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Civil Engineering Technology

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Course

Lecturer

Submission date
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Civil Engineering Technology

P1. Discuss earthworks activities, equipment and techniques

Earthworks activities

One of the main tasks in the construction of a road is earthwork. It involves removal of

topsoil and any vegetation, and the area must then be graded and scraped to the final

"formation level." The main tasks involved in earthworks include volume measurement and

computation, leveling, cross fill excavation, U-cut excavation, loading, transporting, and

unloading, and filling, which includes spreading and compaction.

Excavation, hauling, loading, unloading, spreading, and compaction are all considered to be

part of "earthwork activities" which makes up a sizable component of the whole work.

Therefore, wherever feasible, attempt to choose the alignment that calls for the least amount

of digging and filling. The majority of earthwork projects are suitable for task work because

the volumes are simple to gauge. Slotting is a technique for calculating the actual excavation

quantities.

Earthworks equipment

Heavy machinery, such as heavy-duty trucks developed specifically for construction

activities including earthworks, is known as earthmoving equipment. They are used to move

a lot of soil, excavate landscape foundations, and other things. Other names for earthmoving

machinery include heavy vehicles, heavy hydraulics, heavy trucks, heavy machineries,

construction equipment, and engineering equipment. Hydraulic drives are often used as the

main source of motion in earthmoving machinery. Excavators, Backhoe Loaders, Bulldozers,

Skid-Steer Loaders, and Trenchers are a few of the most widely utilized earth-moving tools

in the construction sector.

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Excavators are large construction machinery that have a cab, a boom, a dipper (or stick), a

bucket, and a rotating platform called a "house." The home is supported by a set of wheels or

rails. Backhoe loaders are heavy equipment vehicles that have a backhoe on the rear and a

loader-style shovel/bucket on the front. They are also known as loader backhoes, diggers in

layman's terms, or just backhoes within the industry. In order to move enormous amounts of

soil, sand, debris, or other similar materials during construction or conversion work, a

bulldozer is a tractor with a massive metal plate (known as a blade), usually with a claw-like

mechanism at the back (known as a ripper)

Earthworks techniques

Slotting is a technique for calculating the actual excavation quantities. By creating slots in the

cuts that are at a right angle to the road's centreline, it is possible to measure the exposed

portions and the spaces between the slots. The volumes are simple to compute. When the

volumes are minimal and only minor changes are required to establish a level basis for the
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road, excavation is done via "levelling." When using labour-based techniques of excavation,

this is done on sloping terrain and is an effective technique that should be employed as much

as feasible.

P2. Describe methods and techniques used to create complex foundations, piling works and

drainage works

The foundation construction procedure begins with a choice on its depth, thickness, and

marking scheme for excavation and foundation centreline. The foundation is the section of

the structure below the plinth level that is in direct contact with the soil and conveys the

superstructure's weight to the ground. It is usually below ground level. If a portion of the

foundation is above ground level, it is also filled with dirt. This area of the construction is not

in touch with air, light, or other elements, and is thus hidden.

Excavation for Foundation of Wall

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Fig.3: Concrete in Foundation of Wall

A trench that is approximately 0.90 m to 1.50 m deep and the predicted width is excavated to

build the steel grillage foundation. The trench's bottom has been smoothed and rammed.

Then, a 30 cm thick layer of lean cement concrete (1: 8: 16) is poured and compacted. After

that, a 15 cm thick layer of rich cement concrete (1: 2: 4) is spread and compressed to create

the concrete bed. The bottom tier, which consists of many steel I-beams of prescribed

dimensions, is put over the concrete bed thusly constructed and is spaced apart according to

the necessary distance using spacer bars. Cement concrete is then used to fill the area

between and around the steel beams.

According to their techniques of construction, driven piles, cast-in-situ piles, and driven and

cast-in-situ piles are the three different forms of pile foundations. Concrete, steel, or wood

can all be used to construct driven pile foundations. Before being placed at the building site,

these piles are constructed in advance. Concrete driven piles are precast if they are built of

this material. A pile hammer is used to drive these piles. These piles displace an identical

volume of dirt when they are pushed into granular soils. This results in the soil being denser

and aids in compacting the soil along pile edges.

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Concrete piles are called cast-in-situ piles. These piles are built by drilling holes into the earth

to the necessary depth, filling the holes with concrete, and then compacting the piles.

According to the needs, reinforcements are also employed in the concrete. Compared to

drilled piers, the diameter of these piles is tiny. The benefits of both driven and cast-in-situ

piles are present in driven and cast-in-situ piles. A steel shell the diameter of the pile is driven

into the ground with the help of a mandrel put into the shell in order to install a driven and

cast-in-situ pile. Concrete is then poured into the shell once the mandrel has been removed

and the shell has been driven. These piles are referred to as shell type heaps.

Open channels and subsurface plastic, ceramic, or tile drains are built to accomplish land

drainage. The outcomes of topographic, soil, hydrologic, hydrogeologic, and other types of

survey are used to inform land drainage projects. Special equations describing the hydraulic

and filtration characteristics of soils are used to compute the diameters of drainage channels

and drainage parameters. Heavy excavators are employed to build open channels. Using

flexible drain pipes and drain loaders, subsurface drainage may be built in trenches or without

them. The precise alignment of channels and drain pipes with the required slope angle is

essential when building drainage systems. With the use of laser-based technology, this is

accomplished.

P3. Describe methods and techniques used in culvert construction, underpass construction

and provision for utilities

A reinforced concrete culvert is a drainage system used beneath new roads. In other words, it

is a compact construction with an abutment face span of less than 6 meters. The first step is to

find the culvert's location and mark its centre line using a total station or electronic

theodolite. Until pipes are placed and joints are cemented, trenches must remain dry. On both

sides of the culvert, in the direction of both traffic and normality, reference points must be
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fixed. A temporary benchmark must be put down close to the culvert. Following that, it

should be periodically compared to the permanent benchmark.

Fig.3 – Box Culvert Section

On the centreline and each side of the centreline of the culvert site, the original ground level

(hereinafter referred to as the "OGL") should be taken to the necessary width and length in

accordance with the design. The width of the culvert will determine how many rows to take,

though. The required barricading, reflective marking, and cautionary signboards must all be

present before excavation can begin. The requisite length, breadth, and thickness of fine to

coarse sand must be placed. However, plate vibrators should be used to appropriately

compress the sand. Steps should be provided at a constant distance between to maintain the

slope and tie the reinforcement. Shutter plates must be appropriately positioned, and the

necessary level of marking must be applied.

Excavating traction ditches on one side of the road foundation and launching ditches on the

other is the first approach to build an underpass that spans a roadway and railroad. The next

step is to construct a traction wall with traction holes in it against the road's foundation in the

traction ditch. Following is a sequential tracting through perforating of a precast box culvert.

Anchoring and jack driving must be done in accordance with the construction line until the

area has been finished in a certain configuration. Following the construction of pier

foundations, supports, and a bridging beam, shell pipe arrangements, PC steel reinforcement

placement, and prestress activities in the structure's precast box culverts and grouting of
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cement mortar, all of which must cure for a predetermined amount of time. Excavate the area

of dirt under the building before finishing the underpass's road surface and opening it to

traffic.

Utilities are infrastructural services that are offered to customers and are occasionally referred

to as "public" services since they are made available to the general public and are crucial to

society's ability to operate. They typically fall under some kind of public authority as a result.

The position, scope, and capability of the present services must be assessed, thus developers

must make sure that this information is gathered and surveys are conducted. The design of

any new infrastructure that is needed, who will supply it, who will adopt it, and any costs, as

well as the necessary testing, inspection, certification, connection (or disconnection in the

case of demolition), installation of meters, and other procedures, must all be agreed upon

with the provider. Therefore, it's crucial to make sure the greatest bargain is negotiated with

suppliers and that, where feasible, alternative estimates are gotten. The contractor will have to

make arrangements for the required telecommunications, electricity, and water facilities to

make the site operational during mobilization for construction.

P4. Identify the hazards, risks and safety arrangements for excavations, working in confined

spaces, working on structures and for working within temporary works on highways

Hazards, Risks and safety management for working for excavation

COLLAPSE OF EXCAVATION FACE

The stability of an excavation or other earthwork may be impacted by a variety of

circumstances. For instance, changes in moisture content, rain, the storage of spoil, a lot of

traffic near the trench, etc. Without adequate protection, excavation faces may fail due to

stress cracks, sliding, toppling, and subsidence.

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SLOPED AT SAFE ANGLE

A skilled engineer must design the slope of an excavation at a safe angle to prevent the

earthwork and excavation sides from collapsing.

SHORING AND PERIODIC EXAMINATION

According to the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations, shoring made of appropriate wood

or other appropriate materials must be erected to protect workers from being injured or killed

by the fall or displacement of earth, rock, or other materials (including waste and debris) next

to or forming the side of the excavation or earthwork.

PROTECTION OF EXCAVATION

No materials are stacked too closely to the edge of an excavation, shaft, pit, or other opening

so as to put anybody working there in risk. No load or plant is moved or placed close to the

edge of an excavation, shaft, pit, or aperture if doing so might potentially cause the side of the

structure to collapse and put people in risk.

FALLING OBJECTS

Workers must be safeguarded from loads or items falling from excavation equipment or

lifting devices. Workers must stand away from loads or equipment that is being loaded or

unloaded, among other safety precautions, and they are not allowed to operate beneath any

suspended loads.

HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE

Some excavations, such as shafts and tunnels, may be regarded as restricted spaces. There are

risks such as a flammable environment, heat stroke, and others.

Hazards, Risks and safety management for working in confined space

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Working in a confined location is hazardous. The dangers of entering and working in

restricted areas might result in bodily harm, disease, or death. Accidents typically occur when

people fail to recognize a possible threat in restricted places. Many possible risks linked with

confined space employment are difficult to identify and, in some cases, unseen. As a result,

we should assume that the worst-case scenario occurs in every circumstance and that the

dangers of asphyxiation, poisoning, and explosion will be present in the restricted area.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATION

Every time there has been a significant change in the confined space's conditions or in the

work activities that are related to the previous assessment, or whenever there is reason to

suspect that such a change may occur, and the change is likely to have an impact on the

safety and health of employees working there, the owner or contractor shall designate a

qualified individual to conduct a new assessment and make recommendations under this

section.

Hazards, Risks and safety management for working on structures

SAFETY OF WORKING AT HEIGHT

The Occupational Safety and Health Regulations and the Factories and Industrial

Undertakings Regulations both include pertinent sections on the need to safeguard platforms,

pits, floor openings, and other locations that might be hazardous to people.

SAFETY OF PLACE OF WORK

Insofar as it is practically practical, the contractor in charge of any construction site and any

contractor with direct authority over any construction activity must make sure that each

location of work on the site has appropriate and sufficient safe access to it as well as regular

upkeep.
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Hazards, Risks and safety management within temporary works on highways

SAFE MEANS OF SUPPORT

The contractor in charge of the construction site in question, as well as any other contractor

with direct control over the work, are required to provide and ensure the use of a scaffold,

ladder, or other means of support that are all safe for the purpose and appropriate given the

nature of the work to be done.

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SCAFFOLDS

A scaffold must be built and planned in such a way that it cannot unintentionally fall, flip

over, or move. It must be constructed out of good, appropriate materials that are strong and

capable enough to serve the intended function. The scaffold must be kept in good condition

and each component must be suspended or supported firmly in order to guarantee its stability,

to the best of one's ability.

P5. Develop and present a site safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for a

given civil engineering activity.

DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY PLAN

The organization should clearly define its safety and health standards, objectives, and present

status early on in the planning stage. Identification of the legal requirements, contractual

requirements, if relevant, and other criteria that the organization should abide by are all part

of this evaluation. The organization has to be fully aware of everything that is happening

there as well as any potential dangers. At this point, a risk assessment is required.

The formulation of a safety strategy requires the information listed below:

1. The organization's name; 2. Its address; 3. The project's title and number, if relevant;
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4. A succinct summary of the procedure and the main tasks;

5. The organization's managing director, for example, along with his or her name and

position;

6. The name of the senior member in charge of safety and health (Director grade);

7. The organizational structure displaying the personnel's names and titles;

the mechanical plant, tools, equipment, and materials being employed; the lifting appliances;

9. the applicable safety laws and code(s) of conduct; 10. the contractual obligations, if any;

11. the internal safety regulations; and 12. the particular safety management style that the

organization employs, if any.

13. A layout design or map of the area

The safety management system of an organization may be based on a specific safety

management method, such as BS8800, OHSAS 18001, 14-elements, etc. The safety plan

should establish each area in accordance with the appropriate safety management approach.

The safety plan should, ideally, be created in accordance with the OHSAS 18001 criteria if

the organization seeks OHSAS 18001 certification.

Safety policy may be used as the foundation for creating a safety strategy, element by

element. The safety plan should specifically include the arrangements for each element's

planning, implementation, performance monitoring, and review processes. The safety plan

should include enough specifics and instructions for all staff to be able to follow them. The

length or level of information of a safety plan are not set in stone.

P6. Evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contexts of a given civil

engineering problem.
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Civil Engineering Environmental Contexts

Civil engineers' work can be found everywhere. Sure, the roads and bridges we use.

Buildings in which we live, work, and play. But there are also systems that provide us with

clean water and remove garbage. Strategies that aid in disaster recovery. Innovations in

energy will fuel the future. Green building technologies New materials and sensors are being

developed for smart infrastructure systems. Poverty-relief initiatives In other words, civil

engineers create the systems, technologies, and buildings that prepare our contemporary

world for an aging, expanding population and improve the quality of life in our communities.

To make a difference in the world, environmental engineers combine fundamental technical

knowledge with a thorough grasp of the physical, chemical, and biological principles that

govern the local, regional, and global environments. The technological revolution, population

dynamics, environmental concerns, urban growth, and other factors are the heartbeat of

today's globe. To face the problems of the 21st century, civil and environmental engineers

must be innovative problem solvers.

Civil Engineering Quality Contexts

The achievement of acceptable performance standards from construction operations may be

referred to as quality in the construction business. This performance would be achieved if the

action met or exceeded the client's or owner's expectations. When a good or service complies

with the required standards, quality is attained. Long-term quality achievement in the

construction sector is a challenging problem that has existed. A significant loss of time,

money, materials, and resources will occur from ineffective or nonexistent quality

management methods. For instance, the designer can specify a certain grade of concrete for a

construction site. The concrete's components will be used by the contractor in such a way as

to produce concrete of the specified quality.

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The basic element of quality in construction is

Quality Characteristics

A quality characteristic has to do with the standards by which quality-control procedures are

evaluated. Strength, colors, textures, dimensions, height, and other qualities are among them.

Using concrete as an example, consider its compressive strength and slump-usefulness.

Quality of design

It speaks to the level of craftsmanship put into the design. It mostly had to do with fulfilling

the requirements of a standard, economically maintainable system, and functionally efficient

system.

Quality of conformance

It refers to how closely the built facility complied with the design and specification.

Inspection and field construction methods have an impact on quality of conformity.

Civil Engineering Geotechnical Contexts

A stratum that is present at a shallow depth is given the load via a shallow foundation. The

weight is transferred to a deeper depth under the ground surface by the deep foundation. A

deep foundation is necessary for towering buildings, such as skyscrapers, or for buildings

built on shaky ground. A deep foundation must be recommended if the built structure intends

to grow vertically in the future. Trenches are dug deeper into the earth until a hard stratum is

reached in order to build a foundation. Concrete is poured into this trench to create a stronger

base for the foundation. To strengthen the foundation, reinforcing cages are built into these

pits. The outwardly extending steel rods serve as the bones and must be attached to the

foundation above.
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The foundation's design must take into account a variety of environmental implications of

construction. For instance, the adjacent soil and structure foundation may be negatively

impacted by the digging and piling operations required for deep foundations. These may

occasionally be to blame for the neighboring structure's settling problems. Before having

such surgeries, these implications must be researched and taken into consideration. The

garbage generated by the processes must be appropriately disposed of. To withstand

dangerous chemicals coming from outside, the foundation must be built.

Civil Engineering Economic Contexts

Engineering economics is responsible for determining if a project is appropriate, estimating

its cost, and providing engineering justification. Value analyses and economic studies are a

few of instances of engineering economic challenges. These are all useful in various

circumstances and are most frequently used by engineers or project managers. For instance,

engineering economic analysis assists a business in calculating the expenses associated with

certain processes and identifying the difference between fixed and incremental costs based on

a variety of factors. As an illustration, critical path economy, which is the coordination and

planning of material, labor, and capital movements in a particular project, is required in the

majority of circumstances. The "paths" that have an impact on the outcome in terms of both

time and cost are found to be the most crucial. Therefore, engineers and management alike

must identify and constantly monitor the essential channels. Gantt charts and activity-event

networks are provided by engineering economics to assist determine the efficient allocation

of time and resources.

P6 Evaluate the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contexts of a given civil

engineering problem.
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Selected project: Excavation and lateral support

Economic contexts

Excavation and excavation support systems have long had issues that pose risks of failure and

economic losses. The rising cost of landfill management is another consequence of the

modern emphasis on protecting the environment. The increased expense of excavation and

lateral support systems is mostly attributable to poor design and implementation.

Environmental contexts

Excavation byproducts, most commonly rock powder or building site rubbish, are trucked to

and dumped in contaminated regions close to the work zone. Without proper management,

landfills pose a threat to the surrounding ecosystem and detract from the area's visual appeal.

When dirt is dampened, it is not always checked for environmental hazards including the

presence of heavy metals in the landfill. When you excavate, you break up the soil's natural

layers. Quarry sections and pits left over after excavation are environmentally unappealing

and serve as breeding sites for a variety of unwanted insects and animals. If the materials

being damped include any harmful substances, this might also lead to ground water pollution.

Some of the dirt dug up during a demolition project is likely to include concrete remnants that

might seep into the earth and damage the water table.

Quality contexts

Poor project management and shoddy construction of the systems involved often result in the

use of harmful chemicals that compromise the quality of the works. Even though safety

protocols have been established to minimize injuries and deaths, the excavation process

remains inherently dangerous. Unfortunately, accidents involving workers falling through the
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extensive excavation still occur with tragic results. Unsupported excavation walls collapsing.

In contrast to the established frameworks intended to safeguard the health and safety of

workers, the protection of life is less comprehensive.

P7. Propose a solution to a given civil engineering problem

Recycling garbage and converting it into electricity is one idea for addressing environmental

issues. Take a peek at the new "T Park" sewage sludge treatment plant in Hong Kong.

"T Park" sewage sludge treatment plant in Hong Kong

Many of us might be unaware that once wastewater from homes or businesses is cleaned,

there is still trash left over, a byproduct known as sewage sludge, that has to be further

processed. In Hong Kong, 1,200 tons of sewage sludge are created daily from the treatment

of 3 million cubic meters of sewage. Utilizing a landfill is the usual method, however doing

so is no longer environmentally viable due to the weight of growing landfill sites and the

possible health hazards posed by chemical toxins.

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There are several fundamental needs for the design and construction of a well-performing

foundation that cannot be overlooked. The foundation is built and designed in such a way that

it can support and transmit imposed and dead loads to the earth. This transfer must be

completed without causing any kind of settling that would compromise the structure's

stability. It is possible to prevent differential settling by giving the foundation a firm basis.

These problems are particularly obvious in regions where the nature of the superimposed

loads is not homogeneous. It is advised to have a deeper foundation based on the soil and area

so that it can protect against any damage or discomfort. These are mostly brought on by the

issue of temperature-related shrinking and swelling.

The requirement for industrial engineers and managers to enhance and simplify processes and

systems as well as the logical simplicity of those goods' and systems' designs forms the basis

of proper value analysis. Value analysis is crucial, even if it is not directly connected to

engineering economics. It enables engineers to manage both new and current systems and

processes correctly, making them simpler while also saving time and money. Value analysis

also helps managers and engineers overcome various "roadblock excuses" that they could

encounter. The response to statements like "The customer wants it this way" is to ask, "Has

the consumer been informed of cheaper alternatives or methods?" Can management not come

up with new and lucrative applications for these machines in order to counteract the claim

that if the product is altered, the machines would be idle for lack of work? Engineering

economy includes questions like these since they come before any actual research or analysis.

P8. Describe methods and techniques used in highway design

During the design phase, the ideal site, alignment, and geometry of a highway are chosen. In

order to create a safe highway, three key factors—human, vehicular, and roadway—must be

taken into account and their interactions. Reaction times for braking and steering, eye acuity
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for traffic signs and signals, and car-following behavior are all examples of human variables.

When choosing design cars and setting lane widths and maximum slopes, it is important to

take into account factors such vehicle size and dynamics. Road geometry is created by

highway engineers to provide vehicle stability when negotiating curves and hills and to offer

sufficient sight distances for passing movements around bends on two-lane, two-way

highways.

When designing roadways for a particular site topography, highway and transportation

engineers must adhere to several safety, service, and performance regulations. Highway

geometric design generally pertains to the roadways' outward appearance. Highway engineers

who plan the geometry of roadways must also take social and environmental impacts on

neighboring infrastructure into account. To successfully adapt a roadway to a site's terrain

and preserve its safety, a number of factors need to be adequately considered during the

design process. Some of these design factors are the design speed, the design traffic volume,

the number of lanes, the level of service (LOS), the sight distance, the alignment, the super-

elevation, the slopes, the cross section, the lane width, and the horizontal and vertical

clearance.
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Figure: Types of pavement. (Tiner, n.d.)

At a road intersection, traffic flows are disrupted by vehicles turning or crossing. There are

two types of road intersections: signalized and non-signalized, the latter of which includes

priority intersections, roundabouts, and grade separation intersections. At the intersection,

there are problems between the several lanes of traffic turning or crossing in different

directions. These disputes may be convergent, divergent, or crossover. There are further

incidents where people and automobiles collide. To evaluate and reduce the influence of

these conflicts on a junction's operation is the goal of junction analysis and design. In order

for motions to happen safely and effectively, conflicts can either be eliminated or

accommodated.

P9. Develop a civil engineering design proposal for a new infrastructure project

Design of Stayed cable bridge proposal project

A cable-stayed bridge is a type of suspension bridge that is typically employed when a long-

span and high-load structural system needs to be built. The project's vast span necessitated

the use of a stayed cable-bridge, which was modified to meet the project's requirements and
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specifications. The foundation, site conditions, and other structural details of the building are

also specified.

Details of the project:

 Environment of the project is at sea.

 We are concerned about the project's accessibility owing to site restrictions caused by

the proximity of the site to the sea.

 The project's foundational activities are complicated by the presence of water, which

covers the whole foundation area.

 For this reason, a different kind of foundation system is needed, as the alluvial soils

that make up the immediate foundation layer are too weak to hold up the bridge.

 There is an urgent need to plan for measures to mitigate environmental damage to

marine life from building activity.

As with the Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, this massive undertaking aims to unite previously

disconnected territories. The primary goal of the project is to increase economic viability by

establishing a new transport link and bettering sustainable development in the Hong Kong

area.

As part of the HKBCF agreement, the project is using non-dredging techniques to maintain

the marine environment. With the addition of a launch shaft for the Tunnel Boring Machine,

the design conserves and protects the current vegetation in the region much more than would

be possible with a traditional cut and fill approach. The completed project will include a total

of 6 lanes of traffic (3 lanes each set of dual carriageways).

Due of the heavy foot and boat traffic, the bridge deck should utilize remained cable

construction. Because of their high span and low dead loading, steel piers are ideal for
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supporting the bridge deck, which helps to lessen the weight that must be carried by the

stayed cables. The down dips of the cable-stayed bridge experience less tensile tension as a

result. Because of the need to transfer the bridge's loading to the column towers in

particularly broad spanning directions, cable stayed bridge elements are crucial. They help

keep the bottom part of the bridge clear of columns that are too short to support the weight of

the vehicles.

The durability of the project is ensured by the protective covering on the structural steel used

for the column, which shields it from the harmful coastal environment and keeps it from

rusting. The coating also stops the steel from corroding. Steel's strength lies in its ability to

support heavy loads, making it a useful material for facilitating movement around

construction sites. In comparison to employing concrete sections, which need huge

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foundations due to the heavy structural load carried by the building project, this method

decreases the dead weight load delivered to the foundation.

Additionally, conservative approaches in the foundation design and construction process may

be taken into consideration during the planning, design, and construction phases due to the

presence of soft marine soils underlying the project foundation, making the use of backfilling

prospects, dredging it, a negative environmental process.

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References

Budhu, M. Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011.

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-55684-9

Craig, R. F. Craig’s Soil Mechanics, 8th Edition. CRC Press, 2012. ISBN-13:

9780415561266

Das, B.J. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 8th Edition. Nelson, 2014. ISBN-10:

1133108660, ISBN-13: 9781133108665

Finnermore, E. J. and Franzini, J. B., Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, 10th

Edition. McGraw-Hill Science, 2001.

Houghtalen, Robert and Osman Akan, A. and Hwang, Ned H. C. Fundamentals of Hydraulic

Engineering Systems, 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2009.

Budhu, M. Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

2011. ISBN-13: 978-0-470-55684-9

Craig, R. F. Craig’s Soil Mechanics, 8th Edition. CRC Press, 2012. ISBN-13:

9780415561266

Das, B.J. Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 8th Edition. Nelson, 2014.

ISBN-10: 1133108660, ISBN-13: 9781133108665

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