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Table of Contents
NETWORK...........................................................................................................................................2 INTRANET.................................................................................................................................................2 EXTRANET...............................................................................................................................................2 INTERNET.................................................................................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION OF INTERNET...................................................................................................3 HISTORY OF INTERNET..............................................................................................................................4 COMMON USES OF THE INTERNET................................................................................................................5 USE IN BUSINESS.........................................................................................................................................5 THE WORLD WIDE WEB.............................................................................................................................6 E-MAIL.....................................................................................................................................................6 NEWSGROUPS.............................................................................................................................................7 INTERNET RELAY CHAT..............................................................................................................................7 WEB BROWSER..........................................................................................................................................8 UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR..................................................................................................................8 WEB.......................................................................................................................................................9 WEBSITE..................................................................................................................................................9 WEBPAGE.................................................................................................................................................9 MAKE A DIAL-UP CONNECTION TO YOUR WORKPLACE BY USING A PHONE LINE.................................................9 INSTALLING MODEMS OVERVIEW................................................................................................................10 TO INSTALL A MODEM................................................................................................................................10 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS..................................................................................................10 INTERNET PROTOCOLS................................................................................................................................11 INTERNETADDRESSES.................................................................................................................................12 DOMAIN ADDRESSES.................................................................................................................................12 IP ADDRESSES.........................................................................................................................................13 DOWNLOAD.............................................................................................................................................14 UPLOAD.................................................................................................................................................14

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Network
Two or more networks or network segments connected using devices that operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a router. Any interconnection among or between public, private, commercial, industrial, or governmental networks may also be defined as an internetwork. In modern practice, the interconnected networks use the Internet Protocol. There are at least three variants of internetwork, depending on who administers and who participates in them: Intranet Extranet "The" Internet Intranets and extranets may or may not have connections to the Internet. If connected to the Internet, the intranet or extranet is normally protected from being accessed from the Internet without proper authorization. The Internet itself is not considered to be a part of the intranet or extranet, although the Internet may serve as a portal for access to portions of an extranet.

Intranet
An intranet is a set of interconnected networks, using the Internet Protocol and uses IP-based tools such as web browsers, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity closes the intranet to the rest of the world, and allows only specific users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of a company or other enterprise.

Extranet
An extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities (e.g. a company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet creating in this way an extranet, while at the same time the customers may not be considered 'trusted' from a security standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also be categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type of network, although, by definition, an extranet cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at least one connection with an external network.

Internet
A specific internetwork , consisting of a worldwide interconnection of governmental, academic, public, and private networks based upon the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Compiled By: Muhammad Usman Malik 2/14

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(ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense also home to the World Wide Web (WWW) and referred to as the 'Internet' with a capital 'I' to distinguish it from other generic internetworks. Participants in the Internet, or their service providers, use IP Addresses obtained from address registries that control assignments. Service providers and large enterprises also exchange information on the reachability of their address ranges through the BGP Border Gateway Protocol.

Introduction of internet
The one thing all these different computers have in common is the use of the Internet Protocol, abbreviated as IP, which allows computers of different types to communicate with each other. You will often see reference to the longer abbreviation, TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Your own computer uses TCP/IP software to enable it to link to this service. The Internet is a vast network that connects many independent networks spanning over 170 countries in the World. It links computers of many different types, sizes, and operating systems, and, of course, the many people of those countries that use the Internet to communicate. The one thing all these different computers have in common is the use of the Internet Protocol, abbreviated as IP, which allows computers of different types to communicate with each other. You will often see reference to the longer abbreviation, TCP/IP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Your own computer uses TCP/IP software to enable it to link to this service. The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW). The Internet is a vast network that connects many independent networks spanning over 170 countries in the World. It links computers of many different types, sizes, and operating systems, and, of course, the many people of those countries that use the Internet to communicate.

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History Of Internet
The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate. Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders of the Internet. When Senator Ted Kennedy heard in 1968 that the pioneering Massachusetts company BBN had won the ARPA contract for an "interface message processor (IMP)," he sent a congratulatory telegram to BBN for their ecumenical spirit in winning the "interfaith message processor" contract. The Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969. By June 1970, MIT, Harvard, BBN, and Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. were added. By January 1971, Stanford, MIT's Lincoln Labs, Carnegie-Mellon, and Case-Western Reserve U were added. In months to come, NASA/Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and the U of Illinois plugged in. After that, there were far too many to keep listing here. Who was the first to use the Internet? Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969. The system crashed as he reached the G in LOGIN! The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. If the most direct route was not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes.

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The early Internet was used by computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians. There was nothing friendly about it. There were no home or office personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex system

Common uses of the Internet

The Internet Protocol makes it possible for you to communicate in various ways, find things that interest you, and exchange information and files. The most common things you can do are: Get information on almost any subject by searching the web. It takes some skill to search efficiently, and since anyone can publish just about anything, there is lots of misinformation on the web, too. You need to develop some skill in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the information you find. Send and receive email or chat or exchange messages with people all over the world. Almost as fast as the telephone, there is never a busy signal, and you never play phone tag. Join discussion groups about a common subject with message boards, Newsgroups and email discussion lists. Get or exchange software and files with the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Explore the World Wide Web, which can use all of the above, and adds easy links to other resources and adds multimedia--graphics, sound, and video capabilities. Publish your own material on the web in blogs, message boards, or your own web pages.

Use in business
E-mail was widely accepted by the business community as the first broad electronic communication medium and was the first e-revolution in Business communication. E-mail is very simple to understand and like postal mail, e-mail solves two basic problems of communication. LAN based email is also an emerging form of usage for business. It not only allows the business user to download mail when offline, it also provides the small business user to have multiple users email ID's with just one email connection.

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The World Wide Web

WWW's historic logo designed by Robert Cailliau The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks. The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of Web standards (such as the markup languages in which Web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. Robert Cailliau, also at CERN, was an early evangelist for the project. The World Wide Web is one of the protocols that lets you link to many sites on the Internet. The basic unit is the page, such as the page you are now reading. A page can be one or many screens as it displays on your monitor. Within the page are links to related pages and other web sites. This system of embedding links in the text on a page is called hypertext. The links are distinctive, and vary depending on your browser. With most graphical browsers, links are underlined and appear in a contrasting color. Text browsers may number the links or show them in bold text to contrast them or in reverse colors when selected. You can select a link in a text browser either by typing the number of the link or by moving the up and down arrow keys to select the link. Once selected, either press Enter or the right arrow to connect to the link. This page includes several links in contrasting colors or type. These are hypertext links to other pages, and you can switch to the linked page by clicking on or selecting the link. Try it. http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/faq/example.htmlYou will also see buttons and pictures used for links. With a graphical browser, there will often be a blue or magenta border around the graphic to show you it is a link. If you are using a text-only browser, you won't see the picture, but you will usually see an [image] tag or an alternate name.

E-mail
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The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.

Newsgroups
A newsgroup is a collection of messages posted by individuals to a news server (a computer that can host thousands of newsgroups). You can find newsgroups on practically any subject. Although some newsgroups are moderated, most are not. Moderated newsgroups are "owned" by someone who reviews the postings, can answer questions, delete inappropriate messages, and so forth. Anyone can post messages to a newsgroup. Newsgroups do not require any kind of membership or joining fees. To use newsgroups in Outlook Express, your Internet service provider (ISP) must offer links to one or more news servers. After you set up an account for each server you want in Outlook Express, you can read and post messages in any of the newsgroups stored on that news server. When you find a newsgroup you like, you can "subscribe" to it so that it is displayed in your Outlook Express Folders list. Subscribing provides easy access to your favorite newsgroups, eliminating the need to scroll through the long list on the server each time you want to visit a favorite newsgroup. Newsgroups can contain thousands of messages, which can be time-consuming to sort through. Outlook Express has a variety of features that make it easier to find the information you want in newsgroups.

Internet Relay Chat

Internet Relay Chat is an Internet protocol that enables people to meet in conference groups (called channels) from all over the world. At any time, there are thousands of channels running simultaneously, and you can join an existing one or start one of your own. When IRC first started, you could list all the channels in session and look them over to see what you want to join. You still Compiled By: Muhammad Usman Malik 7/14

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can, but it takes so long to list them all that it is hardly worth it. It is best to decide in advance what channel to join or to prearrange to meet in a particular channel. IRC is wild and unregulated, and you will meet all kinds of people. Never give out passwords or credit card numbers or personal information on IRC! Because it is so huge and chaotic, many people look for quieter places to hold chats. Undernets have been created separate from IRC, and there are public chat rooms attached to many web sites and Internet providers that are open to the public. Most of the latter types do not use the IRC protocol, but use their own software. Try Delphi's Chat Rooms. Like other protocols, you can use command mode with shell accounts or providers with text modes like Delphi. Alternatively, if you run your own TCP/IP software with a SLIP, PPP, or network account, you can run your own IRC software. Running software like mIRC for Windows is a lot easier to learn than to learn all the commands and variations of IRC in command mode. You can review the commands at any time by typing the command /HELP. There are extensive help files available at the mIRC site, too.

Web browser
A web browser is a software application which enables a user to display and interact with text, images, videos, music and other information typically located on a Web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. Text and images on a Web page can contain hyperlinks to other Web pages at the same or different website. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many Web pages at many websites by traversing these links. Web browsers format HTML information for display, so the appearance of a Web page may differ between browsers . Some of the Web browsers available for personal computers include Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Opera in order of descending popularity (in November 2007).Web browsers are the most commonly used type of HTTP user agent. Although browsers are typically used to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or content in file systems.

Uniform Resource Locator

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), still known as Universal Resource Locator, is a technical, Webrelated term used in two distinct meanings: 1. In popular usage and many technical documents, it is a synonym for Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); 2. Strictly, the idea of a uniform syntax for global identifiers of network-retrievable documents was the core idea of the World Wide Web. In the early times, these identifiers were variously called "document names", "Web addresses" and "Uniform Resource Locators". These names were misleading, however, because not all identifiers were locators, and even for those that were, this was not their defining characteristic. Nevertheless, by the time the RFC 1630 formally defined Compiled By: Muhammad Usman Malik 8/14

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the term "URI" as a generic term best suited to the concept, the term "URL" had gained widespread popularity, which has continued to this day.

WEB
The Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee and others at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) in Switzerland. It was originally for text links only, but as it was further developed, multimedia links were added, too. Now, you can see pictures, listen to audio links, and see video links, if your computer and software are set up for them. With the addition of sound and graphics and fast modems to carry the large sound and graphics files, the Web soon became the most popular way of linking to resources on the Internet, replacing gopher, which was invented at the University of Minnesota.

Website
A website (alternatively, web site or Web site) is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN.

Webpage
A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML, that is almost always accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the user's Web browser. All publicly accessible websites are seen collectively as constituting the "World Wide Web". The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a common root URL called the homepage, and usually reside on the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites. Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, Web-based e-mail, services, social networking website, and sites providing realtime stock market data.

Make a dial-up connection to your workplace by using a phone line

1. 2. 3. 4. Open Network Connections. Under Network Tasks, click Create a new connection, and then click Next. Click Connect to the network at my workplace, and then click Next. Click Dial-up connection, click Next, and then follow the instructions in the New Connection Wizard.

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Installing modems overview

To install the modem hardware on your computer, refer to the manufacturer's documentation. Generally, the following instructions apply: Install an internal modem in an empty slot. Attach an external serial modem to an unused communication port. If you have an external modem, make sure that it is attached to the computer, plugged into the power source, and turned on before you turn on the computer and start Windows. Make sure that your modem is properly connected to the phone line and to your computer. Most modems manufactured now are compatible with Plug and Play and installed automatically after they are connected to the computer. However, older modems and external serial modems may not be detected. If your modem is not installed automatically, use Phone and modem Options in Control Panel to install it manually. To open Phone and modem Options, click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Phone and modem Options.

To install a modem
You must be logged on as an administrator or a member of the Administrators group in order to complete this procedure. If your computer is connected to a network, network policy settings might also prevent you from completing this procedure. 1. Open Phone and Modem Options in Control Panel. If you are prompted for location information, specify the dialing information for your location, and then click OK. 2. On the Modems tab, click Add. 3. Follow the instructions in the Install New Modem Wizard. Notes To open Phone and Modem Options, click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Phone and Modem Options.

Protocols and standards

Web browsers communicate with Web servers primarily using HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows Web browsers to submit information to Web servers as well as fetch Web pages from them. The most commonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1, which is fully defined in RFC 2616. HTTP/1.1 has its own required standards that Internet Explorer does not fully support, but most other current-generation Web browsers do.

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Pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator, RFC 1738 ), which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other URL types and their corresponding protocols, such as gopher: for Gopher (a hierarchical hyperlinking protocol), ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), rtsp: for RTSP (real-time streaming protocol), and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP). The file format for a Web page is usually HTML (hyper-text markup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol using a MIME content type. Most browsers natively support a variety of formats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG, PNG and GIF image formats, and can be extended to support more through the use of plugins. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows Web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a Web page, or to make them accessible through the Web page.

Internet protocols
In this context, there are three layers of protocols: 1. At the lower level (OSI layer 3) is IP (Internet Protocol), which defines the datagrams or packets that carry blocks of data from one node to another. The vast majority of today's Internet uses version four of the IP protocol (i.e. IPv4), and, although IPv6 is standardized, it exists only as "islands" of connectivity, and there are many ISPs without any IPv6 connectivity.[5] ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) also exists at this level. ICMP is connectionless; it is used for control, signaling, and error reporting purposes. 2. Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet protocol suite. TCP provides reliable, in-order delivery of a stream of bytes, making it suitable for applications like file transfer and e-mail. It is so important in the Internet protocol suite that sometimes the entire suite is referred to as "the TCP/IP protocol suite." TCP is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segments, to be sent to the destination client. It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the server and the client. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) exist at the next layer up (OSI layer 4); these are the protocols by which data is transmitted. TCP makes a virtual "connection", which gives some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a best-effort, connectionless transport, in which data packets that are lost in transit will not be re-sent. 3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol

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Internet (Notes)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol for the transfer of information on intranets and the World Wide Web. Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish and retrieve hypertext pages over the Internet. HTTP development was coordinated by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), culminating in the publication of a series of Request for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use. HTTP is a request/response standard between a client and a server. A client is the end-user, the server is the web site. The client making an HTTP request - using a web browser, spider, or other end-user tool - is referred to as the user agent. The responding server - which stores or creates resources such as HTML files and images - is called the origin server. In between the user agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies, gateways, and tunnels. HTTP is not constrained to using TCP/IP and its supporting layers, although this is its most popular application on the Internet. Indeed HTTP can be "implemented on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks. HTTP only presumes a reliable transport; any protocol that provides such guarantees can be used." Typically, an HTTP client initiates a request. It establishes a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a host (port 80 by default; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for the client to send a request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own, the body of which is perhaps the requested file, an error message, or some other information. 4. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two computers on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server.

InternetAddresses
There are two types of Internet addresses--domain addresses made up of words separated by dots (for example, world.std.com), and IP addresses made up of four numbers separated by dots (for example, 199.0.65.101). Both types represent computer addresses on the Internet, and for many purposes, either type can be used. Numbered IP addresses represent specific computers on the Internet. Domain addresses may represent a specific computer or may be less specific.

Domain Addresses
Domain name addresses all end with a correct top-level domain. The top-level domains may be any of these: com edu Compiled By: Muhammad Usman Malik 12/14

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gov int mil net org a two-letter country code, such as us, uk, or mx. See the country code table. A complete domain address adds one or more terms to the left of the top-level domain, separated by dots. The top-level domain at the right is the most general; each term to the left is more specific.The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) announced a new series of top level domains to become available for registration in 2001. They are: biz pro museum aero name coop info

IP Addresses

IP, or Internet Protocol, addresses consist of four numbers from 0 to 255, separated by dots. The first number is the most general, and each following number is more specific. A network might be assigned the hypothetical numbers 185.33.27.0 through 185.33.27.255. This would give them 256 numbers to use. A very large network might be given all numbers beginning with, for example, 125.211. This would give that network approximately 65 thousand addresses to use from 125.211.0.0 through 125.211.255.255. More commonly, a network will be assigned a portion of the range appropriate to its size.

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Download
To download is to receive data from a remote or central system, such as a webserver, FTP server, mail server, or other similar systems. A download is any file that is offered for downloading or that has been downloaded. The word's primary usage comes in the form of a verb. Increasingly, websites that offer streaming media or media displayed in-browser, That is, "download" is used to mean "receive and save" instead of simply "receive".

Upload
The opposite operation, to upload, is to send data from a local system to a remote system, FTP server, or website. For example, "Uploading a video to YouTube" means sending a video to the website.

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