REFERENCES

"GM Solid: Interactive Modeing for Design

BoYsE, J. W., AND GLCHRIST, J. E., 27-40.
and Analysis of Solids," IEEE Computer
Graphics, March, 1982, pp.
Graphic Appli-
S. Geometric Principles and Procedures for Corputer
12 CHASEN, H.,
Cliffs, N.J., 1978.
cations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Interactive Graphics for
F., AND WoLFE, R., "GRIN:
3 PrzGERALD, W., GRACER, IBM Journal of Research and
Development, July, 1981, ppP.
Modeling Solids,"
281-294.
4) FoLEY, J. D., AND VAN DAM, A., FundamentalsMass., of Interactive Computer Graphics,
1982.
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
S] GiLoI, W. K., Interactive Computer Graphics,
Cliffs, N.J., 1978.
[6] KnNNUCAN, P., *"Solid Modelers Máke the Scene," High Technology, July/August,
1982, pp. 38-44.
on Solid Modeling,"
IEEE Computer
17 MYERS, W., "An Industria Perspective
Graphics, March, 1982, pp. 86-97.
NEWMAN, W. M., ANn `PROULL, R. F., Principles of Interactive Conputer Graph
[8]
New York, 1979
ics, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company,
H. B., "Solid Modeling: A Historical Sum-
[9 REQUICHA, A. AG., AND VOELCKER, IEEE
mary and Contemporary Assessment," Computer Graphics, March, 1982, pp.
9-24.
Elements in Computer Graphics,
[10] RoGERS, D. F., AND ADAMS, J. A., Mathematical
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1976.
Electric CAD/CAM
[1] ZnMMERS, E. W., JR., Computer-Aided Design Module, General
Séminar, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., 1982.
egmed 2
PROBLEMS
CAD CAM, meo RynN
6.1.Figures 6.9 and 6.10 show a wire-frame drawing of a three-dimensional solid object.
However, there are several possible interpretations of this drawing. Make a list of as
many interpretations as you can think of.
6.2. Make a sketch of two or three solid primitives (such as a rectangular solid) and show
how these various primitives can be scaled, reoriented, added, subtracted, and inter-
sected to create the geometry ofthe object in Figure 6.10.
3.
S . A line is defined by its end points (0, 0) and (2, 3) in a two-dimensional graphics
system. Express the line in matrix notation and perform the following transforma-
tions on this line:
(a) Scale the line by a factor of 2.0.
(b) Scale the original line by a factor of 3.0 in the x direction and 2.0 in the y
direction.
130 Computer-Aded Design
Translate the original line by 2.0 units in the x direction and 2.0 units in the y
(c)
direction.
(d) Rotate the original line by 45° about the origin.
(e) Plot the original line and each of the four transformations on a piece of graph

paper.
64. Atriangle is defined in a two-dimensional ICG system by its vertices (0, 2), (0, 3),
and (1, 2). Perform the following transformations on this triangle:
Translate the triangle in space by 2 units in the x direction and 5 units in the y
(a)
direction.
(b) Scale the original triangle by a factor of 1.5.
Scale the original triangle by a factor of 1.5 in the x direction and 3.0 in the y
(c)
direction. '

(d) Rotate the original triangle by 45° about the origin.

6.5. A line is defined in two-dimensional space by its end points (1, 2) and (6, 4).
Express this in matrix notation and perform the following transformations in succes-
sion on this line:
(a) Rotate the line by 90° about the origin.
(b) Scale the line by a factor of 1/2.
Show the sequence of transformations on a piece of graph paper.
(c)
6.6 Determine the concatenation of the transformations performed in Problem 6.5. It
should be expressed in matrix notation.
in
6.7. A cube is defined in three-dimensional space with edges which are one unit
length. The corners of the cube are located at (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0,), (0,
1,
1), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1). Determine the locations of the corners if
the cube is first translated by 2.0 units in the x direction and then scaled by a factor
of 3.0.
Using the same cube from Problem 6.7, cary out the two transfornations indicated
68.
in that problem in the reverse order. Are the resulting cube and its position the same
as in Problem 6.7?
6.9. Rotate the cube from Problem 6.7 about the y axis by an angle of 45°.
6.10. A line in two-dimensional space has end points defined by (1, 1) and (1, 3). It is
desired to move this line by a series of transformations so that its end points will be
at (0, 1) and (0, 5).
(2) Describe the sequence of transformations required to accomplish the move
ment of the line as specified.
(b) For each transformation in the sequence, write the transformation matrix.
6.11. A point in two dimensions is located at (3, 4). It is desired to relocate the point by
means of rotation and scaling transformations only (no translation) to a new position
defined by (0, 8).
(a) Describe the sequcnce of transformations required to accomplish the move-
ment of the line as specified
(b) Write the transformation matrix for each step in the sequence.
(c) Write the concatenated transformation matrix for the sequence.
6.12. In order to perform the translation transformation in two dimensions, the transforma-
tion must be represented by a 3 X 3 matrix. In order to be
compatible, the represen-
tation of a point would be given as (x, y, 1). This n + 1 component vector for n-
Computer Graphics Software and Data Base 131

dimensional space is called a homogeneous coordinate representation. Thus, for

translating a point, the homogeneous representation would be

x, y', 1) =. y, 1) 0 1 0
m

where n and m in the 3 x 3 translation matrix represent the displacement in the x

and y directions, respectively.
(a) Use the equation above to translate the point at (1, 1) in the x direction by 2
units and in the y direction by 5 units.
(b) Develop the analogous equation for the translation of a line, and translate the
line whose matrix is

by 3 units in the x direction.