LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Mittal School of Business

Faculty of Business and Arts

Course Code: MGN206 Course Title: Research methodology

Course Instructor: Avtar Singh Section: Q2013

Academic Task No: 01 Academic Task Title: Research proposal

supported with 15 literature reviews.

Date of Allotment: 8th September,2021 Date of Submission: 22nd September, 2021

Student Roll No: RQ2013B45 Student Reg. No: 12011403

Max. Marks: 30 Marks. Obtained:

 Women Entrepreneurship
Abstract

“Women Entrepreneur” is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs
and become economically independent. Increasing numbers of women are becoming leaders
of their own businesses, and many are struggling to achieve success

Purpose: An attempt to critically make an analysis of statutory policy for women

empowerment followed by its impact upon rising entrepreneurship empowered by women’s.
In this literature review partial text aims at reviewing the critical points of current knowledge
including significant findings as well as theoretical and methodological endowment to women
entrepreneurship through secondary sources (book, periodicals, and websites). In this respect,
the article helps us to understand how women entrepreneurship has flourished into an accepted
concept which makes it an essential part of the economy.
The criteria for finalizing the existing research on the topic included majorly cited research
information on Women entrepreneurship specifically in the Indian context. Sex disaggregated
databases on women entrepreneurship published by Indian Government and global
publications are taken in consideration for tracing the essence of women entrepreneurs in India.
The synthesis of review of the literature brought forward the distinguished profile of women
entrepreneurs in India. Entrepreneurial activity is quite low in India as compared to rest of the
world and is mostly concentrated in states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, West
Bengal and Maharashtra. There is an urgent requirement to decode policy imperatives and
interventions that can bloom engendered surroundings for women entrepreneurs in India.

Keyword: Women empowerment, statutory policies, role generalization.

Introduction

“Entrepreneurship is an innovative and creative response in any field of social, business,

education, agriculture and others.”
Entrepreneurship is a concept of creation or extraction of value. Entrepreneurship is viewed
as change, generally entailing risk beyond what is normally encountered in initial phase a
business, which may include other values than simply economic ones. Innovation is the first
criteria for entrepreneurship and as the economy changed so did the thinking process of the
people changed and this was seen more in the developed areas of the country. The development
of entrepreneur is an old phenomenon for the developed countries like the U.S, U.K and Canada
where 30% of all small business are women-owned and it is being contemplated that if women
continue to grow at the same pace, then in near future their percentage will rise to 50% or more.

Women entrepreneurship: Chronological history of the field:

The literature on mainstream entrepreneurship prioritized only the male entrepreneur emerged
in the 1930s. The late 1970s witnessed the birth of an explicit sub-domain of women
entrepreneurship (Jennings and Brush, 2013). In the last few decades woman as entrepreneur
are emerging both in developed as well as developing economies. It is prompt that women
entrepreneurs contribute extra ordinarily to improved poverty levels, upward growth of per
capita income and employment creation [Aguirre, D., et al (2012), Kumar, S. M. et al 2013,
Ogidi, A. E. (2014)]. The question of gender gap in entrepreneurship is compelling across
countries. In almost all the countries there is a huge gap between entrepreneurial activities
across both the sex (GEM 2015-16 Global Report). There is also a wide filler between
entrepreneurial duties between male and females in context of India.

With the unfolding of women in the meadow of entrepreneurship, researchers have resorted to
arrive at a comprehensive precision of women entrepreneur. Women who take responsibility
to organize and manage the resources of their enterprises and brace all the risks in expectations
of acquiring profit can be termed as women entrepreneur. This definition portrays women
entrepreneurs as responsive decision makers and managers (Coughlin, J. H., & Thomas, A. R.,
2002). Women who chose to chase the challenging role of an entrepreneur driven by their
inclination to fulfil their need of independence and achievement. This definition is only
applicable to women entrepreneurs who are opportunity oriented, i.e., women who resort to
entrepreneurship driven by their own will.
According to the Government of India, woman entrepreneur is the one who presumes dominant
financial control (minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital) in an enterprise
(Government of India, 2012).

In the traditional Indian environment, women are generally granted inferior social status. The
leadership potentials of women in fundamentally very high, when compared to men. But the
potentials are concealed by the social, economic and potentials establishment. India is ranked
128th in the world gender development index (GDI) in 1995 and ranked 95th (o.228) in the
world gender empowerment measure (GEM) in 1995.

Women Development:
o In the annual report of Women development 08-09 by the ministry of women and child
development, discussion regarding Swayamsidha intergraded scheme concerning self
Help Group. The evaluation agency recommended that the project needs to run for
successive 5 years for equilibration, growth, sustainability and self-sustenance.
o Women’s Empowerments and livelihood scheme in Mid Genetic Plains (MGP)
Priyadanshains where in women will be provided all assistance required for setting up
small and medium enterprises to embrace their income was discussed with appropriate
marketing strategy for marketing.
o Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP). It was reported
that during year 2008-09 new projects have been authorized and 31865 beneficiaries
have benefited from the scheme.

Thus, it is evident that the definition of entrepreneur can be universal to women entrepreneur
too. Some researchers have described women entrepreneur possessing distinctive personality
traits, while others have focused on the roles they play as an entrepreneur while the Government
of India has regarded financial control as a framework in defining women entrepreneur.
review of literature

Goyal and Yadav (2014) reviewed challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in developing
countries like India. They report that female entrepreneurs face provocation of higher
magnitude as compared to their male counterparts. These challenges are distinctive and more
complex for women living in developing countries. They find that women in developing
countries struggle to attain access to finance, face socio-cultural prejudice and experience low
self-esteem. They report that developing countries have institutional vacuum and low levels of
entrepreneurial education. Goyal and Yadav (2014) suggest that there is a need to in script
these complex challenges in a comprehensive manner, which can aid research and policy work
on women entrepreneurs in developing countries.

Taariq Masood and Ahmad I. M. (2009) proposed that education and wage rates significantly
and positively determined urban women ‘s labour force participation rate, but not that of rural
women. Unemployment Rate reduced significantly as well as the labour force participation rate
in rural areas, but not the urban; while, gender ratio significantly raised the participation rate
in rural and urban areas. Number of young children (0-4 years) in the household negatively
affected the participation rate for rural and urban areas. Muslim Population and Scheduled
Caste/Tribes were also significant determinants of Women ‘s decision to engage in labour
force.

Cohoon, Wadhwa and Mitchell (2010) presented a comprehensive exploration of men &
women entrepreneur ‘s motivations, background and experiences. This study recognized top 5
financial and psychological factors prompting women to become entrepreneurs. These are
aspiration to build the wealth, the wish to capitalize own business suggestions they had, the
appeal of startup culture, a long-standing desire to own their own company and working with
someone else did not attract them. The study concluded that the women are highly concerned
about protecting intellectual capital than their counterpart. Mentoring is fore most important to
women, which provides encouragement & financial guidance of business partners, experiences
& well-developed professional chain.
Leyla Sarfaraz, Nezameddin Faghih and Armaghan AsadiMajd (2014) in their research
analyses shows the degree at which entrepreneurship impacts the economy depending on
various factors which includes the quality, gender composition, and type of entrepreneurial
activity. Gender equality and female entrepreneurship are major factors in economic
development. Further, paper investigates how gender-related economic development and
women entrepreneurial activity are corelated. They showed the relationship between gender-
related development indices (introduced by the United Nations) and various stages of women
entrepreneurial work (created by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM) and suggested that
female entrepreneurial activity is not significantly influenced with gender equality.

C.Mirjam van Praag, Peter H. Versloot, (August 2007) surveyed the claim that
entrepreneurship has important economic value. Hence, a structured review provided the
answers to the question: What is the contribution of entrepreneurs to the economy in collation
to non-entrepreneurs? In this study the relative contribution of entrepreneurs to the economy
based on 4 measures that had been examined empirically are, (i) employment generation and
dynamics, (ii) innovation, and (iii) productivity and growth. This study concluded that
entrepreneurs have a very important and specific function in the economy. They engender
relatively much employment design, productivity growth and produce and commercialize
superior quality innovations. However, women cannot be neglected as they account for a
possibly high value of GDP, a less volatile and more secure labor field, higher paid
opportunities and a greater number of innovations and they have a vital number of active roles
in the adoption of innovations.

Debra Efroymson, Buddhadeb Biswas, and Shakila Ruma (September 2007) attempted to
estimate what work women do and the amount of time they disburse working, estimate the
economic value of that work, and thereby evaluate the contributions women make to the
country ‘s social development through their unpaid/unsettled work. This study concludes that
women are involved in enormous amount of work that has significant value to family, society,
and the republic. Men are able to engage in paid labor because of all the work done by women
in the residence: cleaning the home, washing clothes, preparing food, washing dishes, and
engaging in all the tasks involved in bearing and raising children.
Usha Jumani (1991) conducted a study to analyze the status of self-employed women in rural
areas. Economic activities through which the Income of the women will grow have to be
identified with superior care. They have to be in accordance with time availability with family
roles and with their awareness stages. Traditional occupations can be replaced by the new
technological based employment for women entrepreneurs. Use of IT and also scientific
processes, can intensify economic activities in the rural area. Women’s need to be trained by
the government for the same.

Porus P Munshi (1999) came up with Glass ceilings and maternal walls which are the blocks
faced by women in organizations. Currently, women management is handicapped by not
having advisers to guide them and canvas for them in the superior management. The attitude
of the society is that it looks at women as not a helping agent but as a burden. Hence the glass
ceiling is the progeny of this notion. Counseling for the women as well as their counterpart will
support them to change this attitude. Economic independence can bring about development in
thought as well as actions.

Geeta Kingdon ‘s (2001) work focused the effect of education with labour force participation
rates and hence explain wage differences between men and women. Findings suggested that
when education level exceeds a certain threshold, it starts determining a growth in labour force
participation. However, education significantly improves the wage offered to women, which is
majorly higher than in case of men. He also asserted that women in urban India faced high
levels of wage discrimination.

Jennifer E. Jennings, Candida G. Brush (2013) in this study the research was based on three
main objectives. The 1st was to document the development of the work known as Women ‘s
Entrepreneurship Research. The 2nd was to assess the contributions of this work and 3rd was to
discuss both difficulties as well as opportunities for scholarship on female entrepreneurs.
Another was that even though many women entrepreneurship research has superficial focus on
topics similar to those studied by general entrepreneurship scholars, the collected work on
female entrepreneurs demonstrated that entrepreneurship is a sex-based phenomenon, that
entrepreneurial activity is embedded in families and can be evaluated from necessity as well as
opportunity, and that entrepreneurs often pursue goals beyond economic gain.

V Krishnamoorthy and R Balasubramani (April 2014), identified the importance of women

entrepreneurial motivation factors and its effect upon entrepreneurial success. The study
identified ambition, skills and knowledge, family support, market opportunities, independence,
government subsidy and satisfaction as the important entrepreneurial motivational factors. The
study also concluded that ambition, knowledge and skill independence fields of entrepreneurial
motivational has significant impact on entrepreneurial growth.

Lall, Madhurima, and Sahai Shikha (2008) recognized Psychographic variables like, degree
of commitment, entrepreneurial challenges & future plan for expansion, based on demographic
variables. The study identified business owner ‘s habitual as self-perception self-esteem,
Entrepreneurial intensity & operational issue for future plans for growth & expansion. The
study suggested that though, there has been considerable rise in number of women opting to
work in family-oriented business but they still have lower status and are facing high operational
challenges in running business.

Anita Tripathy Lal ‘s (2012) main objective of this research was to study the significant rise
of Women Entrepreneurs in India and how it has changed since the pre-independence days
(before 1947), during the British colonial days. The study also resulted with the reasons that
have prompted the women entrepreneurs to bring up their entrepreneurial energies into start-
ups. Based on both qualitative and quantitative analyses the growth of women entrepreneurship
in India have been studied into four different periods – Pre-Independence Period (before 1947),
Post-Independence Period (after 1947), Post-Liberalization Period (after 1991) and Post -
Global Recession period (2008 onwards). The study finally concluded to what extent the
various support systems in India can further grow into a conducive ecosystem for the Women
Entrepreneurs in India.

Arun A.V. (1995) conducted a study on the 'productivity of small-scale industries in rural areas
of Kerala'. He found that small scale industries in Kerala are running on disused technology
and have a very low productivity; they are very often facing drastic competition from well-
organized large-scale sector. No planned efforts are there to upgrade or update the technology.
The efforts by the agencies are not up to mark for the technology to reach at grassroot level.
The penetration of the schemes and its use seems to dearth the quality to change the situation.
M. Aminul Islam, mentioned that a woman of her ability can do everything if she desires to
do so. They are not only cooks; they are now breadwinners as well. The economic contribution
of women through the magnitude of their unpaid labour is immense. They have proved their
mettle in various fields, including higher education, teaching, politics, sports, medical as well
as scientific research, information technology, air and water, peacekeeping missions, nursing,
wartime, agriculture, construction, business, public and private job sectors, policing,
journalism and many more fields. But still women are becoming the victims of social vices like
rape, acid attacks, sexual abuse and dowry-related violence. Until and unless women ‘s unpaid
work is recognized, efforts towards building a gender balance in society cannot be achieved.
Research OBJECTIVE

The objectives of the study are:

o To review and explore the engendered definition and concept of women entrepreneurs
in Indian context majorly as well as International.
o To review the existing research and explore the profile, features and challenges
encountered by Indian women entrepreneurs.
o To trace the emergence and prevalence of Indian women entrepreneurs through
secondary government databases.
o To understand how statutory policies can contribute towards achieving development
for women entrepreneur.

Research methodology

Type of Sample:
Simple random sampling

Respondents:
Considered e-databases like EBSCO, ProQuest and Google Scholar for the majority source for
articles. The first objective of this paper was to identify and analyze the leading research
journals in the broader area of entrepreneurship focusing women entrepreneurship papers. This
analysis would conclude us with reflection on the progress of the field and act as a potential
source of published research reviews on women entrepreneurship.

Sample:
Sex disaggregated databases on women entrepreneurship published by Government of India
are analyzed for tracing the emergence of women entrepreneurs in India. Annual Report of
Sixth Economic census published by Government of India and Census reports pertaining to
Micro small and medium enterprises in India are utilized as quantitative sources of literature.
Conclusion

Women entrepreneurship is instrumental for acquiring economic and societal growth. Despite
constituting around half of the collective population of India, the economic participation of
women is very restricted. Women entrepreneurs of India are now growing in non-traditional
sectors.

The field of women entrepreneurship has come a prolonged way since its emergence in the late
1970s. In this paper we report findings from 15 literature reviews on women entrepreneurship
that were published between 1986 and 2021. We find that the initial studies on entrepreneurship
primarily assumed male and female entrepreneurs to be the familiar and found no explicit need
for a separate investigation.

Despite the fact that government has planned framework and implemented various supportive
measures, women entrepreneurship in India remains alarmingly low. Majority of the women
owned establishments are concentrated in un-registered sector and hence are unable to cop up
with the benefits of government support. Impact evaluation of existing policies and schemes
may reveal novel ways in which women entrepreneurship can be developed in the near future.
Women entrepreneurship is a diverse and complex domain which requires extensive and
intensive research endeavors for decoding its dynamics.

The literature regarding the entrepreneurial ventures by the women leads to conclude that the
present situation is the major player in the development of the entrepreneurs.
Reference
Literature review:

1. Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. (2014). To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing

country? Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68–78.
2. Taariq Masood and Ahmad, I. M., (2009), ―An Econometric Analysis of Inter-state
variation in Women ‘s Labour Force Participation in India‖.
3. Cohoon, Wadhwa& Mitchell, (2010), ―The Anatomy of an Entrepreneur- Are
Successful Women Entrepreneur Different from Men? ‖Kauffman, The foundation of
entrepreneurship
4. Leyla Sarfaraz, Nezameddin Faghih and Armaghan AsadiMajd (2014)
5. C. Mirjam van Praag, Peter H. Versloot, (August 2007), ―What Is the Value of
Entrepreneurship?
6. Debra Efroymson, Buddhadeb Biswas, and Shakila Ruma (September 2007), ―The
Economic Contribution of Women in Bangladesh Through their Unpaid Labor,
Analysis and report writing, WBB Trust ‐Health Bridge Dhaka.
7. Usha Jumani (1991) Self-employment for Poor Rural Women Sage Publication New
Delhi.
8. Porus P Munshi (1999) Beyond the wall, Praxis, Business line – Quarterly Journal on
Management Vol. 2 issue 4 Nov 99 pp 14-15
9. Geeta Kingdon ‘s work (2001), ―Education and Labour Market Outcomes in India‖
Education Economics, 9(2): 174-195.
10. Jennifer E. Jennings (University of Alberta School of Business), Candida G. Brush
(Babson College) (2013), ―Research on Women Entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and
from) the Broader Entrepreneurship Literature? Vol. 7, No. 1, 661–713.
11. V Krishnamoorthy and R Balasubramani (April 2014), ―Motivational factors among
women
12. Carol Roth, ―Entrepreneurship: 5 Challenges facing Women Entrepreneurs‖
13. Anita Tripathy Lal (November 15, 2012) ―Women Entrepreneurs in India - Over the
Years! Fore School of Management.
14. Arun A. V. (1995) PhD thesis Osamania University Hyderabad14. Maso Kikuchi – pp
89- 125, Moto Shinge and Masayuki pp 47-67 Jung Hwan Lee and Chang Hyuk Suh
pp 187- 209, Towards the rural based development of commerce and industry, EDI
Learning resources. The World Bank DC New York 1998
 15. M Aminul Islam, ―Participation and recognition of women in economic activity.
http://www.daily- sun.com/details_yes_02-02- 2012_Participation-and-recognition-of-
women-in-economic-activities.

Other Information:
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/196977/1/878213120.pdf
file:///C:/Users/NIDHI%20SHARMA/Downloads/IOSR2015.pdf
http://gbse.com.my/v1no3jan17/Paper-40-.pdf