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Ch02 Lecture03 ECEg3142 OOP 20181122-Introduction To Java Elements

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Ch02 Lecture03 ECEg3142 OOP 20181122-Introduction To Java Elements

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Fundamental Programming

Structures

Tensay G. Kiflu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University(AASTU)
Variables

 The variable is the basic unit of storage in a


Java program.
 A variable is defined by the combination of
 An identifier
 A type
 An optional initializer.
 In addition, all variables have a scope, which
defines their visibility, and a lifetime.

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 2


Declaring a Variable
 All variables must be declared before they
can be used.
 The basic form of a variable declaration

 Examples of variable declarations


 int a, b, c; // declares three ints, a, b, and c.
 double pi = 3.14159; // declares an
approximation of pi.

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 3


Scope and Lifetime of Variables

 Java allows variables to be declared within


any block.
 A block is begun with an opening curly
brace and ended by a closing curly brace.
 A block defines a scope.
 A scope determines what objects are visible
to other parts of your program.
 It also determines the lifetime of those
objects.
© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 4
Scope Illustration

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 5


Lifetime of Variables

 Variables are
 created when their scope is entered
 destroyed when their scope is left
 This means that a variable will not hold its
value once it has gone out of scope.
 Variables declared within a method will not
hold their values between calls to that
method.

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 6


Lifetime of Variables …
 A variable declared within a block will lose its
value when the block is left.
 Thus, the lifetime of a variable is confined to
its scope.

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 7


Lifetime Illustration

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 8


Constants

 If we want a value to remain fixed, then we


use a constant.
 A constant is declared in a manner similar to
a variable but with the additional reserved
word final
 A constant must be assigned a value at the
time of its declaration

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 9


Examples of Constants Declaration

Named constant or symbolic constant


e.g.
PI
FARADAY_CONSTANT

Literal constant (an actual value)


e.g. 4

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 10


Primitive Data Types

 There are six numerical data types in Java:


 byte, short, int, long, float, and double.
 The data types byte, short, int, and long are
for integers
 The data types float and double are for real
numbers

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 11


Numerical Data Types and Precisions

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 12


Comments

 Java has three kinds of comments


 /* and */ surround multiline comments
 All text between the two delimiters is ignored.
 Comments cannot be nested
 Double-slashes (//) can be used for a single line of
comment.
 All the text up to the end of the line is ignored.
 /** and ends with */
 Special comments used for the javadoc system

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 13


Arithmetic Operators

Notice that x % y = 0 when y divides x perfectly; for example, 16 % 2 = 0. Also notice that x %
y = x when y is larger than x; for example, 23 % 25 = 23

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 14


Precedence Rules

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 15


Precedence Rules Illustration

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 16


Shorthand assignment operators

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 17


Relational Operators

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 18


Boolean Expressions and Variables

 Three boolean operators are


 AND, OR, and NOT
 In Java, the symbols
 &&, ||, and ! represent the AND, OR, and NOT
operators, respectively.

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 19


Boolean Operators

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 20


Numerical Input

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 21


Example 1

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 22


Example 2

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 23


Example 3

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 24


Complete Program

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 25


Thank You!

Questions?

© 2018 Tensay, ECE Dept., AASTU 26

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