This document discusses using impedance scan tools for stability analysis of grids with high levels of inverter-based resources (IBRs). It describes how impedance-based analysis can identify interactions between IBR controls and the grid that can lead to oscillations. The document outlines NREL's impedance scan software tool, which automates impedance scanning of IBRs and networks to analyze how individual IBRs impact oscillation modes. It also presents a case study applying these methods to a 14-bus test system with different levels of IBRs.
This document discusses using impedance scan tools for stability analysis of grids with high levels of inverter-based resources (IBRs). It describes how impedance-based analysis can identify interactions between IBR controls and the grid that can lead to oscillations. The document outlines NREL's impedance scan software tool, which automates impedance scanning of IBRs and networks to analyze how individual IBRs impact oscillation modes. It also presents a case study applying these methods to a 14-bus test system with different levels of IBRs.
This document discusses using impedance scan tools for stability analysis of grids with high levels of inverter-based resources (IBRs). It describes how impedance-based analysis can identify interactions between IBR controls and the grid that can lead to oscillations. The document outlines NREL's impedance scan software tool, which automates impedance scanning of IBRs and networks to analyze how individual IBRs impact oscillation modes. It also presents a case study applying these methods to a 14-bus test system with different levels of IBRs.
This document discusses using impedance scan tools for stability analysis of grids with high levels of inverter-based resources (IBRs). It describes how impedance-based analysis can identify interactions between IBR controls and the grid that can lead to oscillations. The document outlines NREL's impedance scan software tool, which automates impedance scanning of IBRs and networks to analyze how individual IBRs impact oscillation modes. It also presents a case study applying these methods to a 14-bus test system with different levels of IBRs.
Key Questions: (1) How each of the selected IBRs impact the damping and frequency of oscillation modes? (2) Whether curtailing IBRs will help? (3) Which IBRs must be curtailed? (4) Where to install dampers? G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 4 Causes for Stability Problems Fast, Complex, and Diverse IBR Controls Declining System Strength Synchronous
Governor Field control Transmission lines and
generators
controls (AVR) submarine cables Control systems of
AGC Torsional modes IBRs get coupled through network in Grid support functions regions with low Wind turbines, PV
MPPT Digitization delays
inverters, HVDC
system strength Plant Controls HVDC controls PWM because of lower DC-bus Current Pitch control control control fault current levels Q & V control PLL Harmonic filters and inertia.
Stability analysis is challenging because of complex dynamics and unavailability of open-box models of IBRs
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 5
How Mechanical Engineers Solved this Problem?
• Modal Testing, Analysis, and Damping
o German Aerospace Center (DLR)
performs modal testing on aircraft wings o Damper in Taipei 101 tower (660 tons)
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 6
Impedance-Based Stability Analysis Method
GRID Zi ( s ) Z g (s)
IBR
• Feedback Loop Gain: Zg(s)/Zi(s)
Fundamental Premise: IBR and Grid are Separately Stable G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 7 Scaling the Impedance Method: The Usual Way Transmission Network
PV Plant Storage
Feeder with DERs
Wind Plant
• “Isolate” ALL IBRs from the network
• Assume network without all IBRs is stable and all IBRs are independently stable • Requires impedance scan of each IBR as well as scan of the impedance matrix of the network without IBRs from all ports – Is it possible? YES – Is it scalable? NO G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 8 Reversed Impedance-Based Stability Criterion Usual Approach Reversed Approach Will the connection of all IBRs make the system unstable?
IBR 2 IBR 2 IBR n
Will the removal of this
specific IBR make the system unstable?
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 9
Impedance Scan Tool
1. Scan IBR and network
impedance 2. Perform stability analysis G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 10 Impedance Scan of IBR and Network
Impedance Scan Tool
• Fully Automated Impedance Scan
– Perturbation frequency, magnitude, recording length are automatically selected Output Files from Scan – Postprocessing algorithm automatically synchronizes reference frame, optimizes FFT window length, and minimizes leakage errors – Outputs impedance scan results in both DQ and sequence domain
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 11
Impedance Scan + PSCAD-PSSE Cosimulation
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 12
14-Bus System with High Levels of IBRs 1 Sync. Generator (224 MW); 3 GFM Inverters (90 MW); 2 GFL Inverters (140 MW)
GFL-14
Sync. Gen. GFM-6 GFM-8
GFM-3 GFL-2
• How to identify the frequency and damping of the 2.5 Hz mode?
• What is the impact and participation of selected IBRs on the 2.5 Hz mode? • How to estimate the minimum GFM capacity required for stable operation? G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 13 Scan at GFM IBR at Bus-6
Network Admittance IBR Admittance
30 Magnitude (dB)
20 Ypp (s) Ypn(s) Ynn(s)
Ypp (s) 10 Ynn(s) Ypn(s) 0 Ynp (s) Ynp (s) 10 0.1 Hz 1 Hz 10 Hz Phase (deg.)
Impedance Scan Tool Separates the Dynamics of an IBR from the Network G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 14 Modal Impedance Analysis for GFM IBR at Bus-6 Magnitude Plot Nyquist Plot
Modal Parameter Without IBR With IBR Impact of IBR
Frequency (fr) 2.36 Hz 2.5 Hz ~ 0.12 Hz Damping Factor (z) -5.932% 13.3% +19.2% G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 15 Analysis at GFM IBR at Bus-3 Magnitude Plot Nyquist Plot
Modal Parameter Without IBR With IBR Impact of IBR
Frequency (fr) 2.5 Hz 2.5 Hz ~0 Damping Factor (z) -9% 12% +21% G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 16 Analysis at GFL IBR at Bus-2 Magnitude Plot Nyquist Plot
Modal Parameter Without IBR With IBR Impact of IBR
Frequency (fr) 2 Hz 2.5 Hz 0.5 Hz Damping Factor (z) 9.25% 15% +5.75% G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 17 Analysis at GFL IBR at Bus-14 Magnitude Plot Nyquist Plot
Modal Parameter Without IBR With IBR Impact of IBR
Frequency (fr) 1.28 Hz 2.6 Hz 1.3 Hz Damping Factor (z) 23.5% 19% -4.5% G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 18 Output of Impedance Scan Study Mode Parameters f z 2.5 Hz +12 to 15%
Impact of Different IBRs
IBR Df Dz GFM at Bus-6 0.12 Hz +19.2% GFM at Bus-3 0 Hz +21% GFL at Bus-2 0.5 Hz +5.7% GFL at Bus-14 1.3 Hz -4.5% G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 19 Impedance Measurement System at NREL Injection of Perturbation in Response in Turbine Measured Impedance of a Turbine Voltages Output Currents 4 MW Wind Turbine
7-MVA grid simulator
5-MW dynamometer Medium-voltage sensing
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 20
Impedance Scan of a 4 MW Wind Turbine
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 21
Impedance Response for GFM vs GFL Mode 2.2 MVA Battery Inverter 2 MW PV Inverter 2.5 MW Type III Turbine 70
Impedance Responses show Better Damping for GFM Control Mode
G-PST/ESIG Webinar NREL | 22 Summary • Impedance scan tools are critical to understand small-signal stability of IBR grids • Applications: – Identify underdamped or unstable oscillation modes in the system – Estimate the role of different IBRs in system oscillations modes – Identify IBRs most suitable for implementing damping solutions – Estimate the capacity of grid-forming resources required for stability – Online estimation of system inertia in a noninvasive manner – … • Ongoing Developments at NREL – Reduced time required for impedance scans and post-processing of scan data – Impedance estimation from transient data obtained from fault recorders and PMUs – Intelligent selection of perturbation levels to improve signal-to-noise ratio
Thi s work was a uthored by Al liance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the ma nager a nd operator of the National Renewable Energy La boratory for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Wind Energy Technologies Office. The vi ews expressed in the article do not necessarily represent the vi ews of the DOE or the U.S. Government. The U.S. Government retains a nd the publisher, by a ccepting the article for publication, a cknowledges tha t the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, i rrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do s o, for U.S. Government purposes.
