Chapter 6 Electricity

CHAPTER 6
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY
• flow of electrical power or charge
• presence and flow of electrical charge
• basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely
used forms of energy
• form of energy that results from the flow of charged
particles
• flow of electrons through conductors
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Renewable Energy Sources - can be replenished in a
short period of time.
a. Biomass - solid material of animal or vegetable

origin from which energy maybe extracted.
b. Hydropower – generated from the flow of water;
20% of world’s electricity.
c. Geothermal – harnessed from the Earth’s natural

heat associated with active volcanoes or
geologically young inactive volcanoes still giving
off heat at depth.
d. Wind – converting wind energy to electrical
energy
e. Solar – collecting sunlight to produce the high

temperature heat needed to generate electricity;
cleanest source of energy.
2. Non-renewable Energy Sources – come out from
ground as liquids, gases and solids.
f. Natural Gas - made mostly of methane. Methane
is a combination of hydrogen and carbon, is
formed when plants and animals are trapped
beneath the sedimentary layers of the earth.
g. Coal - rock that burns as it releases energy. It is

mostly made of chemical element carbon.
h. Diesel - uses a diesel engine as prime mover for
the generation of electrical energy.
i. Nuclear - heat source is a nuclear reactor.

SCIENTISTS RESPONSIBLE FOR ELECTRICITY
1. William Gilbert – coined the term “electric”, from the

Greek “elektron”, to identify that certain substances exert
when rubbed against each other.
2. Benjamin Franklin – many believed he is the father of

electricity. In 1752, Franklin is said to have performed
the famous experiment of flying a kite during a
thunderstorm, which led to the discovery that lightning
and electricity were somehow related.
3. Alessandro Volta – Italian –born physicist constructed
the voltaic pile, later known as the ‘electric battery’, the
first device to produce a steady electric current. It was
Volta, not Franklin who discovered that certain chemical
reactions could produce electricity. Volta also created
the first transmission of electricity by linking positively
charged and negatively charged connectors and driving
an electrical charge or voltage through them.
4. Michael Faraday – he created the electric dynamo, a

crude precursor of modern power generators.
This invention opened the door to the new era of
electricity.
5. Thomas Alva Edison – invented the light bulb.
ATOM
It is the smallest particle that comprises a chemical
element. Atom consists of an electron cloud that
surrounds a dense nucleus.
CHARGE
• Fundamental physical property that causes objects to
attract or repulse toward one another.
• Created when electrons are transferred to or removed
from an object.
• Result of work done in separating electrons and
protons
• Represented by letter ‘q’.
• Unit is Coulomb, C.
• The Coulomb was named in honor of Charles Agustin
de Coulomb who studied the interaction of forces of
charged particles in detail in 1784.
• The proton is a particle that has approximately 1840
times the mass of the electron and has an equal but
opposite charge. That is mp = 1840 me.
• Has 2 types: positive (+) and negative (-)
Formula
𝐐
𝐐 = 𝐈𝐭 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 = 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐱 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐈=
𝐭
𝟏 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐬
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
It states that the net amount of electric charge produced
in any process is zero.
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Electricity charges at rest.
DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
Flow of electric charges through a conductor.
CURRENT
• Movement of electrons through a conductor
• Electrical charge in motion
• Represented by letter ‘I’
• Unit is Ampere, A
VOLTAGE
• Pressure or force that pushes the electrons through
a conductor
• Measure of work needed to move an electric charge
• Also called electromagnetic force and potential
difference
• Represented by letter ‘V’ or ‘E’
• Unit is Volt, V
RESISTANCE
• Opposition to the flow of electric current
• Electrical quantity that measures how the material
reduces the electric current through it
• Represented by letter ‘R’
• Unit is Ohm, Ω
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
• A path between two or more points along which an
electrical current can be carried.
• It is a complete path around which electricity can
flow.
Open Circuit Short Circuit
Short Circuit
Short Circuit – the voltage source has a closed path

across its terminals, but the resistance is practically zero.
Electric current flows down the wrong or unintended path
with little to no electrical resistance.
Open Circuit – when any part of the path is open or
broken, the circuit is open , because there is no continuity
in the conducting path.
COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
LOAD – electrical
component or portion of
circuit that consumes
electric power (light,
electrical appliances,
motor pumps)
CONDUCTOR – object or
type of material that allows
the flow of charge in one or
more directions (wires,
cables, metal)
SOURCE – resources of
electrical power that
deliver energy into a
system (battery,
generator)
CONDUCTOR
An object or type of material that allows the flow of
charge in one or more directions.
Wires and cables

Insulator
Material that
impedes the flow
of electricity.
DIRECTIONS OF THE CURRENT
1. Electron Flow – the
direction of electron drift
for the current is out
from the negative side of
the voltage source.
2. Conventional Current
Flow – the motion of the
positive charges, in the
opposite direction from
the electron flow. This
direction is generally
used for analyzing
circuits in electrical
engineering.
TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
1. Direct Current (DC) – it is the flow of charges in one
direction and the fixed polarity of the applied voltage. DC
voltage source can change the amount of its output
voltage but, with the same polarity, direct current still
flows only in one direction. This type of source provides
a fluctuating or pulsating dc voltage.
2. Alternating Current (AC) – it is a flow of electric

charge that periodically reverses direction. An AC voltage
source periodically reverses or alternates in polarity.
OHM’S LAW
• states that the current through conductor is directly
proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance.
CURRENT is DIRECTLY proportional to VOLTAGE

I ∝ V
CURRENT is INVERSELY proportional to RESISTANCE
I ∝ __1
R
Formula
𝐕 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐈= 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 =
𝐑 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
OHM’S LAW ANALOGY
OHM’S LAW – WATER ANALOGY

POWER
• Rate at which the electrical energy is transferred
• Output from the electrical circuit
• Represented by letter ‘P’
• Unit is Watt, W
Formulas
𝐏 = 𝐈𝐕 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 = 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐱 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐕𝟐
𝐏 = 𝐈𝟐 𝐑 𝐏=
𝐑
OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE
POWER TRIANGLE
ENERGY
Measure of electricity usage.
Formula
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐱 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞
Unit
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝐖𝐡𝐫 𝐨𝐫 𝐤𝐖𝐡𝐫; 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞
𝟏 𝐤𝐖𝐡𝐫 = 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
ENERGY COST OF CONSUMPTION

Amount or cost of power used.
Formula
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 = 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐤𝐖𝐡𝐫
ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Ammeter – measures the current in the circuit.
Voltmeter – measures the voltage in the circuit.
Ohmmeter – measures the resistance in the circuit.
Wattmeter – measures the power in the circuit.
Sample Problems:
1. How many Coulombs are there in 5.45 billion

electrons?
Solution:
1 Coulomb
5.45 x 109 electrons x = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎 −𝟏𝟎
𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛
6.24 x 1018 electrons
2. What is the current involved when a truck battery sets

in motion 720 C of charge in 4.00 s while starting an
engine?
Solution:
Q
I= t
720C
I=
4s
C
I = 180
s
𝐈 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐀
3. A 1.5-volt AA battery is wired to a light bulb with a
resistance of 30Ω. Find the current flowing through the
bulb and the power drawn by the circuit.
1.5V 30Ω
Component Diagram Circuit Diagram
V
I=
R
1.5𝑉
I=
30Ω
𝐈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐀
P = IV
P = (0.05A)(1.5V)
𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝐖
4. What is the resistance of a coffee maker that draws
12A of current operating on a 220V supply?
V
R=
I
220V
R=
12A
𝐑 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝛀
5. What voltage will produce 3 A through a circuit that has

15 ohms of resistance?
V = IR
V = (3A)(15Ω)
𝐕 = 𝟏𝟓𝐕
6. Calculate the power rating of an electric fan (in
kilowatts) that uses 3 amps of current when
plugged into a 220-volt outlet.
Solution:
P = IV
P = (3A)(220V)
𝐏 = 𝟔𝟔𝟎𝐖
7. A washing machine has a power rating of 1500W and

a current of 7A. What is the resistance of the circuit?
Solution:
P = I2 𝑅
1500W = (7A)2 (𝑅)
1500W = 49(𝑅)
1500W 49(𝑅)
=
49 49
𝐑 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝛀
8. A refrigerator, plugged into a 220V outlet, has a has a
resistance of 20Ω. What is the power rating of the
refrigerator in kW?
Solution:
V2
P=
R
(220𝑉)2
P=
20Ω
P = 2420W
1kW
P = 2420W x
1000W
𝐏 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟐𝐖
9. You have calculated that your home appliances

including TV, ref, electric fans, and phone chargers have
a total power rating of 1200W. a) Calculate the energy
consumption for 4-hour usage of the appliances. b) How
much is the cost of consumption if Meralco charges
₱9.00 per kWhr?
a)
Energy = Power x Time
1kW
Energy = (1200W x ) x 4 hours
1000W
𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝐤𝐖𝐡𝐫
b)
Cost = Energy consumed x Cost per kWhr
₱9.00
Cost = 4.8 kWhr x
kWhr
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 = ₱𝟒𝟑. 𝟐

Chapter 6 Electricity

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CHAPTER 6

a. Biomass - solid material of animal or vegetable

c. Geothermal – harnessed from the Earth’s natural

e. Solar – collecting sunlight to produce the high

g. Coal - rock that burns as it releases energy. It is

i. Nuclear - heat source is a nuclear reactor.

1. William Gilbert – coined the term “electric”, from the

2. Benjamin Franklin – many believed he is the father of

4. Michael Faraday – he created the electric dynamo, a

Open Circuit Short Circuit

Short Circuit – the voltage source has a closed path

Wires and cables

2. Alternating Current (AC) – it is a flow of electric

CURRENT is DIRECTLY proportional to VOLTAGE

OHM’S LAW – WATER ANALOGY

ENERGY COST OF CONSUMPTION

ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1. How many Coulombs are there in 5.45 billion

2. What is the current involved when a truck battery sets

Component Diagram Circuit Diagram

5. What voltage will produce 3 A through a circuit that has

7. A washing machine has a power rating of 1500W and

9. You have calculated that your home appliances

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