Cyber Security Guide

CLEARED
For Open Publication
Feb 28, 2022
Department of Defense
OFFICE OF PREPUBLICATION AND SECURITY REVIEW
The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of useful, readily available references to support Security Cooperation across
the USG, commercial sector, and U.S. allies and partners. Within this document, readers will find information regarding cybersecurity
norms, best practices, policies, and standards written and adopted by the U.S. federal government, the U.S. Department of Defense,
and recognized institutional standards.
Contents
Purpose ................................................................................................................. 5
Disclaimers ............................................................................................................ 5
Introduction........................................................................................................... 6
Quick Guide ........................................................................................................... 6
Glossary References.............................................................................................................6
Developing a Cybersecurity Strategy and Supporting Policies ................................ 8
United States Resources ......................................................................................................8
International Resources ..................................................................................................... 13
Other Sources .................................................................................................................... 15
Building Defensible Networks and Protecting Networks from Incidents............... 17
United States Resources .................................................................................................... 17
Critical Infrastructure Protection ......................................................................... 25
Managing Access in Systems and Data ................................................................. 28
Sharing Information ............................................................................................. 31
Industry Resources ............................................................................................................ 32
Building and Maintaining a Cyber Workforce ....................................................... 34
Commercial Offerings ........................................................................................................ 34
Industry Resources ............................................................................................................ 37
Appendix ............................................................................................................. 43
Quick Reference Chart ....................................................................................................... 43
https://dodcio.defense.gov Published March 2022 Page | 3

Acronym List...................................................................................................................... 45
Seven Steps to Effectively Defend Industrial Control Systems ............................................. 48
National Security Agency (NSA) Top 10 Mitigation Strategies ............................................. 55
DoD Cybersecurity Policy Chart .......................................................................................... 57

Purpose
The purpose of this document is to provide a useful reference of both U.S. and International resources, in
order to develop cybersecurity programs and to build and maintain strong network protection. Extensive
reference materials exist that support efforts to build and operate trusted networks and ensure information
systems maintain an appropriate level of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and
availability among international and U.S. stakeholders. The resources compiled here support security
cooperation and shared best practices to help achieve collective cybersecurity goals. This guide provides
readily available and unclassified information pertaining to cybersecurity norms, best practices, security
cooperation, policies and standards authored and adopted by the United States Government (USG), the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD), and recognized international institutes and workforce development training
resources provided by government, industry, and academia.
Disclaimers
This reference and resource guide is a compilation of readily available and unclassified resources and should
not be considered an exhaustive list. Abstracts, diagrams, and descriptions were taken directly from the
sources’ websites. U.S. DoD Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) does not claim authorship of resource
descriptions and gives full credit to the organizations referenced. The guide attempts to link to the most
authoritative source for each item represented and will be updated on an annual basis as needed.
References to any specific products, processes, or services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by
U.S. DoD CIO CISO.
For further information or to report a broken or invalid link, please contact the DCIO-Cybersecurity
International Division at [email protected].

Introduction
In order to maintain strong network defenses and to ensure information remains a shared strategic asset,
the DoD CIO promotes cybersecurity collaboration with international partners by sharing information. This
includes standards and best practices for building and defending networks, incident recovery, and
developing strong cyber workforces. Regardless of architecture, security control automation, workforce
development, or other initiatives put in place in an organization, good network security cannot be achieved
without good network operations. Developing effective monitoring and analysis capabilities, incident
response procedures, efficient communication management and control, and timely reporting are the
fundamental characteristics of healthy network operations on which strong network security can be built.
The resources compiled here reflect the DoD CIO’s commitment to support security cooperation, share
best practices, and assist partners in the development of cybersecurity programs and the creation and
maintenance of strong network protection.
Quick Guide
DoD
DoD Directives/Instruction/Manual C
CNSS (Committee on National Security Systems)
CJCSM (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual)
Non-DoD
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
CSIRT (Computer Security Incident Response Team)
NCCIC (National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center)
References to help answer cybersecurity-related questions quickly and efficiently:
Glossary References
CNSS Instruction No. 4009, Committee on National Security Systems Glossary, April 2015
Website: https://rmf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CNSSI-4009.pdf
NIST Interagency Report (IR) 7298, Revision 3, Glossary of Key Information Security Terms, July 2019 Website:
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2019/NIST.IR.7298r3.pdf
Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
Under the Information Technology Management Reform Act (Public Law 104-106), the Secretary of
Commerce approves standards and guidelines that are developed by the NIST for federal computer
systems. These standards and guidelines are issued by NIST as FIPS for use government-wide. NIST develops
FIPS when there are compelling Federal government requirements, such as for security and
interoperability, and there are no acceptable industry standards or solutions.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
NIST was founded in 1901 and is a non-regulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Its mission
is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science,
standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life. NIST is
dedicated to supporting U.S. in areas of national importance from communications technology and

cybersecurity to advanced manufacturing and disaster resilience. By developing new standards,
frameworks, and tools to measure critical attributes, provide authoritative data, and bring stakeholders
together to find the way forward.
Website: https://www.nist.gov/
NIST Special Publications (SP) 800 Series
The Special Publications (SP) 800 series presents documents of general interest to the computer security
community and reports on research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in computer security, and its
collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. Special publications
relating to a risk management framework (RMF) or to securing network architecture are included here.
The complete text of all Special Publication 800 series documents can be downloaded at:
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/sp800
Committee on National Security Systems & CNSS Directives
The CNSS sets national-level cybersecurity policies, directives, instructions, operational procedures,
guidance, and advisories for USG departments and agencies for the security of national security systems. It
provides a comprehensive forum for strategic planning and operational decision-making to protect
national security systems and approves the release of information security products and information to
foreign governments.
Website: https://www.cnss.gov/CNSS/index.cfm
Directives Website: https://www.cnss.gov/CNSS/issuances/Directives.cfm
DoD Cybersecurity Policy Chart, May 22, 2019
The goal of the DoD Cybersecurity Policy Chart is to capture the tremendous breadth of applicable policies,
some of which many cybersecurity professionals may not even be aware of, in a helpful organizational
scheme. The use of color, fonts, and hyperlinks are all designed to provide additional assistance to
cybersecurity professionals navigating their way through policy issues in order to defend their networks,
systems, and data. Please see the graphic in the Appendix.
Website: https://www.csiac.org/resources/the-dod-cybersecurity-policy-chart/
DoD Chief Information Officer (CIO) Library
The DoD CIO Library site lists series of documents related to policies, architectures, guidance, and
strategies. Relevant documents include topic areas of modern software practices, networks, cyber-attack,
Identity, Credential, and Access Management (ICAM), operational effectiveness, frameworks, reference
material, and strategies.
Website: https://dodcio.defense.gov/Library/

Developing a Cybersecurity Strategy and Supporting Policies
The purpose of a strategy is to guide an organization or a country in achieving a series of objectives over
time; often, a strategy sets a course for a four- or five-year period. This period of time is required to enact
change, achieve end-states, and to allocate financial means to build and sustain organizational missions.
To succeed, a strategy must assess strategic interests, as well as the geopolitical environment for
operations. It must set strategic end-states to achieve; it must identify the missions required to achieve
those end-states; and it must identify the policy, personnel, and financial investments necessary to
execute required missions and achieve required end-states.
It is imperative that defense organizations develop the appropriate strategies for protecting interests in
cyberspace, develop policies to further clarify how those strategies will be implemented, and develop the
appropriate organizational structure to coordinate efforts within individual services and across services.
Defense organizations must develop a cyber protection strategy, tied into a national-level effort, so that
investments made to develop cyber capabilities are in support of overarching national strategic objectives.
Policies, instruction, and directives are used to guide the decisions determined in the strategy and to
achieve desired outcomes. Several resources pertaining to strategic vision and examples of national and
ministerial level strategies, supporting policies, and directives are included below.
United States Resources

Presidential Policy Directive (PPD)-41, United States Cyber Incident Coordination, July 26, 2016
This Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) sets forth principles governing the federal government’s response
to any cyber incident, whether involving government or private sector entities. For significant cyber
incidents, this PPD also establishes lead federal agencies and an architecture for coordinating the broader
federal government response. This PPD requires the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security to
maintain updated contact information for public use to assist entities affected by cyber incidents in
reporting those incidents to the proper authorities.
Website: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/07/26/presidential-policy-
directive-united-states-cyber-incident
Presidential Executive Order, Executive Order on Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity, May 12,
2021
This Presidential Executive Order sets requirements to make bold changes and significant investments to
defend the vital institutions that underpin the American way of life. This Executive Order makes a
significant contribution toward modernizing cybersecurity defenses by protecting federal networks,
improving information-sharing between the USG and the private sector on cyber issues, and
strengthening the United States’ ability to respond to incidents when they occur. This Executive Order
establishes a Cyber Safety Review board responsible for the review and assessment of cyber incidents
defined under PPD-41.
Website: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-
actions/2021/05/12/executive-order-on-improving-the-nations-cybersecurity/
Interim National Security Strategy (NSS), March 2021
The publication of the National Security Strategy (NSS) is a presidential milestone. A statutorily mandated
document, the NSS explains to the American people, U.S. allies and partners, and federal agencies how
the President intends to put his national security vision into practice on behalf of fellow citizens.
Website: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf
National Defense Strategy (NDS), 2018
The U.S.’ National Defense Strategy (NDS) is used to establish the objectives for the plans for military force
structure, force modernization, business processes, supporting infrastructure, and required resources

(funding and manpower). The NDS plays a key role in identifying the capabilities required by the
warfighters to support the NSS.
Website: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-
Strategy-Summary.pdf
National Military Strategy (NMS), 2018
Provides the Joint Force a framework for protecting and advancing U.S. national interests. Pursuant to
statute, it reflects a comprehensive review conducted by the Chairman with the other members of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff and the unified combatant commanders. As an overarching military strategic
framework, this strategy implements the substantial body of policy and strategy direction provided in the
2017 National Security Strategy, the 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS), the Defense Planning
Guidance (DPG), and other documents. The 2018 NMS provides the Chairman’s military advice for how
the Joint Force implements the defense objectives in the NDS and the direction from the President and
the Secretary of Defense.
Website:https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/UNCLASS_2018_National_Military_Strat
egy_Description.pdf
National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America, 2018
America’s prosperity and security depend on how we respond to the opportunities and challenges in
cyberspace. Critical infrastructure, national defense, and the daily lives of Americans rely on computer-
driven and interconnected information technologies. As all facets of American life have become more
dependent on a secure cyberspace, new vulnerabilities have been revealed, and new threats continue to
emerge. Building on the NSS and the Administration’s progress over its first 18 months, the National Cyber
Strategy outlines how the U.S. will ensure the American people continue to reap the benefits of a secure
cyberspace that reflects our principles, protects our security, and promotes our prosperity.
Website: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Cyber-Strategy.pdf
Department of Defense Cyber Strategy, 2018
The 2018 DoD Cyber Strategy represents the Department’s vision for addressing this threat and
implementing the priorities of the NSS and NDS for cyberspace. It supersedes the 2015 DoD Cyber
Strategy.
Overview Website: https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/1648425/dods-cyber-strategy-5-
things-to-know/
Summary Document: https://media.defense.gov/2018/Sep/18/2002041658/-1/-
1/1/CYBER_STRATEGY_SUMMARY_FINAL.PDF
DoD Digital Modernization Strategy, 2019
The DoD Digital Modernization Strategy is the cornerstone for advancing our digital environment to afford
the Joint Force a competitive advantage in the modern battlespace. The Digital Modernization Strategy
provides a roadmap to support implementation of the National Defense Strategy lines of effort through
the lens of cloud, artificial intelligence, command, control and communications and cybersecurity.
Website: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jul/12/2002156622/-1/-1/1/DOD-DIGITAL-MODERNIZATION-
STRATEGY-2019.PDF
DoD Cloud Strategy, December 2018
The DoD Cloud Strategy reasserts DoD’s commitment to cloud and the need to view cloud initiatives from
an enterprise perspective for more effective adoption. It recognizes DoD’s experience over the past five
years and identifies seven strategic objectives along with guiding principles to set a path forward. It
emphasizes mission and tactical edge needs along with the requirement to prepare for artificial
intelligence while accounting for protection and efficiencies.
Website: https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/04/2002085866/-1/-1/1/DOD-CLOUD-STRATEGY.PDF

International Strategy for Cyberspace, 2011
The U.S. International Strategy for Cyberspace outlines strategic vision, including an approach to building
cyberspace policy, the future of cyberspace, policy priorities, and a way ahead. The revised strategy will
be published when the new administration releases it to the public.
Website:https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_f
or_cyberspace.pdf
Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 8000.01, Management of the Department of Defense
Information Enterprise (DoD IE), Incorporating Change 1, July 27, 2017
DoDD 8000.01 establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for DoD information resources management
activities to the DoD CIO.
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/800001p.pdf
Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 8500.01, Cybersecurity, March 14, 2014
DoDI 8500.01 establishes a DoD cybersecurity program to protect and defend DoD information and
information technology (IT).
Website: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/850001_2014.pdf
DoDI 5205.13, Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Cyber Security (CS) Activities, Incorporating Change
2, August 21, 2019
This Instruction establishes policy, assigns responsibilities, and delegates authority in accordance with the
authority in DoDD 5144.02 for directing the conduct of Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Cybersecurity
activities to protect unclassified DoD information that transits or resides on unclassified DIB information
systems and networks.
Website: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/520513p.pdf
DoDI 8510.01, Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information, Incorporating Change
3, December 29, 2020
This instruction establishes the RMF for DoD IT, establishing associated cybersecurity policy and assigning
responsibilities for executing and maintaining the RMF. The RMF replaces the DoD Information Assurance
Certification and Accreditation Process and manages the life-cycle cybersecurity risk to DoD IT in
accordance with References.
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/851001p.pdf
NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-37, Revision 2, Risk Management Framework for Information
Systems and Organizations, December 2018
This publication describes the RMF and provides guidelines for applying the RMF to information systems
and organizations. The RMF provides a disciplined, structured, and flexible process for managing security
and privacy risk that includes information security categorization; control selection, implementation, and
assessment; system and common control authorizations; and continuous monitoring. The RMF includes
activities to prepare organizations to execute the framework at appropriate risk management levels. The
RMF also promotes near real-time management and ongoing information system and common control
authorization through the implementation of continuous monitoring processes; provides senior leaders
and executives with the necessary information to make efficient, cost-effective, risk management
decisions about the systems supporting their missions and business functions; and incorporates security
and privacy into the system development life cycle.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-37r2.pdf
NIST SP 800-30, Revision 1, Guide for Conducting Risk Assessment, September 2012
The purpose is to provide guidance for conducting risk assessments of federal information systems and
organizations, amplifying the guidance in SP 800-39. Risk assessments, carried out at all three tiers in the
risk management hierarchy, are part of an overall risk management process—providing senior
leaders/executives with the information needed to determine appropriate courses of action in response
to identified risks.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-30r1.pdf
NIST SP 800-39, Managing Information Security Risk, March 2011
The purpose of SP 800-39 is to provide guidance for an integrated, organization-wide program for
managing information security risk to organizational operations (i.e., mission, functions, image, and
reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the nation resulting from the
operation and use of federal information systems.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-39.pdf
National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
The NVD is the USG repository of standards-based vulnerability management data represented using the
Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). This data enables automation of vulnerability
management, security measurement, and compliance. The NVD includes databases of security checklist
references, security-related software flaws, misconfigurations, product names, and impact metrics.
Website: https://nvd.nist.gov/
National Checklist Program (NCP) Repository
NIST maintains the National Checklist Repository (NCP), which is a publicly available resource that contains
information on a variety of security configuration checklists for specific IT products or categories of IT
products. A security configuration checklist (also called a lockdown, hardening guide, or benchmark) is a
series of instructions or procedures for configuring an IT product to a particular operational environment,
for verifying that the product has been configured properly, and/or for identifying unauthorized changes
to the product. The IT product may be commercial, open source, government-off-the-shelf, etc.
Website: https://nvd.nist.gov/ncp/repository
NIST SP 800-70, Revision 4, National Checklist Program for IT Products – Guidelines for Checklist
Users and Developers, February 2018
A security configuration checklist is a document that contains instructions or procedures for configuring an
IT product to an operational environment, for verifying that the product has been configured properly,
and/or for identifying unauthorized changes to the product. Using these checklists can minimize the attack
threat surface, reduce vulnerabilities, lessen the impact of successful cyber threat activity, and identify
changes that might otherwise go undetected. To facilitate development of checklists and to make checklists
more organized and usable, NIST established the NCP. This publication explains how to use the NCP to
find and retrieve checklists, and it also describes the policies, procedures, and general requirements for
participation in the NCP.
United States Government Configuration Baseline (USGCB)
The purpose of the United States Government Configuration Baseline (USGCB) initiative is to create security
configuration baselines for IT products widely deployed across the federal agencies. The USGCB baseline
evolved from the Federal Desktop Core Configuration mandate. The USGCB is a federal government-wide
initiative that provides guidance to agencies on what should be done to improve and maintain effective
configuration settings focusing primarily on security.
Website: http://usgcb.nist.gov
Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)
The Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) is a synthesis of interoperable specifications derived
from community ideas. Community participation is a great strength for SCAP because the security
automation community ensures the broadest possible range of use cases is reflected in SCAP functionality.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/security-content-automation-protocol/

NIST SP 800-126, Revision 3, The Technical Specification for the Security Content Automation
Protocol (SCAP): SCAP Version 1.3, February 2018
This document provides the definitive technical specification for version 1.3 of the SCAP. SCAP is a suite
of specifications that standardize the format and nomenclature by which software flaw and security
configuration information is communicated, both to machines and humans. This document collectively
defines the technical composition of SCAP version 1.3 in terms of its component specifications, their
interrelationships and interoperation, and the requirements for SCAP content.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-126r2.pdf
Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management
Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) is the process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating the
risks associated with the distributed and interconnected nature of information and operational technology
product and service supply chains. It covers the entire life cycle of a system (including design,
development, distribution, deployment, acquisition, maintenance, and destruction) as supply chain
threats and vulnerabilities may intentionally or unintentionally compromise an information and
operational technology product or service at any stage.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/Projects/Supply-Chain-Risk-Management
DHS CISA Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Supply Chain Risk Management
(SCRM) Task Force
Sponsored by CISA, Department of Homeland Security’s Information and Communications Technology
(ICT) Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM) Task Force is the United States’ preeminent public-private
supply chain risk management partnership. It was established in response to these realities and entrusted
with the critical mission of identifying and developing consensus strategies that enhance ICT Supply Chain
security."
Website: https://www.cisa.gov/ict-scrm-task-force
Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)
National Counterintelligence and Security Center (NCSC) works with its partners to assess and mitigate
the activities of foreign intelligence entities and other adversaries who attempt to compromise the supply
chains of our government and industry. These adversaries exploit supply chain vulnerabilities to steal
America’s intellectual property, corrupt our software, surveil our critical infrastructure, and carry out
other malicious activities.
Website: https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ncsc-what-we-do/ncsc-supply-chain-threats
NIST SP 800-161, Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information Systems and
Organizations, April 2015
Federal agencies are concerned about the risks associated with information and communications
technology (ICT) products and services that may contain potentially malicious functionality, are
counterfeit, or are vulnerable due to poor manufacturing and development practices within the ICT supply
chain. These risks are associated with the federal agencies decreased visibility into, understanding of, and
control over how the technology that they acquire is developed, integrated, and deployed, as well as the
processes, procedures, and practices used to assure the integrity, security, resilience, and quality of the
products and services. This publication provides guidance to federal agencies on identifying, assessing,
and mitigating ICT supply chain risks at all levels of their organizations. This publication integrates SCRM
into federal agency risk management activities by applying a multi- tiered, SCRM-specific approach,
including guidance on supply chain risk assessment and mitigation activities.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-161.pdf
Figure 2: Components and Contributing Disciplines of ICT SCRM

Source: Boyens, J., Paulsen, C., Moorthy, R., & Bartol, N. (2015). Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information
Systems and Organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
International Resources
Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union (EU)
Published by the European Commission, Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe,
and Secure Cyberspace represents the European Union’s (EU) comprehensive vision on how best to
prevent and respond to cyber disruptions and incidents. Specific actions are aimed at enhancing cyber
threat resilience of information systems, reducing cybercrime, and strengthening EU international
cybersecurity policy and protection.
Website: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/eus-cybersecurity-strategy-digital-decade-0
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) Strategy, June 2020
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) aims to achieve a high common level of cybersecurity
across the Union in cooperation with the wider community. It does this through acting as a centre of
expertise on cybersecurity, collecting and providing independent, high quality technical advice and
assistance to Member States and EU bodies on Cybersecurity. ENISA contributes to developing and
implementing the Union’s cyber policies. This strategy document, developed through the engagement of
all of ENISA’s staff, the members of its management board, and its advisory group in a collaborative and
inclusive process, sets the clear objectives that will drive ENISA’s work in the coming years to meet the
many challenges ahead.
Website:https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/corporate-documents/a-trusted-and-cyber-secure-
europe-enisa-strategy
National Cyber Security Strategies: An Implementation Guide
National Cyber Security Strategies: An Implementation Guide, developed by ENISA, introduces a set of
concrete actions, which if implemented will lead to a coherent and holistic national cybersecurity strategy.
It also proposes a national cybersecurity strategy lifecycle, with a special emphasis on the development
and execution phase. Policy makers will find practical recommendations on how to control the overall
development and improvement processes and how to follow up on the status of national cybersecurity
affairs within their country.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/national-cyber-security-strategies-an-
implementation-guide/
ENISA Cyber Security Strategies Repository
ENISA is supporting the EU Member States since 2012 to develop, implement and evaluate their National
Cyber Security Strategies (NCSS). Since 2017, all EU Member States have published their own NCSS. The
ENISA NCSS Interactive Map lists all the documents of National Cyber Security Strategies in the EU together
with their strategic objectives and good examples of implementation. ENISA's goal is to create an info-hub
with information provided by the Member States on their efforts to enhance national cybersecurity.

Website:https://www.enisa.europa.eu/topics/national-cyber-security-strategies/ncss-map/national-
cyber-security-strategies-interactive-map
Encrypted Traffic Analysis Use Cases & Security Challenges, November 2019
Within this report, ENISA explores the current state of affairs in Encrypted Traffic Analysis and in particular
discusses research and methods in 6 key use cases; viz. application identification, network analytics, user
information identification, detection of encrypted malware, file/device/website/location fingerprinting and
DNS tunnelling detection. In addition, the report discusses recent research in TLS practices identifying
common improper practices and proposing simple but efficient countermeasures like certificates validation
and pinning, minimize exposed data over HTTP redirects, using proper private keys and the latest versions
of TLS (i.e. 1.2 and 1.3), deprecating older ones and employing certificate signing and by a trusted CA.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/encrypted-traffic-analysis
EU Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS Directive), 2016
The NIS Directive is the first piece of EU-wide cybersecurity legislation with the goal of enhancing
cybersecurity across the EU. Adopted in 2016, the NIS Directive has three parts:
1. National capabilities: EU Member States must have certain national cybersecurity capabilities of the
individual EU countries, e.g. they must have a national CSIRT, perform cyber exercises, etc.
2. Cross-border collaboration: Cross-border collaboration between EU countries, e.g. the operational EU
CSIRT network, the strategic NIS cooperation group, etc.
3. National supervision of critical sectors: EU Member states have to supervise the cybersecurity of
critical market operators in their country: Ex-ante supervision in critical sectors (energy, transport,
water, health, digital infrastructure and finance sector), ex-post supervision for critical digital service
providers (online market places, cloud and online search engines)
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/topics/nis-directive
NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCDCOE)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE)
is an international military organization accredited in 2008 by NATO’s North Atlantic Council as a “Centre
of Excellence”. The NATO CCDCOE’s mission is to enhance capability, cooperation, and information
sharing between NATO, NATO Member States, and NATO’s partner countries in the area of cyber defense
by virtue of research, education, and consultation. The CCDCOE also offers resources such as the Tallinn
Manual that can help guide discussions and policies related to cybersecurity strategies.
Website: https://www.ccdcoe.org/
Guide to Developing a National Cybersecurity Strategy
Since 2016, NATO CCDCOE participated in the development of a reference guide aimed at supporting
national efforts of developing cyber security strategies. The process, led by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU), concluded with the publication of this ‘Guide to Developing a National
Cybersecurity Strategy’ in September 2018. The guide represents a comprehensive one-stop resource for
countries to gain a clear understanding of the purpose and content of a national cybersecurity strategy,
as well as actionable guidance for how to develop a strategy of their own. The reference guide further
lays out existing practices, relevant models and resources, as well as offers an overview of available
assistance from other organizations. Included among the reference materials of are two NATO CCDCOE
publications, National Cyber Security Strategy Guidelines and National Cyber Security Framework Manual.
The national cybersecurity strategy reference guide was developed by twelve partners from
intergovernmental and international organizations, private sector, as well as academia and civil society.
Website: https://ccdcoe.org/library/publications/guide-to-developing-a-national-cybersecurity-strategy/
National Cyber Security Framework Manual
The National Cyber Security Framework Manual provides detailed background information and in-depth
theoretical frameworks to help the reader understand the various facets of National Cyber Security,
according to different levels of public policy formulation. The four levels of government - political, strategic,
operational, and tactical/technical - each have their own perspectives on National Cyber Security, and each
is addressed in individual sections within the Manual. Additionally, the Manual gives examples of relevant
institutions in National Cyber Security, from top-level policy coordination bodies down to cyber crisis
management structures and similar institutions.
Website: https://ccdcoe.org/library/publications/national-cyber-security-framework-manual/
National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC)
The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) was set up to help protect the United Kingdom’s (UK) critical
services from cyber threats, manage major incidents, and improve the underlying security of the UK
internet through technological improvement and advice to citizens and organizations. The centre
supports the most critical organizations in the UK, the wider public sector, industry, and SMEs. When
incidents do occur, it provides effective incident response to minimize harm to the UK, help with recovery,
and learn lessons for the future.
Website: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/
United Nations (UN) General Assembly, Developments in the field of information and
telecommunications in the context of international security, October 8, 2021
The UN General Assembly released a draft resolution in October 2021 signed on by 55 nations highlighting
the developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international
security and advancing responsible State behavior in the use of information and communications
technologies.
Website: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N21/281/02/pdf/N2128102.pdf?OpenElement
NATO Communications and Information Agency (NCIA)
The NCIA is the executive arm of the NATO Communication and Information Organisation (NCIO), which
aims to achieve maximum effectiveness in delivering C3 capabilities to stakeholders, while ensuring their
coherence and interoperability, and ensuring the provision of secure CIS services at minimum cost to Allies
– individually and collectively.
Website: https://www.ncia.nato.int/
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental
international organization with a membership of 161 national standards bodies. Through its members, it
brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market relevant
International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
Website: https://www.iso.org/
International Technology Union (ITU) National Cybersecurity Strategies Repository
This Repository includes the National Cybersecurity Strategies, be it in a form of a single or multiple
documents or as an integral part of a broader ICT or national security strategies.
Website: https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Pages/National-Strategies-repository.aspx
10 Steps to Cyber Security
Published by NCSC, this guidance is designed for organizations looking to protect themselves in
cyberspace. The 10 Steps to Cyber Security was originally published in 2012 and is now used by a majority
of the FTSE350. The 10 Steps guidance is complemented by the paper Common Cyber Attacks: Reducing
the Impact. This paper sets out what common cyber threats look like and how threat actors typically
undertake them.
Website: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/10-steps-cyber-security
Other Sources

Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
The primary mission of Carnegie Mellon University’s Software Engineering Institute (SEI) is to support the
defense of the U.S. The SEI conducts research in software engineering, systems engineering,
cybersecurity, and many other areas of computing, working to introduce private-sector innovations into
government. In addition to supporting the DoD, they also work extensively with the private sector and
academia in an array of disciplines. Their research, prototyping, mission application, training, and education
activities are heavily interrelated and are relevant to a broad range of problem sets.
Website: www.sei.cmu.edu
The CERT® Resilience Management Model
The SEI CERT Division partners with government, industry, law enforcement, and academia to improve
the security and resilience of computer systems and networks. They study problems that have widespread
cybersecurity implications and develop advanced methods and tools to counter large-scale, sophisticated
cyber threats. CERT experts are a diverse group of researchers, software engineers, security analysts, and
digital intelligence specialists working together to research security vulnerabilities in software products,
contribute to long-term changes in networked systems, and develop cutting-edge information and training
to improve the practice of cybersecurity.
Website: https://www.sei.cmu.edu/about/divisions/cert/index.cfm
Measures for Managing Operational Resilience
In this report, members of the SEI CERT Resilient Enterprise Management team define high-level
objectives for managing an operational resilience management system, demonstrate how to derive
meaningful measures from those objectives, and present a template for defining resilience measures, along
with example measures.
Website: https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/TechnicalReport/2011_005_001_15407.pdf

Building Defensible Networks and Protecting Networks from Incidents
Good management and engineering, including planning for cybersecurity from inception, are foundational
to the development of high-quality networks. Large enterprises require careful provisioning and sound
governance, and senior management must ensure that resources are available and that recognized
security standards and policies are incorporated into the design and development processes, as well as
the day-to-day operations. A cybersecurity architecture that increases mission effectiveness and enables
cyber protection efforts includes well-defined network boundaries, appropriate access controls, and
carefully managed interconnections, to name just a few elements. Key network defense considerations
include active monitoring, automation, reliable detection, and proper procedures and resources to
respond to incidents. Developing good tactics, techniques, and procedures to stop, mitigate, and respond
effectively to network incidents is a fundamental aspect of defensive network operations.
The resources in this section provide technical standards and best practices for developing a strong
network security posture resulting in a defensible, resilient network. Many of these resources can be
applied to both new and legacy information systems. Users will find links to U.S.’ technical policies, U.S.-
developed information by the NIST, including publications, checklists, baselines and frameworks, and links
to Center for Strategic International Studies’ guidance on automating critical security controls.
Internationally-developed resources include those developed by the ISO and the International
Telecommunications Union, as well as NATO, the European Commission, the ENISA, and the UK’s NCSC.
CJCSM 6510.01B, Cyber Incident Handling Program, July 10, 2012 (Amended December 18, 2014)
This manual describes the DoD Cyber Incident Handling Program and specifies its major processes,
implementation requirements, and related USG interactions. This program ensures an integrated
capability to continually improve ability to rapidly identify and respond to cyber incidents that adversely
affect DoD information networks and information systems. It does so in a way that is consistent,
repeatable, quality-driven, measurable, and understood across DoD organizations. This enclosure
provides requirements and methodology for establishing, operating, and maintaining a robust DoD cyber
incident handling capability for routine response to events and incidents within DoD.
Website: http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Library/Manuals/m651001.pdf?ver=2016-02-05-
175710-897
DoD Cybersecurity Test & Evaluation Guidebook Version 2, Change 1, February 10, 2020
The purpose of this updated guidebook is to promote data-driven mission-impact-based analysis and
assessment methods for cybersecurity test and evaluation (T&E) and to support assessment of
cybersecurity, survivability, and resilience within a mission context by encouraging planning for tighter
integration with traditional system T&E. Cybersecurity T&E starts at acquisition initiation and continues
throughout the entire life cycle. The guidebook supplements information provided in the Test and
Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) Guidebook. For more information about TEMPs see References. This
updated version avoids restating policy, such as that in the Risk Management Framework (RMF); instead,
it encourages the reader to go directly to policy source documents for more information.
Website:https://www.dau.edu/cop/test/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/cop/test/DAU%20Sp
onsored%20Documents/Cybersecurity-Test-and-Evaluation-Guidebook-Version2-change-
1.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1
National Security Agency Cybersecurity Advisories & Guidance
National Security Agency’s Cybersecurity Advisories & Guidance website hosts repository of advisories,
information sheets, technical reports, and operational risk notices on evolving cybersecurity threats.
Website: https://www.nsa.gov/Press-Room/Cybersecurity-Advisories-Guidance/

DoDI 5000.02, Operation of the Defense Acquisition System, January 23, 2020
Updates established policy for the management of all acquisition programs with the guidelines found in the
Office of Management and Budget Circular A-11 and authorizes Milestone Decision Authorities (MDAs) to
tailor the regulatory requirements and acquisition procedures to efficiently achieve program objectives.
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/500002p.pdf?ver=2019-
05-01-151755-110
DoDI 5000.75, Business Systems Requirements and Acquisitions, Change 2, January 24, 2020
Establishes policy for the use of the business capability acquisition cycle for business systems requirements
and acquisition. Implements the statutory requirements of Subtitle III of Title 40, United States Code (U.S.C.)
and Section 811 of Public Law 106-398. The CIO recommends that no reviews beyond those described in
this issuance are required for CCA compliance. This instruction supersedes DoD Instruction (DoDI) 5000.02
for all business system acquisition programs that are not designated as a Major Defense Acquisition
Program (MDAP).
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/500075p.PDF
DoDI 5200.44, Protection of Mission Critical Functions to Achieve Trusted Systems and Networks
(TSN), Incorporating Change 3, October 15, 2018
Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities to minimize the risk that DoD’s warfighting mission capability
will be impaired due to vulnerabilities in system design or sabotage or subversion of a system’s mission
critical components by foreign intelligence, terrorists, or other hostile elements.
DoDI 8500.01, Cybersecurity, Incorporating Change 1, October 7, 2019
DoDI 8500.01 establishes a DoD cybersecurity program to protect and defend DoD information and
information technology (IT).
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/850001_2014.pdf
DoDI 8530.01 Cybersecurity Activities Support to DoD Information Network Operations,
Incorporating Change 1, July 25, 2017
Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities to protect the DoD information network against unauthorized
activity, vulnerabilities, or threats.
DoDI 8551.01 Ports, Protocols, and Services Management (PPSM), Incorporating Change 1, July
27, 2017
Updates policy and standardizes procedures to catalog, regulate, and control the use and management of
protocols in the Internet protocol suite and associated ports. Establishes Ports, Protocols, and Services
Management support requirements for configuration management and continuous monitoring to include
discovery and analysis of ports, protocols, and services to support near real-time command and control of
the DoD information network and Joint Information Environment.
DoDI 8560.01, Communications Security (COMSEC) Monitoring, August 22, 2018
Establishes DoD policies and responsibilities for conducting Communications Security (COMSEC)
monitoring of DoD telecommunications systems and conducting IA readiness testing of operational DoD
information systems. This Instruction also authorizes the monitoring of DoD telecommunications systems
for COMSEC purposes and the penetration of DoD information systems for IA readiness testing purposes
only. This document incorporates and cancels DoD Instruction 8560.01, “Communications Security
Monitoring and Information Assurance Readiness Testing,” October 9, 2007.

Director, Operational Test & Evaluation (DOT&E) Memo, Procedures for Operational Test and
Evaluation of Cybersecurity in Acquisition Programs, April 3, 2018
This memorandum provides policies and procedures for the test and evaluation of cybersecurity as part of
all operational test and evaluation (OT&E) of systems and capabilities in the Department of Defense (DOD).
It also includes processes and procedures for assessing cybersecurity within OT&E.
Website:https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/policies/2018/20180403ProcsForOTEofCybersecurityI
nAcqProgs(17092).pdf
FIPS Publication 199, Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and
Information Systems, February 2004
The purpose of this document is to provide a standard for categorizing federal information and information
systems according to an agency's level of concern for confidentiality, integrity, and availability and the
potential impact on agency assets and operations should their information and information systems be
compromised through unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips199/FIPS-PUB-199-final.pdf
Cyber Security Evaluation Tool (CSET®), Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity
and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)
The Cyber Security Evaluation Tool (CSET®) is a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Cybersecurity and
Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) product that assists organizations in protecting their key national
cyber assets. It was developed under the direction of the DHS Industrial Control System Cyber Emergency
Response Team (ICS-CERT) by cybersecurity experts and with assistance from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST). This tool provides users with a systematic and repeatable approach for
assessing the security posture of their cyber systems and networks. It includes both high-level and detailed
questions related to all industrial control and IT systems.
Website: https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics/Downloading-and-Installing-CSET
FIPS Publication 200, Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information
Systems, March 2006
FIPS 200 is the second standard that was specified by the Information Technology Management Reform
Act of 1996. It is an integral part of the risk management framework that NIST has developed to assist
federal agencies in providing levels of information security based on levels of risk. FIPS 200 specifies
minimum security requirements for federal information and information systems and a risk-based process
for selecting the security controls necessary to satisfy the minimum requirements.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips200/FIPS-200-final-march.pdf
NIST SP 800-40, Revision 3, Guide to Enterprise Patch Management Technologies, July 2013
Patch management is the process for identifying, acquiring, installing, and verifying patches for products
and systems. This publication is designed to assist organizations in understanding the basics of enterprise
patch management technologies. It explains the importance of patch management and examines the
challenges inherent in performing patch management. It provides an overview of enterprise patch
management technologies, and it also briefly discusses metrics for measuring the technologies’
effectiveness.
Website: http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-40r3.pdf
NIST SP 800-41, Revision 1, Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Policy, September 2009
Firewalls are devices or programs that control the flow of network traffic between networks or hosts
employing differing security postures. This publication provides an overview of several types of firewall
technologies and discusses their security capabilities and their relative advantages and disadvantages in
detail. It also makes recommendations for establishing firewall policies and for selecting, configuring,
testing, deploying, and managing firewall solutions.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-41-Rev1/sp800-41-rev1.pdf
NIST SP 800-44, Version 2, Guidelines on Securing Public Web Servers, September 2007
Web servers are often the most targeted and threatened hosts on organizations' networks. As a result, it
is essential to secure web servers and the network infrastructure that supports them. This document is
intended to assist organizations in installing, configuring, and maintaining secure public web servers.
Practices described in detail include choosing web server software and platforms, securing the underlying
operating system and web server software, deploying appropriate network protection mechanisms, and
using, publicizing, and protecting information in a careful and systematic manner. The publication also
provides recommendations for maintaining secure configurations through patching and upgrades, security
testing, log monitoring, and backups of data and operating system files.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-44-ver2/SP800-44v2.pdf
NIST SP 800-53, Revision 5, Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and
Organizations, September, 2020
This publication provides a catalog of security and privacy controls for federal information systems and
organizations and a process for selecting controls to protect organizational operations (including mission,
functions, image, and reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the nation
from a diverse set of threats including cyber threats, natural disasters, structural failures, and human
errors (both intentional and unintentional).
NIST SP 800-55, Performance Measurement Guide for Information Security, July 2008
This document provides guidance on how an organization, through the use of metrics, identifies the
adequacy of in-place security controls, policies, and procedures. It provides an approach to help
management decide where to invest in additional security protection resources or identify and evaluate
nonproductive controls. It explains the metric development and implementation process and how it can
also be used to adequately justify security control investments. The results of an effective metric program
can provide useful data for directing the allocation of information security resources and should simplify
the preparation of performance-related reports.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-55-Rev1/SP800-55-rev1.pdf
NIST SP 800-59, Guideline for Identifying an Information System as a National Security System,
August 2003
This document provides guidelines developed in conjunction with the Department of Defense and the
National Security Agency, for identifying an information system as a national security system. The
guideline includes definitions of relevant terms, the legal or administrative basis for the definitions, a
checklist to be used in determining whether or not a system is a national security system.
NIST SP 800-94, Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS), February 2007
This publication seeks to assist organizations in understanding intrusion detection system (IDS) and
intrusion prevention system (IPS) technologies and in designing, implementing, configuring, securing,
monitoring, and maintaining intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS). It provides practical, real-
world guidance for each of four classes of IDPS: network-based, wireless, network behavior analysis
software, and host-based. The publication also provides an overview of complementary technologies that
can detect intrusions, such as security information and event management software. It focuses on
enterprise IDPS, but most of the information in the publication is also applicable to standalone and small-
scale IDPS deployments.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/sp/800-94/final
NIST SP 800-115, Technical Guide to Information Security Testing and Assessment, September
2008
The purpose of this document is to assist organizations in planning and conducting technical information
security tests and examinations, analyzing findings, and developing mitigation strategies. The guide
provides practical recommendations for designing, implementing, and maintaining technical information
security test and examination processes and procedures. These can be used for several purposes, such as
finding vulnerabilities in a system or network and verifying compliance with a policy or other requirements.
The guide is not intended to present a comprehensive information security testing and examination
program, but rather an overview of key elements of technical security testing and examination with an
emphasis on specific technical techniques, the benefits and limitations of each, and recommendations for
their use.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-115/SP800-115.pdf
NIST SP 800-123, Guide to General Server Security, July 2008
The purpose of this document is to assist organizations in understanding the fundamental activities
performed as part of securing and maintaining the security of servers that provide services over network
communications as a main function. The document discusses the need to secure servers and provides
recommendations for selecting, implementing, and maintaining the necessary security controls.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-123/SP800-123.pdf
NIST SP 800-128, Guide for Security-Focused Configuration Management of Information Systems,
August 2011
The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for organizations responsible for managing and
administering the security of federal information systems and associated environments of operation.
Configuration management concepts and principles described in NIST SP 800-128 provide supporting
information for NIST SP 800-53, Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and
Organizations. NIST SP 800-128 assumes that information security is an integral part of an organization’s
overall configuration management.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-128/sp800-128.pdf
NIST SP 800-137, Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ICSM) for Federal Information
Systems and Organizations, September 2011
The purpose of this guideline is to assist organizations in the development of a continuous monitoring
strategy and the implementation of a continuous monitoring program by providing visibility into
organizational assets, awareness of threats and vulnerabilities, and the effectiveness of deployed security
controls. It provides ongoing assurance that planned and implemented security controls are aligned with
organizational risk tolerance as well as the information needed to respond to risk in a timely manner
should observations indicate that the security controls are inadequate.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-137/SP800-137-Final.pdf
NIST SP 800-147, BIOS Protection Guidelines, April 2011
This document provides guidelines for preventing the unauthorized modification of Basic Input/Output
System (BIOS) firmware on client systems. Unauthorized modification of BIOS firmware by malicious
software constitutes a significant threat because of the BIOS’s unique and privileged position within the
architecture. A malicious BIOS modification could be part of a sophisticated, targeted threat to an
organization—either a permanent denial of service (if the BIOS is corrupted) or a persistent malware
presence (if the BIOS is implanted with malware).
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-147/NIST-SP800-147-April2011.pdf
NIST SP 800-171, Revision 2, Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal
Systems and Organizations, February 2020
The protection of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) resident in non-federal systems and
organizations is of paramount importance to federal agencies and can directly impact the ability of the
federal government to successfully conduct its assigned missions and business operations. This
publication provides federal agencies with a set of recommended security requirements for protecting the
confidentiality of CUI when such information is resident in nonfederal systems and organizations; when
the non-federal organization is not collecting or maintaining information on behalf of a federal agency or
using or operating a system on behalf of an agency; and where there are no specific safeguarding
requirements for protecting the confidentiality of CUI prescribed by the authorizing law,
regulation, or government-wide policy for the CUI category or subcategory listed in the CUI Registry.
NIST SP 800-207, Zero Trust Architecture, August 2020
This document describes zero trust for enterprise security architects. It is meant to aid understanding of
zero trust for civilian unclassified systems and provide a road map to migrate and deploy zero trust
security concepts to an enterprise environment. Cybersecurity managers, network administrators, and
managers may also gain insight into zero trust and zero trust architecture from this document.
DoD, Zero Trust Reference Architecture, Version 1.0, February 2021
The DoD Zero Trust Engineering Team is developing this reference architecture document to align with
DoD definition: “Reference Architecture is an authoritative source of information and about a specific
subject area that guides and constrains the instantiations of multiple architectures and solutions.” This
reference document provides a logical progression of information about the Zero Trust Architecture in
DoD. It provides an end-state vision and framework for Mission Owners across the DoD to utilize in order
to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities and guide the evolution of existing cybersecurity capabilities
focusing on a data centric strategy.
Website: https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/Library/(U)ZT_RA_v1.1(U)_Mar21.pdf
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
Established in Washington, D.C., over 50 years ago, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
is a bipartisan, nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to providing strategic insights and policy
solutions to help decision makers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS looks at how rapidly changing
technology and cybersecurity are affecting the world in the twenty-first century. Issues covered include
intelligence, surveillance, encryption, privacy, military technology, space, and more. Programs leading the
research on this topic include the Technology Policy Program and the International Security Program.
Website: https://www.csis.org/topics/cybersecurity-and-technology
Critical Controls for Effective Cyber Defense
CSIS’ Critical Controls for Effective Cyber Defense, commonly referred to as The 20 Critical Controls, is a
consensus document outlining 20 crucial controls that form a prioritized baseline of information security
measures that can be applied across enterprise environments. Fifteen of these controls can be monitored,
at least in part, automatically and continuously. The consensus effort has also identified a second set of
five controls that are essential, but do not appear to be able to be monitored continuously or
automatically with current technology and practices. The security guidelines developed outlined in NIST’s
Special Publication 800-53, provide a very comprehensive set of controls. The 20 Critical Controls seeks
to identify a subset of security control activities that can be referenced as top, baseline priority. The 20
Critical Controls map directly to about one-third of the controls identified in SP 800-53. The UK’s 10 Steps
to Cybersecurity references The 20 Critical Controls as guidelines to develop a healthy cybersecurity
posture.
Website:http://csis.org/files/publication/Twenty_Critical_Controls_for_Effective_Cyber_Defense_CA
G.pdf
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 161 national
standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop
voluntary, consensus-based, market-relevant International Standards that support innovation and provide
solutions to global challenges. International Standards make things work. They give world-class
specifications for products, services, and systems, to ensure quality, safety and efficiency. They are
instrumental in facilitating international trade. ISO has published 22,161 International Standards and
related documents, covering almost every industry, from technology to food safety, to agriculture and
healthcare. ISO International Standards impact everyone everywhere.
Website: https://www.iso.org/
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NATO is an alliance of 29 countries from North America and Europe committed to fulfilling the goals of
the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949. In accordance with the Treaty, the fundamental role of
NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries by political and military means.
NATO is playing an increasingly important role in crisis management and peacekeeping. NATO and its
Allies rely on strong and resilient cyber protection to fulfil the Alliance’s core tasks of collective defense,
crisis management, and cooperative security.
Website: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm#
European Commission
The European Commission is the EU’s executive arm. It takes decisions on the Union’s political and
strategic direction. The Commission helps to shape the EU's overall strategy, proposes new EU laws and
policies, monitors their implementation, and manages the EU budget. It also plays a significant role in
supporting international development and delivering aid. Securing network and information systems in the
EU is essential to keep the online economy running and to ensure prosperity. The EU works on a number
of fronts to promote cyber resilience across the EU.
Website: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/cyber-security
UN Joint Inspection Unit (JIU)
The JIU is the only independent external oversight body of the UN system mandated to conduct
evaluations, inspections and investigations system-wide. Its mandate is to look at cross-cutting issues and
to act as an agent for change across the United Nations system. JIU works to secure management and
administrative efficiency and to promote greater coordination both between UN agencies and with other
internal and external oversight bodies. For the past 50 years, the Unit has been dedicated to assisting the
legislative bodies of numerous United Nations organizations and agencies in meeting their governance
responsibilities. JIU provides support in the context of these agencies’ oversight function regarding
human, financial and other resources. In its reports and notes, JIU identifies best practices, proposes
benchmarks and facilitates information-sharing throughout all the organizations of the UN system that
have adopted its Statute.
Website: https://www.unjiu.org/
UN JIU Report, Cybersecurity in the United Nations System Organization, March 2021
The main objectives of the report is: to identify and analyze common cybersecurity challenges and risks
faced by United Nations system organizations individually, as well as their respective response there to,
bearing in mind organizations’ context-specific requirements (vertical perspective); and to examine
current inter-agency dynamics facilitating a system-wide approach to cybersecurity for better
coordination, collaboration and information-sharing among the United Nations system organizations, and,
where appropriate, the potential for shared solutions (horizontal perspective).
Website: https://www.unjiu.org/sites/www.unjiu.org/files/jiu_rep_2021_3_english.pdf
National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC)
The NCSC supports the most critical organizations in the UK, the wider public sector, industry, and SMEs.
When incidents do occur, they provide effective incident response to minimize harm to the UK, help with
recovery, and learn lessons for the future. The NCSC was set up to help protect their critical services from
cyber threats, manage major incidents, and improve the underlying security of the UK internet through
technological improvement and advice to citizens and organizations.
Website: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/
Security Supervision under the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC), January 2020
In December 2018, the EU adopted a new set of telecom rules, the European Electronic Communications
Code (EECC). An important part of the EECC is consumer protection and security of electronic
communications. Article 40 of the EECC contains specific security requirements and brings important
changes for electronic communication. With this document ENISA aims to support EU countries with their
transposition, by analyzing the main changes to the security requirements and the security supervision
under the new rules. As new rules will foster seven important changes, in this document, ENISA proposes
three key areas where work needs to be done by the national authorities as well as ENISA.
Website:https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/supporting-the-implementation-of-the-european-
electronic-commmunications-code-eecc
ENISA’s 5G Supplement Guidelines on Security Measures under the EECC 2nd Edition, July 2021
This document contains a 5G technology profile which supplements the technology-neutral Guideline on
Security Measures under the EECC. The document gives additional guidance to competent national
authorities about how to ensure implementation and strengthening of security measures by mobile
network operators for mitigation of risks to 5G networks. The supplement focuses on the cybersecurity of
5G networks at the policy level relating to the EU 5G toolbox and at the technical level for new technologies,
such as virtualization, slicing and edge computing.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/5g-supplement-security-measures-under-eecc

Critical Infrastructure Protection
Critical infrastructure protection (CIP) requires a unity of effort among stakeholders to strengthen and
maintain secure, functioning, and resilient critical infrastructure that is able to withstand and rapidly
recover from all hazards–physical and cyber. Achieving this requires integration with multiple systems,
agencies, and organizations that span prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. The
resources in this section provide basic information, CIP models, and best practices for general and sector-
specific concerns.
Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Guide to Implementing the Cybersecurity Framework, October
2019
The Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Guide to Implementing the Cybersecurity Framework supports DoD’s
critical infrastructure responsibilities for the DIB and was developed working with our private sector
partners to implement the Framework, while also incorporating the security requirements of NIST SP 800-
171. This guide and supporting online Template are intended to assist an organization in evaluating current
and desired cybersecurity outcomes that support a more comprehensive approach to cybersecurity.
Organizations can use this guide as a roadmap for achieving a desired state of cybersecurity risk
management practices and assess how their current activities align with DoD requirements.
Website:https://dibnet.dod.mil/rest/jcr/repository/collaboration/sites/intranet/web%20contents/site%20artif
acts/content-new-splash/DIB%20Guide%20to%20Implementing%20the%20Cybersecurity%20Framework.pdf
DoD CIO, DoD Enterprise DevSecOps Reference Design, Version 1.0, August 12, 2019
DevSecOps is an organizational software engineering culture and practice that aims at unifying software
development(Dev), security(Sec), and operations(Ops). This DoD Enterprise DevSecOps Reference Design
describes the DevSecOps lifecycle, supporting pillars, and DevSecOps ecosystem. This document also
provides implementation and operational guidance to Information Technology (IT) capability providers, IT
capability consumers, application teams, and Authorizing Officials.
Website:https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/DoD%20Enterprise%20DevSecOps%20Referen
ce%20Design%20v1.0_Public%20Release.pdf
CISAs Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT)
The CISA leads the national effort to protect and enhance the resilience of the nation's physical and cyber
infrastructure. The Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT), found within
the CISA, works to reduce risks within and across all critical infrastructure sectors by partnering with law
enforcement agencies and the intelligence community, and coordinating efforts among federal, state, local,
and tribal governments and control systems owners, operators, and vendors. Additionally, ICS-CERT
collaborates with international and private sector CERTs to share control systems-related security incidents
and mitigation measures.
Website: https://www.us-cert.gov/ics
NIST’s Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Version 1.1, April 2018
NIST’s Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (NIST Cybersecurity Framework)
focuses on using business drivers to guide cybersecurity activities and consider cybersecurity risks as part
of the organization’s risk management processes. The Framework consists of three parts: the Framework
Core, the Implementation Tiers, and the Framework Profiles. The Framework Core is a set of cybersecurity
activities, outcomes, and informative references that are common across sectors and critical
infrastructure. Elements of the Core provide detailed guidance for developing individual organizational
profiles. Through use of Profiles, the Framework will help an organization to align and prioritize its
cybersecurity activities with its business/mission requirements, risk tolerances, and resources. The
Implementation Tiers provide a mechanism for organizations to view and understand the characteristics

of their approach to managing cybersecurity risk, which will help in prioritizing and achieving cybersecurity
objectives.
Website: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/CSWP/NIST.CSWP.04162018.pdf
NISTIR 8170, The Cybersecurity Framework: Approaches for Federal Agencies to Use the
Cybersecurity Framework, March 2020
This publication assists federal agencies in strengthening their cybersecurity risk management by
helping them to determine an appropriate implementation of the Framework for Improving Critical
Infrastructure Cybersecurity (known as the Cybersecurity Framework). Federal agencies can use the
Cybersecurity Framework to complement the existing suite of NIST security and privacy risk
management standards, guidelines, and practices developed in response to the Federal Information
Security Management Act (FISMA), as amended. The relationship between the Cybersecurity
Framework and NIST RMF are discussed in eight use cases.
Website: https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/detail/nistir/8170/final
SP 800-82, Revision 2, Guide to Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Security, May 2015
This document provides guidance on how to secure ICS, including Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
systems, Distributed Control Systems, and other control system configurations, such as Programmable Logic
Controllers, while addressing their unique performance, reliability, and safety requirements. The
document provides an overview of ICS and typical system topologies, identifies typical threats and
vulnerabilities to these systems, and provides recommended security countermeasures to mitigate the
associated risks.
Department of Defense Control Systems Security Requirements Guide, Version 1, Release 1,
January 26, 2021
Control systems are key elements in many diverse DoD operating environments. The Control Systems
Security Requirements Guide intends to streamline and unify DoD’s risk-based approach to managing
control systems’ cybersecurity. It utilizes and integrates the Cybersecurity Framework to aid
organizational risk management and the DoD Risk Management Framework to enable system risk
management.
Website: https://dl.dod.cyber.mil/wp-content/uploads/external/pdf/Jan_26_Control_Systems_SRG.pdf
European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP)
The general objective of European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP) is to improve
the protection of critical infrastructure in the EU. The legislative framework for the EPCIP consists of the
following:
4. a procedure for identifying and designating European critical infrastructure and a common approach
to assessing the need to improve the protection of such infrastructure. This will be implemented by
means of a directive;
5. measures designed to facilitate the implementation of EPCIP, including an EPCIP action plan, the
Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network, the setting up of CIP expert groups at EU level,
CIP information sharing processes, and the identification and analysis of interdependencies;
6. support for EU countries regarding National Critical Infrastructures that may optionally be used by a
particular EU country, and contingency planning;
7. an external dimension;
8. accompanying financial measures, and in particular the Specific EU Programme on "Prevention,
Preparedness and Consequence Management of Terrorism and other Security Related Risks" for the
period 2007-2013, which will provide funding opportunities for CIP related measures.

Website: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0786:FIN:EN:PDF
Quick Start Guide: An Overview of ISA/IEC 62443 Standards, Security of Industrial Automation
and Control Systems, June 2020
This document is intended to provide the reader with a detailed overview of the ISA/IEC 62443 Series of
standards and technical reports. The ISA/IEC 62443 Series addresses the Security of Industrial Automation
and Control Systems (IACS) throughout their lifecycle. These standards and technical reports were initially
developed for the industrial process sector but have since been applied to building automation, medical
devices, and transportation sectors. The goal of the ISA/IEC 62443 Series is to improve the safety,
reliability, integrity, and security of Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) using a risk-based,
methodical, and complete process throughout the entire lifecycle. The ISA/IEC 62443 Series describes a
set of common terms and requirements that can be used by asset owners, product suppliers, and service
providers to secure their Control Systems and the Equipment Under Control..
Website: https://gca.isa.org/hubfs/ISAGCA%20Quick%20Start%20Guide%20FINAL.pdf
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) 1300 Standards, Updated October 1, 2021
North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a not-for-profit entity whose mission is to ensure
the reliability of the bulk power system in North America. NERC develops and enforces reliability
standards; annually assesses seasonal and long-term reliability; monitors the bulk power system through
system awareness; and educates, trains, and certifies industry personnel. NERC’s area of responsibility
spans the continental U.S., Canada, and the northern portion of Baja California, Mexico.
Website:http://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standards%20Complete%20Set/RSComplete
Set.pdf

Managing Access in Systems and Data
Ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of information throughout its lifecycle (i.e., create, transmit,
process, and store) is critical to maintaining end-user trust in systems. Robust identities based on public
key infrastructure (PKI) and other cryptographic-based technologies are important elements for
protecting and sharing information within organizations as well as collaboration with partners. Strong
cryptographic-based security will become increasingly practical to protect data integrity and
confidentiality, and continual modernization and strengthening of cryptography and key management
efforts are required to keep ahead of adversary advances. The guidance below is intended to provide
basic information on defending systems and data using digital signatures, personal identity verification
methods, security classifications, and cryptography.

DoDI 8520.02 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Public Key (PK) Enabling, May 2011
Establishes and implements policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures for developing and
implementing a DoD-wide PKI and enhancing the security of DoD information systems by enabling these
systems to use PKI for authentication, digital signatures, and encryption.
DoDI 8520.03 Identity Authentication for Information Systems, Incorporating Change 1, July 27,
2017
Implements policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures for implementing identity
authentication of all entities to DoD information systems. Implements use of the DoD Common Access
Card, which is the DoD personal identity verification (PIV) credential, into identity authentication
processes.
Website: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/852003p.pdf?ver=2019-
02-26-101529-723
DoDI 8540.01 Cross Domain Policy, Incorporating Change 1, August 28, 2017
Procedures for the interconnection of information systems of different security domains using cross
domain solutions. Aligns cross domain guidance for managing the information security risk and
authorizing a cross domain solutions with the RMF.
CNSSD No. 507, National Directive for Identity, Credential and Access Management Capabilities
(ICAM) on the United States (US) Federal Secret Fabric, July, 7, 2020
CNSS Directive No. 507 governs how Identity, Credential and Access Management capabilities will be
implemented and managed across the Federal Secret fabric to promote secure information sharing and
interoperability within the federal government.
Website: https://www.cnss.gov/CNSS/issuances/Directives.cfm
CNSSI No. 1253, Security Categorization and Control Selection for National Security Systems,
March 2014
Provides all federal government departments, agencies, bureaus, and offices with guidance on the first two
steps of the RMF, Categorize and Select, for national security systems.
Website: https://www.dcsa.mil/portals/91/documents/ctp/nao/CNSSI_No1253.pdf
FIPS Publication 186-4, Digital Signature Standard, July 2013
This Standard specifies a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital
signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the
signatory. In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature as evidence in demonstrating

to a third party that the signature was, in fact, generated by the claimed signatory. This is known as non-
repudiation, since the signatory cannot easily repudiate the signature at a later time.
Website: http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf
FIPS Publication 201-2, Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors,
August 2013
This Standard specifies the architecture and technical requirements for a common identification standard
for federal employees and contractors. The overall goal is to achieve appropriate security assurance for
multiple applications by efficiently verifying the claimed identity of individuals seeking physical access to
federally controlled government facilities and logical access to government information systems.
Website: http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/NIST.FIPS.201-2.pdf
NIST SP 800-60 Revision 1, Guide to Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to
Security Categories, August 2008
This document was issued in response to the 2002 FISMA tasking to develop guidelines recommending
the types of information and information systems to be included in each such category.
Website: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-60-rev1/SP800-60_Vol1-Rev1.pdf
Figure 3: SP 800-60 Security Categorization Process Execution
Source: Stine, Kevin; Kissel, Rich; Barker, William C.; Fahlsing, Jim; Gulick, Jessica;. (2008). Guide for Mapping Types of Information
and Information Systems to Security Categories. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
NIST SP 800-130, A Framework for Designing Cryptographic Key Management Systems (CKMS),
August 2013
The Framework for Designing Cryptographic Key Management Systems (CKMS) contains topics that
should be considered by a CKMS designer when developing a CKMS design specification. For each topic,
there are one or more documentation requirements that need to be addressed by the design
specification. Thus, any CKMS that addresses each of these requirements would have a design
specification that is compliant with this Framework.
Website: http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-130.pdf
NIST SP 800-133, Revision 2, Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation, June 2020
Cryptography is often used in an IT security environment to protect data that is sensitive, has a high value,
or is vulnerable to unauthorized disclosure or undetected modification during transmission or while in
storage. Cryptography relies upon two basic components: an algorithm (or cryptographic methodology)
and a cryptographic key. This Recommendation discusses the generation of the keys to be managed and
used by the approved cryptographic algorithms.

NIST SP 800-152, A Profile for U. S. Federal Cryptographic Key Management Systems (FCKMS),
October 2015
This Profile for U. S. Federal CKMS contains requirements for their design, implementation, procurement,
installation, configuration, management, operation, and use by U.S. Federal organizations. The Profile is
based on SP 800-130, “A Framework for Designing CKMS.”
NIST SP 800-157, Guidelines for Derived Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Credentials,
December 2014
This document provides technical guidelines for the implementation of standards-based, secure, reliable,
interoperable PKI based identity credentials that are issued by federal departments and agencies to
individuals who possess and prove control over a valid PIV Card. The scope of this document includes
requirements for initial issuance and maintenance of these credentials, certificate policies and
cryptographic specifications, technical specifications for permitted cryptographic token types, and the
command interfaces for the removable implementations of such cryptographic tokens.
NIST SP 800-210, General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems, July 2020
This document presents cloud access control characteristics and a set of general access control guidance
for cloud service models: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and SaaS (Software
as a Service). Different service delivery models require managing different types of access on offered
service components. In general, access control guidance for IaaS is also applicable to PaaS and SaaS, and
access control guidance for IaaS and PaaS is also applicable to SaaS. However, each service model has its
own focus with regard to access control requirements for its service.

Sharing Information
In order to establish a front line of protection against today’s immediate threats, nations must create or
enhance shared situational awareness of network vulnerabilities, threats, and events within services,
agencies and other Government entities - and ultimately with allied nations, regional or local
governments, and private sector partners. This enhanced situational awareness will be the first step before
effectively developing the ability to act quickly to reduce vulnerabilities and prevent intrusions for a
coalition or international partnership. We all must focus on key aspects necessary to bridge across the
elements of information sharing: foundational capabilities and investments such as upgraded
infrastructure, increased bandwidth, and integrated operational capabilities; enhanced collaboration,
including common technology, tools, and procedures; and shared analytic and collaborative technologies.
The development of international shared situational awareness and warning capabilities enables
collective self-defense and collective deterrence. By sharing timely indicators about cyber events, threat
signatures of malicious code, and information about emerging actors and threats, allies and international
partners can increase the collective cyber protection posture. Cyberspace is a network of networks that
includes thousands of Internet Service Providers across the globe; no single state or organization can
maintain effective cyber protection on its own. This information sharing helps builds trust and confidence
essential to strong international partnerships. The resources below offer guidance to support shared
situational awareness and collaboration across centers that are responsible for carrying out cyber activities.
CISA Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS)
Automated Indicator Sharing (AIS), a CISA capability enables the real-time exchange of machine-readable
cyber threat indicators and defensive measures to help protect participants of the AIS community and
ultimately reduce the prevalence of cyberattacks. The AIS community includes private sector entities;
federal departments and agencies; state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments; information
sharing and analysis centers (ISACs) and information sharing and analysis organizations (ISAOs); and foreign
partners and companies. AIS is offered at no cost to participants as part of CISA’s mission to work with our
public and private sector partners to identify and help mitigate cyber threats through information sharing
and provide technical assistance, upon request, that helps prevent, detect, and respond to incidents.
Website: https://www.cisa.gov/ais
Committee for National Security Systems Policy (CNSSP) No. 15, Use of Public Standards for
Secure Information Sharing, October 2016
This Policy specifies the use of public standards for cryptographic protocol and algorithm interoperability
to protect national security systems. Based on analysis of the effect of quantum computing on IA and IA-
enabled IT products, the Policy updates the set of authorized algorithms to provide vendors and IT users
more near-term flexibility in meeting their IA interoperability requirements. The set of authorized
algorithms for long-term use on national security systems will be specified in a subsequent update to this
Policy.
Website: https://www.cnss.gov/CNSS/issuances/Policies.cfm
DoD Cyber Exchange
The DoD Cyber Exchange provides one-stop access to cyber information, policy, guidance, and training
for cyber professionals throughout the DoD and the general public. These resources are provided to
enable the user to comply with rules, regulations, best practices, and federal laws. Defense Information
Systems Agency is mandated to support and sustain the DoD Cyber Exchange (formerly the Information
Assurance Support Environment) as directed by DoDI 8500.01 and DoDD 8140.01.
Website: https://public.cyber.mil/

National Security Agency (NSA)/Central Security Service Technical Cyber Threat Framework v2,
November 2018
This framework was designed to help NSA characterize and categorize adversary activity by using a common
technical lexicon that is operating system agnostic and closely aligned with industry definitions. This
common technical cyber lexicon supports sharing, product development, operational planning, and
knowledge-driven operations across the intelligence community. Public dissemination of the technical
cyber lexicon allows for collaboration within the whole community. Use of the NSA/Central Security Service
Cyber Threat Framework facilitates organizing and examining adversary activity to support knowledge
management and enable analytic efforts.
Website: https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-resources/ctr-
nsa-css-technical-cyber-threat-framework.pdf
Industry Resources
MITRE Resources
MITRE is a not-for-profit organization that operates research and development centers sponsored by the
U.S. federal government. They operate federally funded research and development centers, which are
unique organizations that assist the United States government with scientific research and analysis,
development and acquisition, and systems engineering and integration.
Website: https://www.mitre.org
MITRE ATT&CK®
MITRE ATT&CK® is a globally-accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques based on real-
world observations. The ATT&CK knowledge base is used as a foundation for the development of specific
threat models and methodologies in the private sector, in government, and in the cybersecurity product
and service community.
Website: https://attack.mitre.org/
Cyber Partnership Blueprint: An Outline
The Cyber Partnership Blueprint (“Blueprint”) is a building plan for how an entity (public or private) can
establish and operate a consortium (cyber partnership) for sharing unclassified cyber threat information.
This outline will guide a series of online posts that will constitute the Blueprint. Brief notes appear under
the various sections that describe the content that will be fleshed out in the Blueprint series. Those online
posts will be periodically compiled into a single stand-alone Blueprint document.
Website:http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/Bakis_Partnership_Blueprint_Outline_0.pdf
Website: http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/blueprint-for-
cyber-threat-sharing-series
Cybersecurity Information Sharing Models: An Overview
Cybersecurity is often expensive, and the costs of intrusions can be exceedingly high. Thus, there can be
a massive gain in return-on-investment by leveraging work done by others. Information sharing between
organizations can enable participants to develop tailored strategies for layering protection across
different steps of the kill chain. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sharing
different types of information.
Website: http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/pdf/cyber_info_sharing.pdf
Standardizing Cyber Threat Intelligence Information with the Structured Threat Information
eXpression (STIX™)
This document reflects ongoing efforts to create, evolve, and refine the community-based development
of sharing and structuring cyber threat information. Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX™) is
built upon feedback and active participation from organizations and experts across a broad spectrum of

industry, academia, and government. MITRE serves as the moderator of the Structured Threat
Information eXpression (STIX™) community on behalf of the DHS and welcomes your participation.
Website: https://oasis-open.github.io/cti-documentation/
ENISA Resources
A Flair for Sharing – Encouraging Information Exchange between CERTs
This study focuses on the legal and regulatory aspects of information sharing and cross-border
collaboration of national/governmental CERTs in Europe.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/legal-information-sharing-1
Detect, SHARE, Protect - Solutions for Improving Threat Data Exchange among CERTs
The focus of this report is on the threat and incident information exchange and sharing practices used
among CERTs in Europe, especially, but not limited to, national/governmental CERTs. It aims at; taking
stock of existing communication solutions and practices among European CERTs; identifying the functional
and technical gaps that limit threat intelligence exchange between national/governmental CERTs and their
counterparts in Europe, as well as other CERTs within their respective countries; and defining basic
requirements for improved communications interoperable with existing solutions.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/detect-share-protect-solutions-for-improving-threat-
data-exchange-among-certs
European Information Sharing and Alert System (EISAS) Basic Tool Set
This study describes how EU Member States can deploy the European Information Sharing and Alert
System framework for its target group comprised of citizens, and small and medium enterprises. The
report highlights the way to reach citizens with information sharing awareness by targeting them at work,
and also using the UK concept of information sharing communities to reach small and medium enterprises
as a way forward.
Website: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/eisas-basic-toolset
NATO CCDCOE Resource
Conceptual Framework for Cyber Defense Information Sharing within Trust Relationships,
November 2011
The framework explores four aspects of cyber defense collaboration to identify approaches for improving
cyber defense information sharing. First, incentives and barriers for information sharing, which includes
the type of information that may be of interest to share and the motivations that cause social networks
to be used or stagnate. Second, collaborative risk management and information value perception. This
includes risk management approaches that have built-in mechanisms for sharing and receiving
information, increasing transparency, and improving entity peering relationships. Third, we explore
procedural models for improving data exchange, with a focus on inter-governmental collaborative
challenges. Fourth, we explore automation of sharing mechanisms for commonly shared cyber defense
data (e.g., vulnerabilities, threat actors, black/ white lists).
Website: https://ccdcoe.eu/uploads/2012/01/6_5_VazquezEt-al_TrustRelationships.pdf

Building and Maintaining a Cyber Workforce
Cyberspace is a warfighting domain that continues to evolve in terms of threat and complexity. As a result,
the cyber workforce must also evolve to address the challenges posed by our adversaries and meet
strategic mission requirements. Part of this requires reshaping our understanding of the cyber workforce
to include all personnel who build, secure, operate, defend, and protect U.S. cyber resources; conduct
cyber-related intelligence activities; and enable current and future cyber operations. In line with this, U.S.
Federal Law now requires all positions requiring the execution of IT, cybersecurity, or cyber-related work
to be coded to a role-based structure. This allows for enhanced communication and
coordination across organizational lines.
In addition, impending U.S. DoD policy will expand current workforce requirements from IA personnel to
all cyber personnel, necessitating the entire cyber workforce to be identified, tracked, qualified, and
managed, to ensure DoD can accomplish its varying mission sets in cyberspace. In addition to links to
DoD workforce policies and implementation guidance, other resources highlighted in this section include
federally-funded entities, industry partners, and academic institutions that provide certification and
training programs to U.S. and international students, both in the U.S. and abroad. The workforce
development training resources highlighted in this section do not represent an exhaustive list. Regional
Combatant Commands and U.S. Embassy Security Assistance representatives should be consulted for
additional options via Foreign Military Sales cases, direct commercial sales, or grant based funding such
as Foreign Military Financing, International Military Education and Training, or Counterterrorism
Fellowship Program.
DoD Cyber Exchange – DoD Cyber Workforce Home
The DoD Cyber Exchange – DoD Cyber workforce Home contains information regarding DoD policy and
implementation initiatives for the management, qualification and development of the DoD cyber
workforce. Some of the specific programs are described further below.
Website: https://public/cyber.mil/cw/
DoD Cyber Excepted Service (CES) Defense Civilian Personnel Advisory Service
The DoD Cyber Excepted Service (CES) is an enterprise-wide approach for managing civilian cyber
professionals across the Department. The CES is aligned to both Title 10 and Title 5 provisions in that it
offers flexibilities for the recruitment, retention, and development of cyber professionals across
Department. The content on the website consists of strategic guidance, policies, and tools for
implementing CES across the enterprise.
Website: https://public.cyber.mil/cw/dod-cyber-excepted-service-ces/
DoDD 8140.01, Cyberspace Workforce Management, October 5, 2020
DoD 8570.01-M, Information Assurance Workforce Improvement Program, Incorporating
Change 4, November 10, 2015
DoD Directive 8140.01 reissues and re-numbers DoDD 8570.01 to update and expand established DoD
policies and assigned responsibilities for managing the DoD cyberspace workforce. Presently, there is not
an accompanying DoD 8140.01 Manual (still in draft form). The DoD 8570.01-M provides in-depth
guidance and procedures for implementation.
DoDD
8140.01:https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/814001p.pdf?ver=2019-
06-06-120639-863
DoD 8570.01-M: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf
Center for Development of Security Excellence (CDSE)
The CDSE proves the DoD with a security center of excellence for the professionalization of the security
community and be the premier provider of security education and training for the DoD and industry under
the National Industrial Security Program (NISP). The CDSE provide development, delivery, and exchange
of security knowledge to ensure a high-performing workforce capable of addressing nation’s security
challenges.
Website: https://www.cdse.edu/
National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence
The National Cybersecurity Center of Excellence, a part of NIST, is a collaborative hub where industry
organizations, government agencies, and academic institutions work together to address business’ most
pressing cybersecurity issues. The center is partnered with over 30 market-leading IT companies, which
contributes hardware, software, and expertise. The center is located in Rockville, Maryland.
Website: https://nccoe.nist.gov/
National Defense University (NDU)
The National Defense University (NDU) develops joint warfighters and other national security leaders
through rigorous academics, research, and engagement to serve the common defense. Within the NDU
is the College of Information and Cyberspace, which educates and prepares selected military and civilian
leaders and advisers to develop and implement cyberspace strategies, and to leverage information and
technology to advance national and global security.
Website: https://cic.ndu.edu/
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)
The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) is a fully-accredited university offering over 35 unique academic
curricula to military and civilian members of the U.S. DoD and allies around the world. Graduate-level
programs are focused on increasing the combat effectiveness of U.S. armed forces and coalition partners
and fully support the unique and emerging requirements of the defense establishment. All programs
contain a military application and are not duplicated at civilian colleges and universities. The NPS is
located in Monterrey, California. U.S. NPS offers the Center Cybersecurity and Cyber Operations;
America’s foremost center for defense-related research and education in software security, Inherently
Trustworthy Systems, Cybersecurity Defense, and the use of computational systems in both defensive and
adversarial cyber operations.
Website: https://my.nps.edu/web/c3o/welcome
National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE)
The National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE), led by NIST, is a partnership between
government, academia, and the private sector focused on cybersecurity education, training, and workforce
development. Located in the Information Technology Laboratory at NIST, the NICE Program Office operates
under the Applied Cybersecurity Division, positioning the program to support the country’s ability to
address current and future cybersecurity challenges through standards and best practices. The mission of
NICE is to energize and promote a robust network and an ecosystem of cybersecurity education, training,
and workforce development.
Website: https://www.nist.gov/itl/applied-cybersecurity/nice
Workforce Framework for Cybersecurity (NICE Framework)
The NICE Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (aka the NICE Framework) NIST Special Publication 800-181,
is a national-focused resource that categorizes and describes cybersecurity work. The NICE Framework
establishes a taxonomy and common lexicon that describes cybersecurity work and workers irrespective
of where or for whom the work is performed. The NICE Framework is intended to be applied in the public,
private, and academic sectors.
NICE has developed the National Cybersecurity Workforce Framework to provide a common
understanding of and lexicon for cybersecurity work. Although named a cybersecurity framework, it
includes work roles that describe the functions of a broader cyber workforce. It has a hierarchical structure
with seven broad Categories, 33 Specialty Areas, and 52 Work Roles. Each Work Role contains a definition,
as well as a representative list of tasks and knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) describing what is needed
to execute key functions. This role-based structure is being used to facilitate the uniform identification,
tracking, and coding of cyber work across the federal government and the DoD. It is also being used to
support talent management and develop qualification requirements.
Website: https://www.nist.gov/itl/applied-cybersecurity/nice/resources/nice-cybersecurity-workforce-
framework
National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS)
The National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS) aims to make cybersecurity materials
more readily available and maintains an extensive library of information. The vision and mission of NICCS
aims to assist in developing a workforce of effective cybersecurity professionals. NICCS connects
Government employees, citizens, students, educators, and industry through a premier online
resource/hub for cybersecurity workforce development frameworks, education, careers, training, and
general awareness. The online portal features training and education catalogs, and is developing a robust
listing of all cybersecurity or cybersecurity-related education and training courses offered in the United
States..
Website: https://niccs.cisa.gov/
NIST SP 800-16, Information Technology Security Training Requirements: A Role- and
Performance-Based Model, April 1998
This document supersedes NIST SP 500-172, Computer Security Training Guidelines, published in 1989.
The new document supports the Computer Security Act (Public Law 100-235) and Office of Management
and Budget Circular A-130 Appendix III requirements that NIST developed and issues computer security
training guidance. This publication presents a new conceptual framework for providing IT security
training. This framework includes the IT security training requirements appropriate for today's distributed
computing environment and provides flexibility for extension to accommodate future technologies and
related risk management decisions.
Website: https://ws680.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=151633
NIST SP 800-100, Information Security Handbook: A Guide for Managers, March 2007
This Information Security Handbook provides a broad overview of information security program elements
to assist managers in understanding how to establish and implement an information security program. The
material in this handbook can be referenced for general information on a particular topic or can be used in
the decision-making process for developing an information security program.
Software Engineering Institute (SEI)
A Federally Funded Research and Development Center, the SEI is administered by Carnegie Mellon
University and offers training opportunities for international partners. U.S. based and international
classroom training is focused on ensuring that software developers, internet security experts, network and
system administrators, and others are able to resist, recognize, recognize, and recover from incidents on
networked systems.
Website: https://www.sei.cmu.edu/
CERT® STEPfwd (Security Training Evaluation Platform)
CERT® STEPfwd makes components from traditional classroom training, including lecture, presentation,
and hands-on labs available anywhere in the world through a web browser. The content available ranges
from management-focused training such as the Certified Information Systems Security Professional
(CISSP) to technical subjects such as Internet Protocol v6 and The Domain Name System Security
Extensions. The goal of CERT® STEPfwd is to provide the opportunity for security professionals to gain
knowledge, skills, and experience in a flexible and time-efficient manner without leaving the office.
Website: https://stepfwd.cert.org/lms
Common Sense Guide to Mitigating Insider Threats
The Common Sense Guide to Mitigating Insider Threats provides the most current recommendations of
the CERT® Program, based on an expanded database of more than 700 insider threat cases and continued
research and analysis. It introduces the topic of insider threats, explains its intended audience and how
this guide differs from previous editions, defines insider threats, and outlines current patterns and trends.
The guide then describes 19 practices that organizations should implement across the enterprise to
prevent and detect insider threats, as well as case studies of organizations that failed to do so. The
appendices provide a revised list of information security best practices, a new mapping of the guide's
practices to established security standards, a new breakdown of the practices by organizational group,
and new checklists of activities for each practice.
Website: http://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=484738
Industry Resources
The US DoD formally recognizes the benefit of industry personnel certifications for some cybersecurity
categories. Any certification recognized must be accredited to the American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) 17024 Standard for Personnel Certifications. The ANSI 17024 Standard matches the International
Standards Organization 17024 standard for the same subject. The list of DoD accepted certifications by
category will be updated in 2022 to include alignment to work role.
Website: https://public.cyber.mil/cw/cwmp/dod-approved-8570-baseline-certifications/
Cisco
Cisco has taken note of the evolution of the role of the network professional and its relevance to the
industry. The speed at which network security is evolving demands more practical, hands-on skills in
network security engineering and has made network security performance more visible to the entire
organization. Network security engineers in the marketplace today understand the products and the
discipline of good network security, the practices and compliance mandates of industry and government,
and the need to protect their organizations from increasingly sophisticated threats to their systems.
Website: https://www.cisco.com
Cisco Certified Network Associate - Security (CCNA - Security)
The Cisco Certified Network Associate - Security certification lays the foundation for job roles such as
Network Security Specialist, Security Administrator, and Network Security Support Engineer. It is the first
step for individuals wishing to obtain their Cisco Certified Network Professional - Security certification.
Website: https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/certifications/security_ccna
Cisco Certified Network Professional - Security (CCNP -Security)
Cisco Certified Network Professional - Security certification program is aligned specifically to the job role
of the Cisco Network Security Engineer responsible for security in Routers, switches, networking devices,
and appliances, as well as choosing, deploying, supporting, and troubleshooting firewalls, virtual private
networks, and IDS/IPS solutions for their networking environments.
Website: https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/certifications/ccnpsecurity
CompTIA
As a non-profit trade association advancing the global interests of IT professionals and companies,
CompTIA focuses programs on four main areas: education, certification, advocacy, and philanthropy.
CompTIA provides educational resources including online guides, webinars, market research, business
mentoring, open forums and networking events, and technology-neutral and vendor-neutral IT
certifications. CompTIA has four IT certification series that test different knowledge standards, from
entry-level to expert.
Website: http://www.comptia.org
CompTIA A+
Covers preventative maintenance, basic networking, installation, troubleshooting, communication, and
professionalism.
Website: https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/a
CompTIA Security+
Covers system security, network infrastructure, cryptography, assessments, and audits.
Website: https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/security
CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner (CASP)
The CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner certification validates advanced-level competency in risk
management; enterprise security operations and architecture; research and collaboration; and integration
of enterprise security.
Website: https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/comptia-advanced-security-practitioner
CompTIA Network+
Covers managing, maintaining, troubleshooting, operating, and configuring basic network infrastructure.
Website: https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/network
CompTIA Cyber Security Analyst+ (CySA+)
Covers identifying and combating malware, advanced persistent threats, and performing data analysis.
Website: https://certification.comptia.org/certifications/cybersecurity-analyst
International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (EC-Council)

The International Council of E-Commerce Consultants is a member-based organization that certifies
individuals in information security and e-business skills. Programs are offered in over 87 countries through
a training network of more than 450 training partners globally. Currently, E-Commerce-Council is
supporting the International Multilateral Partnership against Cyber Threats that is a partner organization
of the United Nations/International Telecommunication Union to provide training and technical support
to governments of its 191 member states.
Website: https://www.eccouncil.org/
Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)
A Certified Ethical Hacker is a skilled professional who understands and knows how to look for weaknesses
and vulnerabilities in target systems and uses the same knowledge and tools as a malicious hacker, but in
a lawful and legitimate manner to assess the security posture of a target system(s). The Certified Ethical
Hacker credential certifies individuals in the specific network security discipline of Ethical Hacking from a
vendor-neutral perspective.
Website: https://www.eccouncil.org/programs/certified-ethical-hacker-ceh/
Global CyberLympics
The Global CyberLympics is a not-for-profit initiative led and organized by E-Commerce-Council
Foundation. Its goal is to raise awareness towards increased education and ethics in information security
through a series of cyber competitions that encompass forensics, ethical hacking, and protection. Games
are held regionally, and the overall competition includes a World Finals championship.
Website: http://www.cyberlympics.org/
International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc., (ISC)² ®

Headquartered in the U.S. and with offices in London, Hong Kong, and Tokyo, the International

Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc., (ISC)²®, is a global, not-for-profit provider of
education and certification of information security professionals throughout their careers. (ISC)²®
provides vendor-neutral education products, career services, and Gold Standard credentials to
professionals in more than 135 countries and boasts a membership network of nearly 90,000 certified
industry professionals worldwide (ISC)²®. Certifications included in DoDD 8570.01 guidance are
highlighted here.
Website: https://www.isc2.org
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)®
CISSP certification is a globally recognized standard of achievement that confirms an individual's
knowledge in the field of information security. CISSPs are information assurance professionals who define
the architecture, design, management, and/or controls that assure the security of business environments.
Specialized, CISSP concentrations are available in Information Systems Security Architecture, Information
Systems Security Engineering, and Information Systems Security Management.
Website: https://www.isc2.org/Certifications/CISSP
Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional (CSSLP)
As a Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional, you have an internationally-recognized ability to
incorporate security practices — authentication, authorization, and auditing — into each phase of the
software development lifecycle.
Website: https://www.isc2.org/Certifications/CSSLP
Certified Authorization Professional (CAP)
The Certified Authorization Professional certification is an objective measure of the KSAs required for
personnel involved in the process of authorizing and maintaining information systems. Specifically, this
credential applies to those responsible for formalizing processes used to assess risk and establish security
requirements and documentation.
Website: https://www.isc2.org/cap/default.aspx
Systems Security Certified Practitioner (SSCP)
The Systems Security Certified Practitioner is open to all candidates with as little as one-year experience,
making it a starting point for a new career in information security or to add a layer of security to a current
IT career. The Systems Security Certified Practitioner credential ensures that candidates continuously
monitor systems to safeguard against security threats while having the knowledge to apply security
concepts, tools, and procedures to react to security incidents.
Website: https://www.isc2.org/sscp/default.aspx
ISACA
As an independent, nonprofit, global association, ISACA engages in the development, adoption, and use
of globally-accepted knowledge and practices for information systems. ISACA provides practical
guidance, benchmarks, and other tools for all enterprises that use information systems and defines the
roles of information systems governance, security, auditing, and assurance professionals worldwide.
Website: https://www.isaca.org
Certified Information Security Manager (CISM)
The management-focused Certified Information Security Manager certification promotes international
security practices and recognizes the individual who manages, designs, oversees, and assesses an
enterprise’s information security.
Website: http://www.isaca.org/Certification/CISM-Certified-Information-Security-
Manager/Pages/default.aspx
Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA)
The Certified Information Systems Auditor certification is a standard of achievement for those who audit,
control, monitor, and assess an organization’s information technology and business systems.
Website: http://www.isaca.org/Certification/CISA-Certified-Information-Systems-
Auditor/Pages/default.aspx
The SANS Institute

The SANS Institute was established as a cooperative research and education organization. SANS courses
were developed through a consensus process involving hundreds of administrators, security managers,
and information security professionals, and address security fundamentals and the in-depth technical
aspects of crucial areas of IT security. SANS training can be taken in a classroom setting, self-paced over
the Internet, or in mentored settings around the world. It also develops, maintains, and makes available
at no cost the largest collection of research documents about various aspects of information security.
Website: http://www.sans.org/
The SANS Institute Reading Room
SANS is a source for information security training and security certification and develops, maintains, and
makes available at no cost research documents about various aspects of information security. The SANS
Reading Room features over 2,030 original computer security white papers in 78 different categories.
Website: http://www.sans.org/reading-room
Simulating Cyber Operations: A Cyber Security Training Framework
This paper proposes an innovative way to model cyber operations by representing the core simulation
elements as objects and describing their interactions via a Scenario Definition Language, which dictates
the rules governing object interactions. It further describes an approach used to create purpose-built
simulations, defines fundamental object types, presents a lexicon, and shows how gaming can be used to
support effective cyber operations training and assessment.
Website: http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/bestprac/simulating-cyber- operations-
cyber-security-training-framework-34510
Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC)

The purpose of Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC) is to provide assurance that a certified
individual has the knowledge and skills necessary for a practitioner in key areas of computer, information,
and software security. GIAC certifications address a range of skill sets, including entry-level information
security and broad-based security essentials, as well as advanced subject areas. GIAC certifications
included in DoDD 8140.01 guidance are highlighted here.
Website: https://www.giac.org/
GIAC Certified Intrusion Analyst (GCIA)
GIAC Certified Intrusion Analysts have the KSAs to configure and monitor intrusion detection systems, and to
read, interpret, and analyze network traffic and related log files.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/certified-intrusion-analyst-gcia
GIAC Certified Enterprise Defender (GCED)
The GIAC Certified Enterprise Defender builds on the security skills measured by the GIAC Security
Essentials Certification (no overlap). It assesses more advanced, technical skills that are needed to defend
the enterprise environment and protect an organization as a whole. KSAs assessed are taken from the
areas of defensive network infrastructure, packet analysis, penetration testing, incident handling, and
malware removal.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/certified-enterprise-defender-gced
GIAC Certification Forensic Analyst (GCFA)
When a person obtains the Global Information Assurance Certification Forensic Analyst, it ensures that
they have an advanced understanding of computer forensics tools and techniques to investigate: data
breach intrusions, tech-savvy rogue employees, nation-state threats, and complex digital forensic cases.
Website: https://digital-forensics.sans.org/certification/gcfa
GIAC Certified Incident Handler (GCIH)
Incident handlers manage security incidents by understanding common incident techniques, vectors, and
tools, as well as defending against and/or responding to such Incidents when they occur. The GIAC
Certified Incident Handler certification focuses on detecting, responding, and resolving computer security
incidents.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/certified-incident-handler-gcih
Global Industrial Cyber Security Professional (GICSP)
The Global Industrial Cyber Security Professional bridges together IT, engineering, and cybersecurity to
achieve security for industrial control systems from design through retirement. This unique vendor-
neutral, practitioner-focused industrial control system certification is a collaborative effort between GIAC
and representatives from a global industry consortium involving organizations that design, deploy,
operate, and/or maintain industrial automation and control system infrastructure. Global Industrial Cyber
Security Professional will assess a base level of knowledge and understanding across a diverse set of
professionals who engineer or support control systems and share responsibility for the security of these
environments.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/global-industrial-cyber-security-professional-gicsp
GIAC Security Essentials Certification (GSEC)
The GIAC Security Essentials Certification was created for security professionals that want to demonstrate
they are qualified for IT systems hands-on roles with respect to security tasks. Candidates are required to
demonstrate an understanding of information security beyond simple terminology and concepts.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/security-essentials-gsec
GIAC Security Leadership Certificate (GSLC)
The GIAC Security Leadership Certificate certification was created for security professionals with
managerial or supervisory responsibility for information security staff.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/security-leadership-gslc
GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA)
GIAC Systems and Network Auditors have the KSAs to apply basic risk analysis techniques and to conduct
a technical audit of essential information systems. The target audience is technical staff responsible for
securing and auditing information systems and auditors who wish to demonstrate technical knowledge of
the systems they are responsible for auditing.
Website: https://www.giac.org/certification/systems-network-auditor-gsna
Logical Operations, Inc.

For over 35 years, Logical Operations has evolved to provide students with the best learning experience
possible through instructor-led training. As a company, Logical Operations drives innovation of next
generation learning tools for use in and beyond the classroom. They are passionate about training and
providing the tools necessary to connect with learning in a more meaningful way. At Logical Operations,
they are committed to providing industry-leading learning solutions that enable organizations to educate
and certify customers, develop employees, and support partners. They develop high-stakes IT certification
programs that fill a gap in the certification marketplace and help employers pick the right candidates out
from the crowd.
Website: http://logicaloperations.com/
CyberSec First Responder (CFR)
The CyberSec First Responder™ cybersecurity training and certification program will prepare security

professionals to become the first responders who defend against cyber threats by teaching students to
analyze threats, design secure computing, and network environments, proactively defend networks, and
respond to/investigate cyber security incidents.
Website: http://logicaloperations.com/certifications/1/CyberSec-First-Responder/

Appendix
Quick Reference Chart
Developing a Cybersecurity Strategy and Supporting Policies

PPD-41 United States Cyber Incident Coordination
DoDD 8000.01 Management of the Department of Defense Information Enterprise (DoD IE)
DoDI 8500.01 Cybersecurity
DoDI 5205.13 Defense Industrial Base (DIB) Cyber Security (CS) Activities
DoDI 8510.01 Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology
NIST SP 800-37 Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal Information
Systems
NIST SP 800-30 Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments
NIST SP 800-39 Managing Information Security Risk
NIST SP 800-70 National Checklist Program for IT Products: Guidelines for Checklist Users and
Developers
NIST SP 800-117 Guide to Adopting and Using the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)
NIST SP 800-126 The Technical Specification for the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)
NIST SP 800-161 Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information Systems and
Organizations
Building Defensible Networks and Protecting Networks from Incidents
CJCSM 6510.01B Cyber Incident Handling Program
DoDI 5000.02 Operation of the Defense Acquisition System
DoDI 5000.75 Business Systems Requirements and Acquisition
DoDI 5200.44 Protection of Mission Critical Functions to Achieve Trusted Systems and Networks
(TSN)
DoDI 8500.01 Cybersecurity
DoDI 8530.01 Cybersecurity Activities Support to DoD Information Network Operations
DoDI 8510.01 Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology (IT)
DoDI 8551.01 Ports, Protocols, and Services Management (PPSM)
DoDI 8560.01 Communications Security (COMSEC) Monitoring
FIPS 199 Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information
Systems
FIPS 200 Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems
NIST SP 800-40 Guide to Enterprise Patch Management Technologies
NIST SP 800-41 Guidelines on Firewalls and Firewall Policy
NIST SP 800-44 Guidelines on Securing Public Web Servers
NIST SP 800-53 Security and Privacy Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations
NIST SP 800-55 Performance Measurement Guide for Information Security
NIST SP 800-94 Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)
NIST SP 800-115 Technical Guide to Information Security Testing and Assessment
NIST SP 800-123 Guide to General Server Security
NIST SP 800-128 Guide for Security-Focused Configuration Management of Information Systems
NIST SP 800-137 Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ICSM) for Federal Information
Systems and Organizations
NIST SP 800-147 BIOS Protection Guidelines
NIST SP 800-171 Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information in Nonfederal Systems and
Organizations
NIST SP 800-207 Zero Trust Architecture
Critical Infrastructure Protection
NISTIR 8170 The Cybersecurity Framework: Approaches for Federal Agencies to Use
the Cybersecurity Framework
ISA/IEC 62443 Security of Industrial Automation and Control Systems
Standards
Managing Access in Systems and Data
CNSSD No. 507 National Directive for Identity, Credential and Access Management (ICAM) on the
United States (US) Federal Secret Fabric
CNSSI No. 1253 Security Categorization and Control Selection for National Security Systems
DoDI 8520.02 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and Public Key (PK) Enabling
DoDI 8520.03 Identity Authentication for Information Systems
DoDI 8540.01 Cross Domain (CD) Policy
FIPS 186-4 Digital Signature Standard (DSS)
FIPS 201-2 Personal Identity Verification (PIV) of Federal Employees and Contractors
NIST SP 800-60 Guide to Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security
Categories
NIST SP 800-130 A Framework for Designing Cryptographic Key Management Systems (CKMS)
NIST SP 800-133 Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
NIST SP 800-152 A Profile for U.S. Federal Cryptographic Key Management Systems (FCKMS)
NIST SP 800-157 Guidelines for Derived Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Credentials
NIST SP 800-210 General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems
Sharing Information
CNSSP No. 15 Use of Public Standards for Secure Information Sharing
Building and Maintaining a Cybersecurity Workforce
DoDD 8140.01 Cyberspace Workforce Management
DoD 8570.01-M Information Assurance Workforce Improvement Program
NIST SP 800-16 Information Technology Security Training Requirements: A Role-
and Performance-Based Model
NIST SP 800-100 Information Security Handbook: A Guide for Managers

Acronym List
AIS Automated Indicator Sharing
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
CAP Certified Authorization Professional
CASP CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner
CCDCOE Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
CCNA Cisco Certified Network Associate
CCNP Cisco Certified Network Professional
CDSE Center for Development of Security Excellence
CEH Certified Ethical Hacker
CERT Cyber Emergency Response Team
CES Cyber Excepted Service
CFR CyberSec First Responder
CIO Chief Information Officer
CIP Critical Infrastructure Protection
CISA Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
CISM Certified Information Security Manager
CISO Chief Information Security Officer
CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional
CJCSM Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual
CKMS Cryptographic Key Management Systems
CNSS Committee on National Security Systems
COMSEC Communications Security
CS Cybersecurity
CSET Cyber Security Evaluation Tool
CSIH Computer Security Incident Handler
CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies
CSSLP Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional
CUI Controlled Unclassified Information
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DIB Defense Industrial Base
DCIO Deputy Chief Information Officer
DoD Department of Defense
DoDD DoD Directive
DoDI DoD Instruction
DoDM DoD Manual
DOT&E Director, Operational Test & Evaluation
EECC European Electronic Communications Code
EISAS European Information Sharing and Alert System
ENISA European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
EPCIP European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection
EU European Union

FIPS Federal Information Processing Standards
FISMA Federal Information Security Management Act
GCED GIAC Certified Enterprise Defender
GCFA GIAC Certification Forensic Analyst
GCIA GIAC Certified Intrusion Analyst
GCIH GIAC Certified Incident Handler
GIAC Global Information Assurance Certification
GICSP Global Industrial Cyber Security Professional
GSEC GIAC Security Essentials Certification
GSLC GIAC Security Leadership Certificate
GSNA GIAC Systems and Network Auditor
IA Information Assurance
ICAM Identity, Credential and Access Management
ICS Industrial Control Systems
ICSM Information Security Continuous Monitoring
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IDS Intrusion Detection System
IDPS Intrusion Detection and Prevention System
IPS Intrusion Prevention System
IR Interagency Report
ISA International Society for Automation
(ISC)²® International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc.
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IT Information Technology
ITU International Technology Union
JIU Joint Inspection Unit
KSAs Knowledge, Skills and Abilities
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCCIC National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center
NCIA NATO Communications and Information Agency
NCSC National Cyber Security Centre
NCP National Checklist Repository
NCSS National Cyber Security Strategies
NDS National Defense Strategy
NDU National Defense University
NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NICE National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education
NIS Network and Information Systems
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NPS Naval Postgraduate School
NSA National Security Agency
NSS National Security Strategy
NVD National Vulnerability Database
ODNI Office of the Director of National Intelligence

PIV Personal Identity Verification
PKI Public Key Infrastructure
PPD Presidential Policy Directive
PPSM Ports, Protocols, and Services Management
RMF Risk Management Framework
SCAP Security Content Automation Protocol
SCRM Supply Chain Risk Management
SEI Software Engineering Institute
SP Special Publications
SSCP Systems Security Certified Practitioner
STIX™ Structure Threat Information eXpression
TSN Trusted Systems and Networks
UN United Nations
UK United Kingdom
U.S. United States
USG United States government
USGCB United States Government Configuration Baseline

Seven Steps to Effectively Defend Industrial Control Systems
Website: https://www.us-
cert.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Seven%20Steps%20to%20Effectively%20Defend%20Industrial%20Co
ntrol%20Systems_S508C.pdf

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National Security Agency (NSA) Top 10 Mitigation Strategies
Website:https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/what-we-do/cybersecurity/professional-
resources/csi-nsas-top10-cybersecurity-mitigation-strategies.pdf

DoD Cybersecurity Policy Chart
Website: https://www.csiac.org/resources/the-dod-cybersecurity-policy-chart/

For further information or to report a broken or invalid link, please contact the DCIO-Cybersecurity International
Division at [email protected].

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Feb 28, 2022

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References to help answer cybersecurity-related questions quickly and efficiently:

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United States Resources

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United States Resources

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International Council of E-Commerce Consultants (EC-Council)

International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium, Inc., (ISC)² ®

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The SANS Institute

Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC)

Logical Operations, Inc.

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Developing a Cybersecurity Strategy and Supporting Policies

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