MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module – STRUCTURAL THEORY (ANALYSIS OF

DETERMINATE STRUCTURES)
STABILITY AND DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES
A. BEAMS and FRAMES
For a coplanar structure, there are at most three equilibrium
equations for each part, so that if there is a total of “N” parts and
“U” reactive forces and moment components, we take

𝑼 = 𝟑𝑵 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝑼 > 𝟑𝑵 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)

To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not

only necessary to satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the
members must also be properly held or constrained by their
supports.

𝑼 < 𝟑𝑵 (𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒)
B. TRUSSES
The total number of unknowns includes the forces in “b” number
of bars of the truss and the total number of external support
reactions “r” and there are only two equilibrium equations
applicable for each joint. Therefore,

𝒃 + 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒋 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝒃 + 𝒓 > 𝟐𝒋 (𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒)

*Note: You can also apply the principle of the number unknowns
versus the number of equilibrium equations.

1. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate

or statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate,
report the number of degrees of indeterminacy.

REACTIONS DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES

BEAMS
1. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pins A, B, and C of the two-member frame
shown in the figure.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

THREE-HINGED ARCH

2. The side of the building in figure is subjected to a wind

loading that creates a uniform normal pressure of 15 kPa
on the windward side and a suction pressure of 5 kPa on
the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin connections A, B and
C of the supporting gable arch.

CABLES

1. The trusses are pin connected at their ends B and

supported by a pin at A and a rocker at C and suspended
from the parabolic cable. Determine the maximum force
in the cable when the structure is subjected to the loading
shown. Also, determine the force in each hanger.

2. The cable shown supports a girder which weighs 5.8

kN/m. Determine the tension in the cable at points A and
B and the minimum tension.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)

Review Module – STRUCTURAL THEORY (ANALYSIS OF

DETERMINATE STRUCTURES)

INFLUENCE LINES OF DETERMINATE Solving for Values of Functions Using Influence Lines
STRUCTURES A. Concentrated Load
Since the ordinates of the function of the influence line are
 The variation of the reaction, shear and internal bending constructed using a moving unit load, the value of a function
moment of a beam is easily captured using shear and concerning a concentrated load is multiplying the ordinate
bending moment diagrams if the loads are stationary. of the influence diagram at the point where you will place
 When the load is moving, this variation can be captured the moving load by the magnitude of the load.
also by this method but a tedious process in involved. B. Uniform Load
 If a member is subjected to moving loads, the behavior The value of a function caused by a uniform moving load is
of the shear and moment in the member is best equal to the intensity of the uniform load multiplied by the
described using influence lines. area under the influence line diagram that the load is
covering.
INFLUENCE LINES - are diagrams that represent the
variation of functions (reaction, shear, moment) at a specific A. BEAMS
point as a concentrated load moves over the span of the 1. For the simply supported beam shown, draw the
member. influence line for:

METHODS IN CONSTRUCTING INFLUENCE a. Reaction at A.

LINES b. Reaction at B.
c. Internal Shear (Shear) at C.
1. Equilibrium Method d. Internal Bending Moment (Moment) at C.
A method that involves the use of the static
equilibrium equations to solve for the reaction,
internal shear and bending moment as the moving
unit load traverses the beam positioned at different
points within the span.
2. Graphical Method
A method that uses the deflected diagrams of beams
after removing the constraints and letting the body
behave as a rigid body obeying the constraints of 2. The beam shown will carry the following loads,
remaining supports.
Uniform Live Load = 10 kN/m
QUALITATIVE INFLUENCE LINES Concentrated Load = 40 kN
Dead Load = 15 kN/m
 The graphical method of constructing influence
lines, termed as qualitative influence lines, are
coined by Heinrich Muller Breslau.
 This is known as the Muller-Breslau Principle.

The Muller-Breslau Principle states that:

“The influence line of any function a. Determine the maximum shear at C.

(Reaction, Shear or Moment) in a structure b. Determine the maximum positive moment at C.
is the same as the deflected shape of the
B. TRUSSES
member when the resistance is removed
and replaced with a corresponding unit 1. Determine the maximum compressive force developed
displacement or rotation.” in member BG of the truss in figure due to the wheel
loads of the car and trailer. Assume the loads are applied
directly to the truss and move only to the right.
Steps in Constructing Influence Lines using Muller-
Breslau Principle

1. Identify the function that you want to draw an

influence line for.
2. Remove the resistance related to that function.
3. Apply a unit displacement or rotation at that point and
draw the deflected shape of the member.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review Module 35 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES

DEFLECTIONS SITUATION:

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

𝑬𝑰𝒚′′ = 𝑴
𝑬𝑰𝒚′ = ∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏

𝑬𝑰𝒚 = ∫ ∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐

SITUATION:
Use EI = 4200kNm2
1. Determine the deflection at B.
2. Determine the slope at A.

SITUATION:

Use E = 200GPa, I = 10x106mm4

1. Determine the slope at B.
2. Determine the deflection at C.
3. Determine the maximum deflection.

SITUATION:
Use E = 150GPa
1. Determine the vertical deflection at B.
2. Determine the horizontal deflection at C.

FIXED END MOMENTS

SITUATION: Determine the Fixed End Moment for the beams
shown.
1. Determine the deflection at the free end.
2. Determine the maximum deflection of the simply
supported span.
3. Determine the value of h if b = 70mm and E = 100GPa
to limit the deflection to L/360 where L is the total length
of the beam.
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516 7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254 9967 (Cebu)

Review Module 35 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES

PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION THREE - MOMENT EQUATION

The slope or deflection at any point on the beam is equal to the

resultant of the slopes or deflections at that point caused by each
of the load acting separately.

Basic Deflection Formulas:

𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

𝑀1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

+ 2𝑀2 ( + )+ + + = 6( + )
𝑷𝑳𝟑 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐸1 𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐸2 𝐼2 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝑀1 𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑀3 𝐿2 6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2
+ 2𝑀2 ( + ) + + + = 6𝐸 ( + )
𝐼1 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼2 𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐼2 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝐴1 𝑎̅1 6𝐴2 𝑏̅2 ℎ1 ℎ2

𝑀1 𝐿1 + 2𝑀2 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) + 𝑀3 𝐿2 + + = 6𝐸𝐼 ( + )
𝑷𝒂𝟐 (𝟑𝑳 − 𝒂) 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟔𝑬𝑰
6𝐴𝑎̅ 𝑃𝑎 2
= (𝐿 − 𝑎2 )
𝐿 𝐿

𝒘𝑳𝟒 6𝐴𝑏̅ 𝑃𝑏 2
𝜹𝒎𝒂𝒙 = = (𝐿 − 𝑏 2 )
𝟖𝑬𝑰 𝐿 𝐿

4. Determine the reactions for the beam shown in figure below by

using the three-moment equation. Assume E is constant.
1. Determine the reactions at the pin at A and the rollers at B and
C on the beam. Support B settles 5 mm. Take E = 200 GPa, I =
300x10^6 mm4.

5. Determine the reaction of the roller supports at B and C for the

given beam below.
2. Determine the reaction at the roller support at B of the beam
shown in the figure. Assume EI is constant.

3. The properties of the cantilever beam AB are 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎

and 𝐼 = 80 × 106 𝑚𝑚4. The stiffness of the spring supporting
end A is 𝑘 = 550 𝑘𝑁/𝑚. If the spring is initially undeformed,
determine the force in the spring when the 50 𝑘𝑁 load is applied
to the beam.