta
Marks h di hs Sci. ce ks ge
Ashish 100 55 75 45 65 56 296 66.00
Girish 100 54 68 59 49 59 289 64.83
Sachin 100 45 61 45 45 45 241 56.83
Mehbo
ob 100 55 85 55 55 55 305 67.50
Rakesh 100 65 65 65 65 65 325 70.83
Manoj 100 82 46 82 82 82 374 79.00
Aqeel 100 63 59 63 63 63 311 68.50
Simon 100 72 55 72 72 72 343 73.83
Richard
s 100 52 49 52 52 52 257 59.50
Tanisha 100 46 74 46 46 46 258 59.67
Tripti 100 61 63 61 61 61 307 67.83
Johar 100 45 54 45 45 45 234 55.67
Simmi 100 62 46 62 62 62 294 65.67
Jitendra 100 56 48 56 56 56 272 62.00
Lokesh 100 58 52 58 58 58 284 64.00
65.44
Average of the class is
65.44%
