Introduction to Power

Processing
Industrial Electronics for Electrical Engineers
Power Electronics

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Concerned with the processing of electrical power using electronic devices

• DC-DC conversion: Change and control voltage magnitude
• AC-DC rectification: Possibly control DC voltage, AC current
• DC-AC inversion: Produce sinusoid of controllable magnitude and frequency
• AC-AC cycloconversion: Change and control voltage magnitude and frequency
 Controller in Power Processing System
• Provides the desired well-regulated output voltage, in the presence of
variations in the input voltage and load current

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Efficiency of Power Processing System
Converter Power Loss and Efficiency
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜂𝜂 =
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 −1
𝜂𝜂
• High efficiency leads to low power loss
within converter
• Small size and reliable operation is then
feasible
• Efficiency is a good measure of
converter performance
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
High Efficiency Converter

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Goal of current converter technology: to construct converters of small size and

weight, which process substantial power at high efficiency
Devices Available to the Circuit Designer

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Devices Available to the Circuit Designer

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Signal processing: avoid magnetics

Devices Available to the Circuit Designer

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Power processing: avoid lossy elements

Power Loss in an Ideal Switch
• Switch closed: 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 0 +

𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡
• Switch open: 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 0
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡

• In either situation: 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 0
−
• Ideal switch consumes zero power
Simple DC-DC Converter Example

𝐼𝐼
10 𝐴𝐴
+

𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 − 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 5Ω 50 𝑉𝑉
100 𝑉𝑉
−
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Input source: 100 𝑉𝑉

• Output load: 50 𝑉𝑉, 10 𝐴𝐴, 500 𝑊𝑊
Dissipative Realization
• Resistive voltage divider
𝐼𝐼
10 𝐴𝐴
+
+ 50 𝑉𝑉 −
𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔 𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 500 𝑊𝑊 𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉
5Ω 50 𝑉𝑉
100 𝑉𝑉
−

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 1000 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 500 𝑊𝑊

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Dissipative Realization
• Series pass regulator: transistor operates in active region

𝐼𝐼
+ 50 𝑉𝑉 − 10 𝐴𝐴
+

𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝑅𝑅 𝑉𝑉
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5Ω 50 𝑉𝑉
100 𝑉𝑉
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ≈ 500 𝑊𝑊 −

𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≈ 1000 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 500 𝑊𝑊

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
 Use of a SPDT Switch

1
𝐼𝐼
10 𝐴𝐴 • 𝐷𝐷 = switch duty cycle
+ + 0 ≤ 𝐷𝐷 ≤ 1
𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔
2
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 • 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 = switching period
100 𝑉𝑉 50 𝑉𝑉
• 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = switching frequency
− −
− 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 = 1⁄𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 • DC component of 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔
average value
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 𝐷𝐷𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔
1 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠
0 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐷𝐷𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔
𝐷𝐷𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 1 − 𝐷𝐷 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡
𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 0
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 1 2 1
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Addition of Low Pass Filter

1 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡

+ 𝐿𝐿 +
2
𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔 𝑅𝑅 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶
100 𝑉𝑉
− −
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ≈ 500 𝑊𝑊 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 500 𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 : 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

• Choose filter cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 much smaller than switching

frequency 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠
• This circuit is known as the “buck converter”
Using Switch-Mode Semiconductor Device and Addition of
Control System for Regulation of Output Voltage
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

+ 𝑖𝑖

𝑣𝑣𝑔𝑔 𝑣𝑣
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
− 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 𝐻𝐻𝑣𝑣
𝛿𝛿 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Boost Converter

Ideal Boost Converter Circuit Output voltage 𝑉𝑉 vs. transistor duty cycle 𝐷𝐷

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Single-phase Inverter
• “H – Bridge” circuit
• Modulates switch
duty cycles to obtain
sinusoidal low –
frequency
component

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Power Levels Encountered in High-efficiency Converters

• less than 1 W in battery-operated portable equipment

• tens, hundreds, or thousands of watts in power supplies for
computers or office equipment
• kW to MW in variable-speed motor drives
• 1000 MW in rectifiers and inverters for utility dc
transmission lines
Laptop Computer Power Supply System

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Power System of an Earth-orbiting Spacecraft

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Electric Vehicle Power and Drive System

Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan. Fundamentals of Power Electronics. 2nd Edition
Elements of Power Electronics
• Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
• analog circuits
• electronic devices
• control systems
• power systems
• magnetics
• electric machines
• numerical simulation
End
Introduction to Power Processing